mark hartley presentation

8/6/2019 Mark Hartley Presentation

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www.arpa-e.energy.gov

Innovative Materials & Processes forAdvanced Carbon Capture Technology

(IMPACCT)

Mark Hartney

Program Director, ARPA-E

RECS 2011 - Birmingham AL

June 13, 2011

US Energy Use


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2009 U.S. electrical power

Natural gas

Nuclear

Coal

Solar, 0.01

Hydro,2.43

Wind,0.51

Geothermal,0.31 Biomass,

0.42

Petroleum,0.39

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Nuclear

NaturalGas

Coal

Energy Services

Rejected Energy

Source: LLNL Energy Flow Charts

Total Recoverable Coal (2005)

Source: US EIA

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

MillionShortTons

Eight countries control 90% of coal reserves


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U.S. energy production from coal resulted in2 billion tons of CO2 in 2009

Natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants are cheaper, emit lessthan half the CO2, and are more efficient than coal plants

HOWEVER, the variable cost of natural gas and the long lifetime ofcoal plants suggest large-scale retirement is unlikely

U.S. CO2 emissions in2009: 5.5 billion tons

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration

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78% of 2030 CO2 emissions are fromexisting coal plants

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration and Jared Ciferno, NETL Existing Plants Program


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Innovative Materials and Processes forAdvanced Carbon Capture Technologies(IMPACCT)

The Need: The state-of-the-art CO2 capture technology, aqueous amine solvents,imposes a ~25-30% parasitic power load on a coal-fired power plant, increasinglevelized cost of electricity by ~80%

The Goal: Develop materials andprocesses that drastically reduce the parasiticenergy penalty required for CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant

Example areas of interest

Low-cost catalysts to enable systems withsuperior thermodynamics that are notcurrently practical due to slow kinetics

Robust materials that resist degradationfrom caustic contaminants in flue gas

Advanced capture processes, such asprocesses that utilize thermodynamicinputs other than temperature or pressure

Capture Transport Storage

Post Combustion Oxy-fuel Pre Combustion

Pipelines Tankers

Saline Aquifers EOR Deep Sea

Approx. 80% of the capital costs ofcarbon capture and storage arisefrom the capture process

Capture process is furthest fromtheoretical minimum energy

ARPA-E will widen the funnel ofpromising concepts and acceleratetowards demonstration &commercialization

Source: McKinsey &Company

CCS technology development can bevisualized as a pipeline


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State-of-the-Art CO2 Solvent Capture

Goal: Materials and processes to drastically reduce thecost of CO2 capture

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Levelized cost of electricityincreases by ~ 80%

~25-30% parasitic power load

$70-100/ton CO2

Feed GasCO2

Amine / water

Image courtesy RTI

International

Pulverized coal power plants withcarbon capture

Air3,350 t/hr

James Katzer et al., The Future of Coal, Options for a Constrained Carbon World,An Interdisciplinary MIT Study, Cambridge, MA (2007).

Boiler/Superheater16.5 MPa/ 538oC

Flue GasDesulfurizer(99% removalCoal

284 t/hr

Steam Turbine/Generator

Steam

Stack gas3,210 t/hr

63oC, 0.1 MPa

Fly Ash(24,900 kg/hr)

CO2 Capture(90% Capture)

Compressor

CO2573 t/hr, 150 atm

Electric Power500 MWe Net

ElectrostaticPrecipitator

(99% removal)

Lime Slurry(30.4 t/hr lime, 198 t/hr water)

Wet FGD Solids

Exhaust55oC

Exhaust149oC

Low Pressure Steam

70 MWe


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ARPA-E has funded 20 carbon captureprojects for $42.7 million

Solvent Membranes Sorbents Phase Change Chemical Looping

University Columbia Univ. Colorado,Georgia Tech,Univ. Kentucky

Texas A&M,MIT, LehighUniv.

Notre Dame Ohio State

Industry Codexis,Nalco

UTRC, Porifera GE, SustainableEnergy Solutions,ATK

NationalLabs / Non-Profits

LLNL, RTI LBL, ORNL

Solvents: using enzymes to improvecapture efficiency

Enzymes can improve CO2 capture kinetics, allowing solvents with lowerregeneration energy (opex) and smaller stripper columns (capex)

Genetic manipulation to improvethermal stability of enzymes

Synthetic enzymes with betterthermal stability

Thermostability enhancementHalf-life in 50wt% MDEA solution.


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Codexis - results

Thermostability enhancementHalf-life in 50wt% MDEA solution.

Phase change: a new approach tocapturing CO2

Changing phase from a gas to a solid enables simple separation of CO2and reduces the cost of compression for subsequent transport

Elimination of wastefulco-solvents that do notcapture CO2

Solid CO2 collection

Supersonic nozzle that solidifies CO2

with no chemicals or moving parts


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GE Results

Solids handling experiments with labscale spray drier

Particle size control is a developmentalaction.

ATK results

Visualization of solid CO2near duct wall


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Sorbents: metal organic frameworks(MOFs) are promising new structures

MOFs are highly versatile structures with high surface areacriticalfactors are selectivity towards CO2 and stability in flue gas

Low-energy inputs change thephysical structure to captureand release CO2

High throughputsynthesis and testingaccelerates MOFs tolarger-scaledemonstrations

Membranes: increasing both permeanceAND selectivity

High permeance membranes reduce the membrane areaneeded reducing capital costs and space requirements

Ultrathin membranes fromionic liquids that formmechanically stable gels

Image credit:

Anastasios Skoulidas,

Carnegie Mellon University

Image credit:

Anastasios Skoulidas,

Carnegie Mellon University

Carbon nanotube membraneshave high flux rates, but needimproved selectivity betweenCO2 and N2


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CCS technology pipeline and DOEprogram coordination

BasicResearch

AppliedResearch

Development Pilot/Demonstration

Solvents

Membranes

Sorbents

Phase-Change

Chemical Looping

BES ARPA-E FOAsNETL FOABench-Scale

NETL FOASlipstream

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Summary

ARPA-E is funding a number of early stage R&D projects for carboncapture technologies to provide a range of options for meetingDOEs CCS targets.

Focus includes solvents, sorbents, membranes, phase change, andchemical looping which can improve the energy utilization, capitalcosts, space requirements and integration challenges of CCS.

further details on each program are available atarpa-e.energy.gov

Preliminary projections of energy savings show a potential to reducecapture costs to the range of $20 to $50/ ton of CO2 avoided

More detailed modeling and successful R&D performance arerequired to validate these assumptions


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Thank you for your attention!

Mark Hartney, ARPA-E Program [email protected]

mark hartley presentation

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