mars pathfinder lithograph set - er : home

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This set contains the following materials: Introduction/NASA Resources for Educators Litho: “Mars Pathfinder’s Landing Site—July 4, 1997” Litho: “Six Wheels on Soil” Litho: “Sojourner’s Exploration of Mars” Litho: “Ares Vallis, Mars” Other Mars Pathfinder Materials Available: POSTER: “Mars Pathfinder—Roving the Red Planet” (panorama of landscape/rover) To obtain copies, please contact the nearest NASA Educator Resource Center (see other side of this page for info). SLIDE SET: “Mars Pathfinder/Sojourner: Success” (20 slides) Order from: NASA Central Operation of Resources for Educators (CORE) Phone: 1-440-774-1051, ext. 249/293 (see other side for more info) Finley-Holiday Film Corporation Phone: 1-800-345-6707 Internet: http://www.finley-holiday.com Write: Box 619, Whittier, CA 90601 For more information about Mars Pathfinder: Internet: Mars Pathfinder: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov NASA Office of Space Science: http://www.nasa.gov/office/oss/ Phone: Daily Mission Updates: 1-800-391-6654 Mail: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Public Services Office Mail Stop 186 4800 Oak Grove Dr. Pasadena, CA 91109 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Educational Product Teachers and Students Grades K– Postdoctoral Mars Pathfinder Lithograph Set

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Page 1: Mars Pathfinder Lithograph Set - ER : Home

This set contains the following materials:

• Introduction/NASA Resources for Educators• Litho: “Mars Pathfinder’s Landing Site—July 4, 1997”• Litho: “Six Wheels on Soil”• Litho: “Sojourner’s Exploration of Mars”• Litho: “Ares Vallis, Mars”

Other Mars Pathfinder Materials Available:

POSTER: “Mars Pathfinder—Roving the Red Planet”(panorama of landscape/rover) To obtain copies, pleasecontact the nearest NASA Educator Resource Center (see other side of this page for info).

SLIDE SET: “Mars Pathfinder/Sojourner: Success” (20 slides) Order from: • NASA Central Operation of Resources

for Educators (CORE)Phone: 1-440-774-1051, ext. 249/293 (see other side for more info)

• Finley-Holiday Film CorporationPhone: 1-800-345-6707Internet: http://www.finley-holiday.com Write: Box 619, Whittier, CA 90601

For more information about Mars Pathfinder:

Internet: Mars Pathfinder:http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov

NASA Office of Space Science:http://www.nasa.gov/office/oss/

Phone: Daily Mission Updates:1-800-391-6654

Mail: Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPublic Services OfficeMail Stop 1864800 Oak Grove Dr.Pasadena, CA 91109

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Educational Product

Teachers andStudents

Grades K–Postdoctoral

Mars Pathfinder Lithograph Set

Page 2: Mars Pathfinder Lithograph Set - ER : Home

NASA Resources for Educators

NASA’s Central Operation of Resources for Educa-tors (CORE) was established for the national and internationaldistribution of NASA-produced educational materials in audiovisualformat. Educators can obtain a catalog and an order form by one of thefollowing methods:

• NASA CORELorain County Joint Vocational School15181 Route 58 SouthOberlin, OH 44074

• Phone: (440) 774-1051, ext. 249 or 293• Fax: (440) 774-2144• E-mail: [email protected]• Home Page: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/CORE

Educator Resource Center NetworkTo make additional information available to the education community, theNASA Education Division has created the NASA Educator ResourceCenter (ERC) network. ERCs contain a wealth of information for educa-tors: publications, reference books, slide sets, audio cassettes, videotapes,telelecture programs, computer programs, lesson plans, and teacher guideswith activities. Educators may preview, copy, or receive NASA materialsat these sites. Because each NASA Field Center has its own areas of exper-tise, no two ERCs are exactly alike. Phone calls are welcome if you areunable to visit the ERC that serves your geographic area. The following isa list of the centers and the regions they serve:

Regional Educator Resource Centers (RERCs) offermore educators access to NASA educational materials. NASA has formedpartnerships with universities, museums, and other educational institu-tions to serve as RERCs in many states. A complete list of RERCs isavailable through CORE, or electronically via NASA Spacelink athttp://spacelink.nasa.gov

NASA On-line Resources for Educators provide currenteducational information and instructional resource materials to teachers,faculty, and students. A wide range of information is available, includingscience, mathematics, engineering, and technology education lessonplans, historical information related to the aeronautics and space program,current status reports on NASA projects, news releases, information onNASA educational programs, useful software, and graphics files.Educators and students can also use NASA resources as learning tools toexplore the Internet, accessing information about educational grants,interacting with other schools that are already on-line, participating in on-line interactive projects, and communicating with NASA scientists,engineers, and other team members to experience the excitement of realNASA projects.

Access these resources through the NASA Education Home Page:http://www.hq.nasa.gov/education

NASA Television (NTV) is the Agency’s distribution system forlive and taped programs. It offers the public a front-row seat for launchesand missions, as well as informational and educational programming, his-torical documentaries, and updates on the latest developments inaeronautics and space science. NTV is transmitted on the GE-2 satellite,Transponder 9C at 85 degrees West longitude, vertical polarization, witha frequency of 3880 megahertz and audio of 6.8 megahertz.

Apart from live mission coverage, regular NASA Television programmingincludes a Video File from noon to 1:00 p.m., a NASA Gallery File from1:00 to 2:00 p.m., and an Education File from 2:00 to 3:00 pm (all timesEastern). This sequence is repeated at 3:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., and 9:00 p.m.,Monday through Friday. The NTV Education File features programmingfor teachers and students on science, mathematics, and technology. NASATelevision programming may be videotaped for later use.

For more information on NASA Television, contact: NASA Headquarters, Code P-2, NASA TV, Washington, DC 20546-0001Phone: (202) 358-3572 NTV Home Page: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/ntv.html

How to Access NASA’s Education Materials and Services,EP-1996-11-345-HQ This brochure serves as a guide to accessing a variety of NASA materialsand services for educators. Copies are available through the ERC net-work, or electronically via NASA Spacelink. NASA Spacelink can beaccessed at the following address: http://spacelink.nasa.gov

S

AK, AZ, CA, HI, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WYNASA Educator Resource CenterMail Stop 253-2NASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, CA 94035-1000Phone: (415) 604-3574

CT, DE, DC, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VTNASA Educator Resource LaboratoryMail Code 130.3NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD 20771-0001Phone: (301) 286-8570

CO, KS, NE, NM, ND, OK, SD, TXNASA Educator Resource RoomMail Code AP-2NASA Johnson Space Center2101 NASA Road OneHouston, TX 77058-3696Phone: (281) 483-8696

FL, GA, PR, VINASA Educator Resource LaboratoryMail Code ERLNASA Kennedy Space CenterKennedy Space Center, FL 32899-0001Phone: (407) 867-4090

KY, NC, SC, VA, WVVirginia Air and Space MuseumNASA Educator Resource Center forNASA Langley Research Center600 Settler's Landing RoadHampton, VA 23669-4033Phone: (757) 727-0900 x 757

IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WINASA Educator Resource CenterMail Stop 8-1NASA Lewis Research Center21000 Brookpark RoadCleveland, OH 44135-3191Phone: (216) 433-2017

AL, AR, IA, LA, MO,TNU.S. Space and Rocket CenterNASA Educator Resource Center for NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterP.O. Box 070015Huntsville, AL 35807-7015Phone: (205) 544-5812

MSNASA Educator Resource CenterBuilding 1200NASA John C. Stennis Space CenterStennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000Phone: (601) 688-3338

NASA Educator Resource CenterJPL Educational OutreachMail Stop CS-530NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadena, CA 91109-8099Phone: (818) 354-6916

CA cities near the centerNASA Educator Resource Center forNASA Dryden Flight Research Center45108 N. 3rd Street EastLancaster, CA 93535Phone: (805) 948-7347

VA and MD's Eastern ShoresNASA Educator Resource LabEducation Complex - Visitor Center Building J-1NASA Wallops Flight FacilityWallops Island, VA 23337-5099Phone: (757) 824-2297/2298

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Mars Pathfinder’s Landing Site—July 4, 1997National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Mars Pathfinder’s Landing Site—July 4, 1997

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At 10 o’clock in the morning, U.S. PacificDaylight Time, on July 4, 1997, the MarsPathfinder spacecraft bounced to a stop on

Mars, the first visit by a U.S. spacecraft to thesurface of Mars since the Viking missions of 1976.Mars Pathfinder landed at a site known as AresVallis (Mars Valley) in a region called Chryse Plani-tia (Plains of Gold).

The spacecraft’s entry, descent, and landingsequence demonstrated many engineering tech-niques that can now be used on subsequent planetarymissions. Mars Pathfinder used a combination of aheatshield, parachute, and rockets, to slow itsdescent through the thin atmosphere. The lander,

encased in airbags similar to those found in automo-biles but much larger and designed for the Martianenvironment, bounced at least 16 times and for atleast a minute and a half before coming to rest right-side up. Local Mars time at Ares Vallis was about3:00 a.m., so these events occurred in the dark.

Once at rest, the lander unfolded its petals andretracted the deflated airbags. Right on schedule, itsent a beacon signal indicating its progress to theantennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network. Whenthe Sun rose, about three hours after the landing,Mars Pathfinder turned on its transmitter and beganto send detailed engineering data about its healthand its descent through the atmosphere via the low-data-rate antenna.

Later that day, the lander’s high-data-rate antennawas pointed at Earth, and the first pictures from the

surface of Mars in almost two decades began toflow in to controllers at the Jet Propulsion Labo-

ratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. TheImager for Mars Pathfinder, or “IMP” camera,returned many small frames that weremosaiced into this panoramic view. The IMPcamera imaged the entire surrounding areafrom its position on top of the lander.

This view is to the west. A great flood ofwater washed over this region long ago,passing from left to right across this por-tion of the landscape. The Twin Peaks onthe horizon are just about 1 kilometer(0.6 miles) away.

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Named after Sojourner Truth, an African-Americanabolitionist and champion of women’s rights duringthe Civil War era, the rover is still crouched on oneof the lander petals. Airbag material billows outfrom beneath the petal. Rolled into tight cylindersat either end of Sojourner are the undeployed roverramps. Early images were used to help rover engi-neers determine which direction was better suitedfor a safe rolloff. The images revealed that theairbags would interfere with proper deployment; aportion of the airbag is lying on top of one end ofthe ramp at Sojourner’s right. The slight offset inthe appearance of the ramp is caused by the waythat separate images were patched together.

Late on July 4, JPL flight controllers sent commandsto the lander to raise the rover petal, with Sojournerstill firmly attached, reel in more of the airbags, andlower the petal back down level with the ground.This maneuver was successfully carried out, and thenext day Sojourner rolled onto the surface of Marsto begin her mission of exploration.

This image and additional information about theMars Pathfinder mission can be found on theInternet at: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov

The Mars Pathfinder mission is part of a long-term program of Mars exploration being conductedby NASA’s Office of Space Science. JPL, an oper-ating division of the California Institute ofTechnology, manages the Mars Exploration Pro-gram for NASA.

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“Six Wheels on Soil”National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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“Six Wheels on Soil”

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T his two-frame mosaic of images from MarsPathfinder’s camera shows the Sojournerrover after driving onto the Martian surface.

When this event occurred late on the night of July5, 1997 (Pacific Daylight Time), Sojourner becamethe first autonomous robot to traverse the surfaceof Mars.

During the trip from Earth to Mars, which beganDecember 4, 1996, and ended July 4, 1997, therover remained firmly attached to one of thelander’s petals. Once on Mars, the lander opened itspetals, and the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP)camera photographed the rover and the surrounding“marscape.” After commanding the lander to liftthe rover’s petal to clear some airbag material, therover team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory deter-mined that the terrain on each side of the petal wasacceptable for a safe rover rolloff down one of theramps.

Sojourner was then released from the lander petaland rose up to her full height. Both ramps were suc-cessfully deployed, but the end of the forward rampdid not actually touch the planet’s surface. Becauseof the better view of the rear ramp and the interest-ing rocks and soil that could be seen, the teamelected to roll Sojourner backwards off the rearramp. The end of the ramp can be seen at lower left.

The ramps get their shape and strength from sheetsof metal that were flattened into tight rolls. Aftertheir restraints were cut, they assumed their originaltubular shape and became rigid. The rover’s wheels,

three on each side, straddled the outside of each tubeso that Sojourner would not tip or turn.

Under power from its electric motors, Sojourner six-wheeled down the ramp and onto the soil of Mars.The “rocker-bogie” suspension system was immedi-ately put to the test. As the far set of wheels (at leftin the picture) left the ramp, they encountered asmall rock. The suspension system neatly carriedthe rover over the rock, as can be seen by the wheeltracks on the fine surface material. The tracks runfrom the end of the ramp for a few centimeters,abruptly end, and continue on the far side of therock where the wheel stopped. No such obstacle wasencountered by the other set of wheels, but travelingover the rock did cause the rover to fishtail slightlyand turn a bit to the left.

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The dark surface on top of Sojourner is her solarpanel, which, along with non-rechargeable batter-ies, provides electrical power for her operation.The rover measures 65 centimeters (2 feet) long,48 centimeters (1.5 feet) wide, and 30 centimeters(1 foot) tall. On Mars she weighs 4 kilograms (8.8pounds) compared to 10.5 kilograms (23 pounds)on Earth.

The shadow of the rock known as Barnacle Bill, thefirst rock studied by Sojourner, can be seen in theupper left corner. Patches of very fine-grainedmaterial can be seen on either side of the rover.Below Barnacle Bill there are a number of smallpebbles with streaks of material trailing off to theleft. At some point, perhaps during one of Mars’periodic dust storms, winds blew across this surfacefrom right to left, depositing dust finer than talcumpowder on the wind-shadowed side of the pebbles.Mars Pathfinder has observed variable wind speedsand directions; these winds will eventually alter orerase Sojourner’s tracks.

This image and additional information about theMars Pathfinder mission can be found on theInternet at: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov.

The Mars Pathfinder mission is part of a long-termprogram of Mars exploration being conducted byNASA’s Office of Space Science. The Jet PropulsionLaboratory, an operating division of the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, manages the Mars Explo-ration Program for NASA.

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Sojourner’s Exploration of MarsNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

Sojourner at “Barnacle Bill” Soil Measurements

Rover’s-Eye View of Lander Sojourner Does a Wheelie at “Yogi”

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Sojourner’s Exploration of Mars

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T hese four images highlight the types ofscientific experiments and engineeringtests that the rover Sojourner has con-

ducted on Mars. Three of the images weretaken by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP)camera. A fourth image was taken by one of thethree cameras on board the rover.

Sojourner at “Barnacle Bill”Sojourner’s first analysis of a rock on Marsbegan on Sol 3 (Mars Pathfinder’s thirdMartian day) with the study of Barnacle Bill, anearby rock named for its rough surface. TheAlpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) isused to determine the elements that make upthe rocks and soil on Mars. A full study usingthe APXS takes approximately 10 hours. Itmeasures all elements, except hydrogen, aslong as they make up at least 1/10th of 1 per-cent of the mass of the rock or soil. The APXSconducts its studies by bombarding rocks andsoil samples with alpha particle radiation—charged particles equivalent to the nucleus of ahelium atom, consisting of two protons andtwo neutrons. Results indicated that BarnacleBill is similar in composition to Earth rockknown as andesite. On Earth, andesite is pro-duced through repeated cycles of melting andsolidification, such as volcanic activity.

Soil MeasurementsThis image was taken by the IMP camera onSol 4. Sojourner has traveled to an area of soiland several rocks. Rover tracks are clearly vis-ible in the soft soil seen in the foreground, andwere made in part by the rover’s material abra-sion experiment. Scientists were able to controlthe force of the rover’s cleated wheels to helpdetermine the physical properties of the soil. Inthis image, Sojourner has lowered its APXSinstrument to the surface to study an area ofsoil. A small portion of the rock Yogi and itsshadow can be seen in the upper right corner.The three rocks just above and to the left ofSojourner’s solar panel are called The Dice.

Rover’s-Eye View of LanderOn Sol 26 one of the two forward facing cam-eras aboard the Sojourner rover took thisimage of the lander, which has been named theCarl Sagan Memorial Station after the lateastronomer. Features seen on the lander include(from left to right) the Atmospheric StructureInstrument/Meteorology Package (ASI/MET)mast with windsocks, the low-gain antennamast, the disc-shaped high-gain antenna angledoff to the right and pointed at Earth, and areasof deflated airbags. The dark circle on the

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lander body is a filtered vent that allowed air toescape during launch, and allowed the lander torepressurize upon landing. Mini Matterhorn isthe large rock in front of the lander to the left.

Sojourner Does a Wheelie at YogiSojourner has made contact with the rock Yogiin this image, taken on Sol 6. The rover’s leftrear wheel has driven up onto Yogi’s surface inan attempt to get as close as possible to therock’s surface. Sojourner later drove off Yogiand returned at a slightly different angle, plac-ing its APXS instrument against the rock toconduct a study of its chemical composition.This observation indicated that Yogi has had adifferent geological history than Barnacle Bill;it is a more primitive basaltic igneous rock.

These images and additional information aboutthe Mars Pathfinder mission can be found onthe Internet at: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov

The Mars Pathfinder mission is part of a long-term program of Mars exploration beingconducted by NASA’s Office of Space Science.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, an operatingdivision of the California Institute of Technol-ogy, manages the Mars Exploration Programfor NASA.

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Ares Vallis, MarsNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

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Ares Vallis, Mars

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T his image is a portion of a full-colorpanorama. This portion covers about onequarter of the surrounding “marscape”

of Ares Vallis (Mars Valley). Visible next to therock named Yogi is the rover Sojourner. She hasbacked up to Yogi and has placed the AlphaProton X-ray Spectrometer instrument againstthe rock in order to determine its elementalcomposition. Yogi is approximately 6.5 meters(20 feet) from the Mars Pathfinder lander andstands about 1 meter (3 feet) high. Sojourner is30 centimeters (1 foot) tall.

In the lower left corner of the image is theramp that Sojourner used to roll off the landerpetal and onto the Martian soil. To the right ispart of the deflated airbags from the adjacentpetal. Sojourner’s tracks across the soil areplainly visible and are darker than the undis-turbed soil. The dark streaks on the soil abovethe airbags were caused when the airbagswere reeled in during the first hours after land-ing on July 4, 1997. In two locations, near theend of the ramp and on the way to Yogi, dis-turbed dust shows where Sojourner madepivoting turns.

A dusting of very fine-grained material is alsoseen on a number of the rocks in the view. Dusthas gathered to the left of Barnacle Bill, thepitted football-shaped and -sized rock abovethe end of the ramp. The wind on Mars cancarry only very lightweight and fine-graineddust—although the wind can blow at speeds ofhundreds of kilometers per hour, it does nothave much force because of the thin atmos-phere. (Such wind speeds have not beenobserved by Mars Pathfinder.) Some of thetalcum powder-like dust can be seen on therover’s wheels, and suspended dust particlesgive the sky its color.

At one time in Mars’ past, a large amount ofwater rushed across this area. The direction offlow was to the north, which is toward theupper right corner in this picture. The floodwaters cut a series of gullies in the plain. Thegullies line up in the direction of the water flow.A trek across this “marscape” toward the hori-zon would carry you up and down a series ofhills and valleys.

On the horizon is the rock known as the Couch.Most rocks are informally named for theirappearance by scientists to make them easy toidentify during team meetings and public

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discussions. The Couch is more than 150 meters(500 feet) away. The Imager for MarsPathfinder stereo camera, which took thisimage, allows team members to measuredistances to about 150 meters. But they mustestimate distances beyond that—unless afeature can be identified from images taken byone or both Viking orbiting spacecraft.

Viking Orbiters 1 and 2 photographed theplanet between July 1976 and August 1980.Orbital views of the Mars Pathfinder landingregion show two features now known as theTwin Peaks. In the upper left corner of thisview is the North Peak. It is 0.86 kilometers(0.53 miles) away from the lander.

This image and additional information aboutthe Mars Pathfinder mission can be found onthe Internet at: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov.

The Mars Pathfinder mission is part of a long-term program of Mars exploration beingconducted by NASA’s Office of Space Science.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, an operatingdivision of the California Institute of Technol-ogy, manages the Mars Exploration Programfor NASA.

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Mars Pathfinder Lithograph SetTEACHER REPLY CARD

To achieve America's goals in Educational Excellence, it is NASA's mission todevelop supplementary instructional materials and curricula in science, math-ematics, and technology. NASA seeks to involve the educational community inthe development and improvement of these materials. Your evaluation and sug-gestions are vital to continually improving NASA educational materials.

Otherwise, please return the reply card by mail. Thank you.

1. With what grades did you use the lithograph set?Number of Teachers/Faculty:

K-4 Community College

5-8 College/University - Undergraduate

9-12 College/University - Graduate

Number of Students:

K-4 Community College

5-8 College/University - Undergraduate

9-12 College/University - Graduate

Number of Others:

Administrators/Staff Professional Groups

Parents Civic Groups

General Public Other

2. What is your home 5- or 9-digit zip code? __ __ __ __ __ — __ __ __ __

3. How was the quality of this lithograph set?

❏ Excellent ❏ Good ❏ Average ❏ Poor ❏ Very Poor

4. How did you use this lithograph set?

❏ Background Information ❏ Critical Thinking Tasks

❏ Demonstrate NASA Materials ❏ Demonstration

❏ Group Discussions ❏ Hands-On Activities

❏ Integration Into Existing Curricula ❏ Interdisciplinary Activity

❏ Lecture ❏ Science and Mathematics

❏ Team Activities Standards Integration

❏ Other: Please specify:

5. Where did you learn about this lithograph set?

❏ NASA Educator Resource Center

❏ NASA Central Operation of Resources for Educators (CORE)

❏ Institution/School System

❏ Fellow Educator

❏ Workshop/Conference

❏ Other: Please specify:

6. What features of this lithograph set did you find particularly helpful?

7. How can we make this lithograph set more effective for you?

8. Additional comments:

Today's Date:

Please take a moment to respond to the statements and questionsbelow. You can submit your response through the Internet or bymail. Send your reply to the following Internet address:

http://ednet.gsfc.nasa.gov/edcats/lithograph_set

You will then be asked to enter your data at the appropriate prompt.

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