martin heller october 22, 2015 few example.pdf · regional sourcing of livestock feed crops”...
TRANSCRIPT
“Exploring a Water/Energy Trade-off in
Regional Sourcing of Livestock Feed Crops”
Martin Heller
October 22, 2015
(Heller & Keoleian, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 10619–10626)
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: the “compilation and evaluation of the inputs
and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system
throughout its life cycle” (ISO 14040)
Impact Assessment Methods
= inventory flows
LCA of large-scale vertically integrated
organic dairy
• 6 farms in CO and in TX – Over 20,000 milking cows
• Ultra-pasteurization (UP) milk plant in CO – Produces over 22 million gallons of milk annually
• Largest provider of U.S. private label organic milk
• 3 successive UM SNRE Master’s Projects
LCA of large-scale vertically integrated
organic dairy
“As a demonstration of our steadfast commitment to
corporate citizenship, we have developed our first-ever
Corporate Citizenship Report. This report contains data on
our comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) for energy
use, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, water use, landfill
waste and recycling programs. We started this work in
2008 with the University of Michigan’s School of Natural
Resources and Environment. Each year, for three years,
groups of graduate students came out to Colorado to study
our facilities and gather data to complete the first ever LCA
of a large-scale integrated
organic dairy company.”
Marc Peperzak, Chairman & CEO
in Introduction to Corporate Citizenship Report
Dairies in water stressed regions
AOD farm
Where is the trade-off between
transportation energy and water use
in supplying feed?
Inventory varies: corn irrigation
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
UT
AZ
AK
WA
OR
CA
MT
WY
NV
NM CO AR TX ID KS
OK
NE
GA
WV FL
L co
nsu
med
/ k
g D
M C
orn
gra
in (s
tate
)
Source: USDA Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (FRIS) (1998-2008 avg.)
Wa
ter
co
nsu
me
d fo
r co
rn p
rod
uctio
n
(L / k
g D
M)
Water Stress Index (WSI) represents
competition for water, as a function of use
and availability
water consumed (blue water) /
water availability
Impact varies: water stress
Pfister et al., 2009, ES&T
water in competition
due to corn
L consumed /kg corn Water Stress Index (L in comp / L cons.)
Water in competition (impact) = consumption x
stress
Data sources
• USDA NASS 2008 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey – Irrigation rates by crop and by state
• Combined with acres irrigated and total crop production (USDA census) state-level “irrigation intensity” per kg harvested crop
– Irrigation energy expenses by fuel type • Combined with fuel costs (EIA) pumping energy per kg
harvested crop
• Transportation energy per kg – Rough distance: center of producer state to hypothetical
farms in Kersey, CO and Rosendale, WI (Google Maps)
– LC energy demand for diesel truck or rail transport (Franklin Assoc.)
Corn Grain:
water use impact vs. transport
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
wat
er
in c
om
pe
titi
on
(L
eq
./kg
)
energy of transport to Kersey, CO (MJ/kg)
UT
NE
FL
CA
AZ
CO
KS
WY
NM
TX
OR
MT
SD IN IL
MN
Damage to Water Resources (from Pfister et al., 2009 Environ. Sci. Technol.)
water stress =WTA =total annual freshwater withdrawals
hydrological availability
fraction of feshwater consumption
that contributes to depletion= Fdepletion =
WTA-1
WTA
0
ì
íï
îï
for WTA>1
for WTA £1
• Backup-technology concept: “surplus energy” to make the resource available in the future – Energy of desalination
– Theoretical indicator to make water use comparable to other types of resource use
Water stress impacts outweigh transport.
Corn grain delivered to Kersey, CO
Energy for fertilizer is important,
but does not impart a clear trend to the ranking
Corn grain delivered to Kersey, CO
Corn grain delivered to Kersey, CO by RAIL
Actual transport is likely a blend of rail and road
Transport by rail makes water use impacts even more relevant
Transport per kg more important: favors local production
Corn silage delivered to Kersey, CO
Alfalfa hay delivered to Kersey, CO
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Wisconsin
Illinois
Iowa
Indiana
Minnesota
Michigan
Ohio
Missouri
Kentucky
SouthDakota
Tennessee
NorthDakota
Pen
nsylvania
Arkansas
Virginia
Maryland
New
York
NorthCarolina
Mississippi
Alabam
a
SouthCarolina
New
Jersey
Neb
raska
Louisiana
Delaw
are
Montana
Geo
rgia
Oklahoma
Kansas
Florida
Texas
Colorado
Wyoming
Oregon
New
Mexico
California
Utah
Arizona
MJ/kg
CornGraindeliveredtoRosendale,WI
energyofdesalina on
irriga onpumpingenergy
transporta onenergy
Low irrigation needs; not water stressed; favors local production
Spatial LCA:
Feeds & production across regions in the dairy context
Andrew Henderson, Anne Asselin, Martin
Heller, Olivier Jolliet
Work supported by Dairy Research Institute
water in competition
due to corn
L consumed /kg corn Water Stress Index (L in comp / L cons.)
Water in competition (impact) = consumption x
stress
Water in competition
L_eq / kg state corn grain Weight by US corn grain
production:
mainly in the corn belt!
Corn water stress at the national level
Contribution to
national corn grain
impact
From feed → state milk → national milk
Corn grain
Corn silage
Alfalfa hay
Alfalfa silage
Soybean
S. meal
Grass hay
Grass silage
DDGS
(wet & dry)
Pasture
On-farm
activities
kg milk
produced
in state i
rations in
state i
kg
“national”
milk
kg feed
produced
in states j
Milk water stress at national level
CA
AZ
NM
IDTX
WA
CO
UT
ORKS
NV
NE
OK
SD
NYFL
PA
ND
WY
MT
MOMD WI VAAR
25 Others
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
L eq
. in
co
mp
etit
ion
(as
Blu
e w
ater
) /
kg
FPC
M (
stat
e)
Milk Production %
Sources: USDA Ag. Census (2007), FRIS
Wa
ter
str
ess fro
m flu
id m
ilk
(L e
q / k
g m
ilk)
NNLSC: corn grain P emission
What happens to the P once it’s
emitted?
Helmes, Henderson, et al., 2012
Looking at different (water) impacts
26