marine sdi to facilitate spatially enabled government and society marine sdi to facilitate spatially...

Marine SDI to facilitate Marine SDI to facilitate Spatially Enabled Government Spatially Enabled Government

and Societyand Society

IHO-Workshop on Marine SDI, Havana, Cuba

Abbas RajabifardCentre for SDIs and Land Administration

Department of GeomaticsThe University of Melbourne

Abbas Rajabifard/IHO-Marine SDI Workshop/Havana, Feb. 2007

IntroductionIntroduction

• World’s oceans cover approx. 65% of the surface of the earth.

• Current policy and institutional frameworks for the governing of this ocean territory are complex.

• Multifaceted relationship and interaction between overlapping and sometimes competing rights of various players in the marine environment.

• Deficiency in the availability of reliable and accurate spatial data.

Administering the Marine Environment – the Spatial Dimensions


The Significance of DataThe Significance of Data

Spatial Data is further shaped by the decision-making process to which it is subject

Spatial Spatial DataDataPeoplePeople InformationInformation

AccessAccessPolicy Policy

StandardsStandards

Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process

Management / Administration underpinned by access to spatial information


The Role of the Spatial DimensionThe Role of the Spatial Dimension

• Marine administration requires…– the definition of,– access to, and– information about…

• the location (and accuracy) of… – the “coastline” and other– legally defined offshore boundaries, as well as

• the rights, restrictions and responsibilities linked to those boundaries.

RightsFishing rightsare availableIf accessto the specareas can marine safety

RestrictionsNo fishing within Marine Parks. No boating within Marine Parks.unrestrictedAccess is

ResponsibilitiesI is the responsibility of the oil company to submit an environmental report containing relevant information pertaining to the area which is beingexcavated.t T


Spatial Complexity…Spatial Complexity…

• Marine boundaries can be more spatially complex than their terrestrial counterparts.

• Some examples :

– They are virtual rather than physical

– They may be ambulatory (time varying)

– They are defined in 3D (and sometimes 4D)

– They can delineate overlapping rights, restrictions and responsibilities.


National and international maritime boundaries


Number of DatasetsAvailability

Accessibility

Applicability

Data options

Availability & Accessibility of data for Availability & Accessibility of data for Decision-MakingDecision-Making

(Feeney et al. 2002)


In response to this situation, Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) have been developed to create an environment that will enable users to access and retrieve spatial datasets in an easy and secure way.

SDI is developed to enable the use and sharing of spatial information and services to support decision-making at different scales for multiple purposes.

PeoplePeople

Access Network

Policy

Standards

DataData

Dynamic


Current SDI DevelopmentCurrent SDI Development

• Many countries have developed SDI at national, state and local levels,

• Most of these initiatives stop at the coastline, institutionally and/or spatially. Current SDI design is mainly focused on access to and use of land related datasets as well as land related problems,

• However, decision-makers in both land and marine related areas also need to access marine related datasets in order to effectively achieve their economic, social and environmental objectives.

Organisational SDI

Global SDI

Regional SDI

National SDI State SDI

Local SDI

Land Sea


Marine SDIMarine SDI• Development of SDI in the marine

environment would provide basis for integration of marine & terrestrial environments. The ultimate aim is to include a marine dimension to SDI models so that they work seamlessly both on land and at sea through.

• The end result is an extended model that will facilitate the development of a ‘seamless infrastructure – Seamless SDI’ which aid in facilitating sustainable management objectives across a countries entire jurisdiction.

Coastal Zone

Terrestrial Cadastre

Marine Cadastre

Spatial Data Infrastructure

Seamless SDI


Marine Development

Coastal Management

Marine Use

ResourceManagement

Marine Administration

Marine Administration

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Marine Policies

Institutional Framework

Planning & Management

Communications

DB DB DB DB DB DB

DatasetsDatasets

Other DatasetsOther Datasets

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURESPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE

Oil & Gas Oil & Gas DataData

Maritime BoundariesMaritime Boundaries

Navigation DataNavigation Data

SDI and Marine AdministrationSDI and Marine Administration


Increasing realisation that the interests of a nation do not stop at the land sea interface: Environmental Economic Social Spatial

Key Factors Driving Marine SDIKey Factors Driving Marine SDI



• Environmental

– 9 of the world’s 17 fisheries are over-fished.

– Land-Sea interface and coastal zone management -75% of all marine pollution comes from land-based sources.

– Need to implement legal & institutional mechanisms to support sustainable development.


• Economic

– Extension of the outer limit of a State’s continental shelf gives an extended area to exploit and explore.

– Recognition of potential economic value of resources is rapidly developing.

– Competition increasing for control over marine areas with vast arrays of natural resources (e.g. oil & gas, fisheries).




• Social/Cultural

– Growing pressure to recognise the rights of indigenous people to both land & sea.

– Forced governments to change management practices.

– Varying perceptions & knowledge of coastal and marine environments.

– Varying use of oceans: • Australia – oil & gas exploration• Indonesia – major source of food• Pacific Islands – tourism/recreation


• Spatial Data

– Aids in effective decision making to achieve Sustainable Development objectives.

BUT– Data agencies continue to collect & disseminate

data individually & without consultation,WHICH

– Encourages data to be held in various formats, at various accuracies within ‘data silos’.




• Other Factors

– Various co-management arrangements,– Multiple and unclear jurisdictional limits,– No single agency managing offshore rights

and boundaries,– Enormous maritime areas to manage.


Marine Management InitiativesMarine Management Initiatives

To meet environmental, economic & social factors many countries such as USA, Canada, NZ and Australia are developing spatial boundary management systems.

• Titles vary:– Marine SDI– Marine Cadastre– Marine GIS

BUTaims of each system are closely aligned.


AustraliaAustralia

• Collaborative research project which aims to define and develop a marine cadastre within the context of Australian SDI.

• Objective:– Provide a comprehensive SDI whereby rights, restrictions

and responsibilities in the marine environment can be assessed, administered and managed.

– The design of this SDI should be done in line with the terrestrial environment in order to create a “Seamless” SDI model that bridges the gap between the terrestrial and marine environments, creating a spatially enabled land-sea interface.


Australian ConceptAustralian Concept

ASDI


SDI and the Marine EnvironmentSDI and the Marine Environment

Webservice

Webservice

Webservice

Webservice

Webservice

Data Data Data Data DataData

ASDI standards and policy framework

User interface

USERQUERY

SYSTEMRESPONSE

THE MARINE CADASTRE

InteroperabilityInteroperability


Marine Cadastre ResearchMarine Cadastre Research

• Four research areas

– Definition of the tidal interface

– Natural rather than geometric boundaries

– Offshore extension of the SDI

– Marine policy, legal and security issues

Low Tide

High Tide

“Land” “Sea”?


Seamless SDI Seamless SDI ComponentsComponents

Access network (web portal)Wireless data transfer

Standards IHO S-57 data standardsAccuracy Standards for Nautical Charting Hydrographic Surveys (FGDC,2002)Interoperability standards such as Marine XML

PoliciesPricing and access PolicyNational ocean policyPrivacy PolicyQuality Policy

DataFundamental datasets are :Marine cadastre, bathymetry, water currents, salinity, water quality, protected areas, boundary data, political boundaries, oceanography….

PeopleDepartment of environment and heritage, shipping, oil and gas, fishing industry, tourism, conservation, Defense, local state and national government

Access network (web portal)Fixed line data transfer

Standards ISO TC/211 data standardsContent ,access and exchange standard

PoliciesData

Fundamental datasets are:Geodetic framework, cadastre, address,Transport, topography, administration….

PeopleLand administration, defense, and natural resource management Department of environment and heritage ,oil and gas, fishing industry, tourism, conservation, Defense, local, state and national government

Access network (web portal)Standards

•No common data standardsNational Hydrography Data Content Standard for Inland and Coastal Waterways (FGDC 2000)

PoliciesData

•Fundamental datasets are coastline, bathymetry, marine cadastre, coastal imagery, marine navigation, tidal benchmarks and benthic habitat

People•Local ,State and national government ,tourism ,conservation, fisheries, transport ,urban planning ,cadastre ,national mapping agency, hydrographic services ,agriculture, environment


17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok, 17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok, 18-22 September 200618-22 September 2006

Resolution 3: Marine SDI to support marine administration

Recommendation: countries with an extensive marine jurisdiction and administrative responsibilities be encouraged to include the development of a marine administration component as part of a Seamless SDI that covers both land and marine jurisdictions to ensure a continuum across the coastal zone.


PCGIAP-International Workshop on PCGIAP-International Workshop on Administering Marine Environment-The Administering Marine Environment-The Spatial Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004Spatial Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004

Resolution: Defining the Spatial Dimension of the Marine Environment

Recommends that the term “Marine Administration System” is adopted for the administration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment, with the spatial dimension facilitated by the Marine SDI,

And further recommends that a marine cadastre is defined as a management tool which spatially describes, visualises and realises formally and informally defined boundaries and associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment as a data layer in a Marine SDI, allowing them to be more effectively identified, administered and accessed.


What do we need to do?What do we need to do?

• Include the Marine Environment in the sphere of National SDI initiatives.

• Understand the sustainable development factors driving the development of Marine SDI’s.

• Assess current systems in order to identify:

– Technical, legal and institutional arrangements hindering coordination & effective management.

• Consider international perspectives in order to create Global and Regional Marine SDIs that crosses jurisdictional boundaries.


ConclusionConclusion

• SDI is a new and evolving concept;

• Research is central;

• SDI development is multi-disciplinary with policy, legal, institutional and technical dimensions;

• Need for marine component to SDI’s increasing driven by need to break down ‘data silos’ and create access to accurate and up-to-date data;


ConclusionConclusion

• Need to understand link between the terrestrial and marine environments – they cannot be treated isolation;

• Must have cooperation between nations as maritime actions transcend national boundaries.

Centre Centre forfor SDIs SDIs and Land Administrationand Land Administration

www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/SDI_research

www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/maritime

www,marineadministration.org

World Class Research

Supporting Sustainable Development

DataPeople

Access Network

Policy

Standards

Dynamic

Thank you

marine sdi to facilitate spatially enabled government and society marine sdi to facilitate spatially...

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