massachusetts erosion and sedimentation control guidelines
TRANSCRIPT
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Massachuse t t s
Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for Urban and Suburban Areas
A Guide
for
Planners,
Designers,
and
Municipal
Officials
Department of Environmental
Protection, Bureau of Resource
Protection, One Winter Street 5th floor,
Boston, MA 02108
http://www.state.ma.us/dephttp://www.state.ma.us/dephttp://www.state.ma.us/dephttp://www.state.ma.us/dephttp://www.state.ma.us/dep -
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MASSACHUSETTS EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR
URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS
AGuidefor Planners,
Designersand MunicipalOfficials
OriginalPrint:March1997
Reprint: May 2003
originallypreparedfor:
Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
StateCommissionforConservationofSoil, WaterandRelatedResources
MassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection BureauofResourceProtection
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Region1
NaturalResourcesConservationService
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture
originallypreparedby:
Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire Conservation Districts
243KingStreet-Room39Northampton,MA01060
ThisprojecthasbeenfinancedpartiallywithFederalfundsfromtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)tothe
MassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection(DEP)undera319NonpointSourceCompetitiveGrant.ThecontentsdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesofEPAorofDEP,nordoesthementionoftradenamesor
commercialproductsconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforuse.
ExecutiveOfficeofEnvironmentalAffairs
EllenRoyHerzfelder,Secretary DepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection
EdKunce,ActingCommissioner BureauofResourceProtection
CynthiaGiles,AssistantCommissioner
DivisionofWatershedManagement GlennHaas,Director
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PrefaceIn1975,theSoilConservationService,USDA,inMassachusettspublishedthefirsteditionofthe
Guidelines for Soil and Water Conservation in Urbanizing Areas of Massachusetts.Thiswasa300+pagebookdealingwithawidevarietyofconservation-relatedurbanproblemsandsituationsencountered
throughoutthestateofMassachusetts.
Afterthethirdprintingandin1982,theSoilConservationServicebegananupdateandrevisiontobringthisvolumeuptodate.Atthesametime,theformatwaschangedfromasinglevolumetoaseriesof
Massachusetts Conservation Guides-eachkeyedtoaspecificsubjectarea.Onlythefirsttwooftheproposedfiveguideswerepublished:Volume I - Erosion & Sediment Control in Site Development andVolume II - Vegetative Practices in Site Development.
Inlate1993,realizingtheneedforacomplete,up-to-datevolumeforpersonsundertakingtoplan,installorreviewurbandevelopmentsinthestate,theStateCommissionforConservationofSoil,WaterandRelatedResourcestooktheleadtoprepareacompleteandcomprehensiverevisionofthishandbook.TheCommissionenlistedtheaidoftheExecutiveOfficeofEnvironmentalAffairs,theMassachusetts
DepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection,andtheNaturalResourcesConservationServices(formerlytheSoilConservationService)oftheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.Thisgroup,workingthroughtheFranklin,Hampden,HampshireConservationDistricts-DivisionV,undertooktoupdatetheoriginaldocumentandthisvolumeistheculminationoftheirefforts.
Therearenumerousexcellentreferencesavailabletothegeneralpubliccoveringthefieldsoferosionandsedimentcontrol,pollutioncontrol,andstormwatermanagement.Thisguidedrawsuponmanyof
thosedocuments.ItismeanttoprovidethelaypersonwhoisinvolvedinprojectswhichaffectthelandandwaterresourcesinMassachusettswithbackgroundinformation.Furtherdetailsmaybefoundinotherdocuments,whicharereferencedassourcesofinformation.
Thisguidedealsprimarilywithconservationmeasuresandconservationpractices.ThesepracticesaregenerallyreferredtoasBest Management Practices orBMPsandisintendedtobeacompanionhandbookwiththerecentlypreparedMega-ManualpreparedbytheMassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.
Onlylimiteddetailisincludedaboutthesoils,engineering,hydrology,plantmaterialsandotherknowledgethatisneededtoplananddesignapotentialproject.Itisintendedonlyasaguideandshouldbe
usedassuch.Aprofessionalplannershouldbeengagedtopreparetheproposalandaprofessionalengineerforthedetailederosionandsedimentcontrolplananddesigns,drawings,andspecifications.
Thecontentsofthisguidearebasedonmaterialalmostentirelyinthepublicdomain,publishedby
federalorstateagenciesorpubliceducationalinstitutions.Itshouldnotbeinterpretedasnecessarily
representingthepoliciesorrecommendationsofotherreferencedagenciesororganizationsnoroftheagencieswhosponsoredthisrevision.Thementionoftradenames,products,companiesorpublications
doesnotconstituteanendorsement,butareusedforclarification.
Inthefallof1994,theUSDASoilConservationServicewasrenamedtheNaturalResourcesConservationService.NumerousreferencesusedhereinwerepublishedasSoilConservationService
documentsandhavenotbeenrenamedorrevisedatthisdate.
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Acknowledgements
Thefollowingindividualswereinstrumentalinguidingthedevelopmentofthisguide:
ThomasAndersonoftheStateCommissionforConservationofSoil,WaterandRelatedResourcesfor
hisassistanceinobtainingfundsandcoordinatingthereviewofthedraftdocumentswithotherstateagencies.
WilliamP.Annable,P.E.,forcollectingmaterialsandrelatedinformation,revisingandupdatingthe
previouslypreparededitionsofthehandbookandupdatingandpreparingthisversionoftheGuidelines.
JohnBennettoftheFranklinConservationDistrictforhisassistanceinreviewingandcommentingon
thedraftdocuments.
RussellCohenoftheMassachusettsRiverwaysProgramforhisassistanceinreviewingandcommentingonthedraftdocuments.
RichardDeVergiliooftheNaturalResourcesConservationService,USDAforhisassistanceincollecting,editingandpreparingplantmaterialsinformationforthevarioussectionsofthehandbook.
CarlGustafsonoftheNaturalResourcesConservationService,USDAforhisassistanceincollectingavailableinformation,coordinatingtheinputsofotherpersonnelfromtheNRCS,andreviewingandcommentingonthedraftdocuments.
GeneMillsoftheFranklin,Hampden,HampshireConservationDistricts-DivisionVforhisworkinpreparingcontractdocuments,handlingthecontractingprocedures,arrangingmeetingsanddocumentreviewsandguidingthisprojecttocompletion.
LeslieOSheaoftheOfficeofWatershedManagement,MassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtectionforherassistanceinguidingthepreparationoftheguidethroughthe319processandprovidingcommentsonthedraftdocuments.
KathyRuhfoftheFranklin,Hampden,HampshireConservationDistricts-DivisionVforherassistanceinreviewingandcommentingonthedraftdocuments.
ArthurScrepetisoftheOfficeofWatershedManagement,MassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmental
Protectionforhisassistanceincompletingthecontractandpublishingthedocument.
JanSmithoftheMassachusettsCoastalZoneManagementprogramforhisassistanceinreviewingandcommentingonthedraftdocument.
GerrySurineroftheFranklin,Hampden,HampshireConservationDistricts-DivisionVOfficeforherworkinpreparingcopies,makingmailings,typingandfilingcontractmaterialsandpreparinganddistributing
materialsanddrafts.KennethTayloroftheHampdenConservationDistrictforhisassistanceinreviewingandcommentingonthedraftdocuments.
MichaelWhalenoftheBerkshireResourceandConservationDevelopmentProjectforhisassistancein
preparingthegrantproposal.
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ThepreparationofthisguidewasfinancedbytheMassachusettsStateCommissionforConservationo
Soil,WaterandRelatedResources;theMassachusettsExecutiveOfficeofEnvironmentalAffairs;theMassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtectionthroughfundsfromtheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyunderthesection319NonpointSourceCompetitiveGrantProgram;theUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalResourcesConservationService;andtheFranklin,
Hampden,HampshireConservationDistricts-DivisionV.
ThisguidewaspublishedwithfinancialassistancefromtheMassachusettsDepartmentof
EnvironmentalProtectionthroughfundsfromtheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyunderthesection319NonpointSourceCompetitiveGrantProgramandtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalResourcesConservationService.
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Table of Contents PagePart I, Principles and Planning 8
ErosionandSedimentation 8
FactorsthatInfluenceErosion 9 EffectsofUrbanization 13 ErosionandSedimentHazardsAssociatedwithSiteDevelopment 15 AnalyzingtheProjectSite 21
PotentialProblems 36 StabilizationPrinciplesforSiteDevelopment 38 DevelopingAnErosionandSedimentControlPlan 42
Part II, Guide to Best Management Practice Selection 54
BestManagementPracticeSelection 54
Sitework:On-siteroads,Controllingroadrunoff 55 ClearingandGrading 56 Excavations,Stockpiles,&Debrisdisposal 56 RillandGullyErosion 57
SedimentControl 57 StormRunoff 58 StreambankProtectionandStabilization 58
StreamCrossings 59 BuildingConstruction,UtilitiesInstallations 59 SpecialSiteProblems 60
60FinalSiteStabilization
62Part III, Erosion and Sediment Control Practices
BrushBarrier 62 BufferZones,StreamCorridors,andRiparianAreas 63 CheckDam 64 ConstructionEntrance 68
ConstructionRoadStabilization 71 Diversion,Permanent 73 Diversion,Temporary 77
DustControl 80 FilterBerm 82 FilterStrip,Vegetated 84 Flume,Paved 86
Gabions 88 Geotextiles 90 GradeStabilizationStructure 92 InletProtection 93
LandGradingandStabilization 102 LevelSpreader 109 MulchandNetting 112
OutletProtectionandStabilization 118 PreservingNaturalVegetation 121 Riprap 125
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Table of Contents Page
Part III, Erosion and Sediment Control Practices (Continued)
RockDam 129
SandDuneandSandblowStabilization 133 SandFence 135 SedimentBasin 138
SedimentFence 146 SedimentTrap 152 Seeding,Permanent 157
Seeding,Temporary 167 SiltCurtain 171 SlopeDrain,Temporary 172 Sodding 176
StraworHayBaleBarrier 181
StreamCrossing,Temporary 185 StreambankProtectionandStabilization 192 SubsurfaceDrain 201
SumpPit 204 SurfaceRoughening 205 Terrace 208
Topsoiling 210 TreeandShrubPlanting 212 VegetatedSwale 215 WaterBar 219
Waterway,Grassed 222 228Waterway,Lined
Part IV, Supplementary Information
Rainfall,Runoff,andLandUseChange 232
Plants,Vegetation,SoilCovers 243 SoilBioengineering 280
Best Management Practices for Individual Homesites and Small
Parcels
Best Management Practices for Sand and Gravel Pits
A Sample Erosion and Sedimentation Control PlanGlossary
Bibliography
Subject Index
232
320
322
329
338
349
354
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8 Principles and Planning
Principles
and
Planning
ErosionandSedimentation
FactorsthatInfluenceErosion
Effectsof
Urbanization
ErosionandSedimentHazards
AssociatedwithSiteDevelopment
AnalyzingtheProjectSite
PotentialProblems
PrinciplesforSite
Development
DevelopinganErosionandSedimentControl
Plan
Erosion and Sedimentation
Asundevelopedareasareconvertedtourbanuses,thenatural
vegetationisremoved,landslopesmaybeexcavatedorfilled,groundsurfacesarepavedover,andstreamchannelsaremodified.Theresultisanincreaseinrunoffandareductionintheabilityofthelandtoprovidenaturaltreatmenttotherunoff.
Landisdisturbedandexposedtoerosionbywindandwaterduring
thisperiodofconversion.Soildisplacedbyerosioncontributestobothonsiteandoffsitedamages.Aportionofthesoilreachesthestatesstreams,lakes,andcoastalwatersassediment.
ErosionErosionisthewearingawayofthelandsurfacebyrunningwater,
wind,ice,orothercauses.Soilerosionisusuallycausedbytheforceofwaterfallingasraindropsandbytheforceofwaterflowinginrillsandstreams.Raindropsfallingonbareorsparselyvegetatedsoildetachsoilparticles.Waterrunningalongthesurfaceofthegroundpicksupthese
particlesandcarriesthemalongasitflowsdownhilltowardsastreamsystem.
Astherunoffgainsinvelocityandconcentration,itdetachesmoresoilparticles,cutsrillsandgulliesintothesurfaceofthesoilandadds
toitssedimentload.Themergingrivuletsproducelargerchannelswhichhavealargervolumeandusuallyhighervelocity,andagreatercapacitytoremovesedimentandtransportitdownstream.
Thegreaterthedistancethewaterrunsuncontrolled,thegreater
itserosiveforceandthegreatertheresultantdamage.Moreover,controlbecomesmoredifficultasthedistanceandvolumeincreases.
Soilerosionisalsocausedbytheforceofwindblowingacross
unprotectedground.Opengravelpitsandconstructionsitesthathavebeenstrippedofvegetationareespeciallyvulnerabletowinderosion.Thewind-bornesedimentslandinstreams,roads,andneighboringlots.Blowingdustisanuisance,andcanbeahazardonespeciallywindy
days.Winderosioninareasundergoingdevelopmentcanbecontrolledbestby
keepingdisturbedareassmallandbystabilizingand
protectingthemassoonaspossible.
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9Principles and Planning
SedimentationSedimentationisthedepositionofsoilparticlesthathavebeen
transportedbywaterandwind.Thequantityandsizeofthematerialtransportedincreaseswiththevelocity.Sedimentationoccurswhenthe
medium,airorwater,inwhichthesoilparticlesarecarriedissufficientlyslowedlongenoughtoallowparticlestosettleout.Heavierparticles,suchasgravelandsand,settleoutsoonerthandofinerparticles,suchasclay.
Thelengthoftimeaparticlestaysinsuspensionincreasesasthe
particlesizedecreases.Thecoarsest,heaviestparticles(gravel)aretransportedonlyashortdistance,whilewaterflowisatitsmaximum.Smaller,lighterparticles(sand)movebyrollingorbouncingalongthesurface,orstayinsuspensionovershortdistanceswhilethewatervelocity
isfairlyhigh.Becauseoftheirslowsettlingrate,fine
siltparticlesgenerallyremainforseveralhoursinsuspensioninthestormrunoffthatoriginallymovedthem.Thestillfinercolloidal
claysstayinsuspensionforverylongperiodsandcontributesignificantlytowaterturbidity.
Factors that Influence Erosion
Therearefourprincipalfactorsthatinfluencethepotentialforerosion:soils,surfacecover,topography,andclimate.Thesefactorsare
interrelatedintheireffectonerosionpotential.Variabilityinterrain,soils,andvegetationmakeserosioncontrol
uniquetoeachdevelopment.Erosionandresultingsedimentationgenerally
occurinMassachusettsonlywhenthesoilisdisturbed.Theseriousnessoftheproblemisafunctionofthetopographyandsizeoftheareadisturbed,thecharacteristicsofthesoils,theclimate,andthevegetativecover.
Asaruleofthumb:
$Themorefine-grainedmaterialthereisinasoil,thegreaterthe
amountofmaterialthatwillbepickedupbywaterflowingacrossits
surface;$Thesteepertheslope,thefasterthewaterwillmove,thusbeing
abletocarrymoresoil;and,
$Thelargertheunprotectedsurface,thelargerthepotentialfor
problems.
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10 Principles and Planning
SoilsThevulnerabilityofasoiltoerosionisknownasitserodibility.Key
factorsthatinfluenceerodibilityare:
$Soiltexture(proportionsofsand,silt,andclay)
$Organicmattercontent
$
Soilstructure(arrangementofsoilparticles)
$Soilpermeability(theeasebywhichwaterpassesthroughthesoil)
Soiltextureisdescribedbytheproportionsofsand,silt,andclayinthesoil.Highsandcontentgivesacoarsetexture,whichallowswaterto
infiltratereadily,reducingrunoff.Arelativelyhighinfiltrationratecoupledwithresistancetotransportbyrunoffresultsinalowerosionpotential.Soilscontaininghighproportionsofsiltandveryfinesandaremost
erodible.Clayparticlesandorganicmatterinthesoiltendtobindittogetherintoaggregates,therebyreducingerodibility.Whenclayerodes,however,theparticlessettleoutveryslowly.
Organicmatter,suchasplantmaterial,humus,ormanure,improves
soilstructure,increaseswater-holdingcapacity,and
mayincreasetheinfiltrationrate.Itreduceserodibilityand
theamountofrunoff.Soilstructureis
determinedbytheshapeand
arrangementofsoilparticle.Astable,sharp,granularstructureabsorbswater,readily,resistserosionby
surfaceflow,andpromotesplantgrowth.Claysoilsor
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11Principles and Planning
compactedsoilshaveslowinfiltrationcapacitiesthatincreaserunoffrateandcreatesevereerosionproblems.
Soilpermeabilityreferstoasoilsabilitytotransmitairandwater.
Soilsthatareleastsubjecttoerosionfromrainfallandshallowsurfacerunoffarethosewithhighpermeabilityrates,suchaswell-gradedgravelsandgravel-sandmixtures.Loose,granularsoilsreducerunoffbyabsorbing
waterandbyprovidingafavorableenvironmentforplantgrowth.Wellgradedsoilsarethosewhichcontainawiderangeofparticlesizes.Well-drainedandwell-gradedgravelsandgravelsandmixtureswithlittleornosilthavelowerodibilitytosheetflow,butwasheasilyunderconcentrated
flow.Coarse,granularsoilsalsohavehighpermeabilitiesandasufficientlygoodinfiltrationcapacitytopreventordelayrunoff.
Surface Cover
Vegetativecoverisextremelyimportantincontrollingerosion.Itperformsthesefunctions:
$ Shieldsthesoilsurfacefrom
theimpactoffallingrain,
$ Holdssoilparticlesinplace,
$ Helpstomaintainthesoils
capacitytoabsorbwater,
$ Slowsthevelocityofrunoff.
Soilerosionandsedimentationcanbesignificantlyreducedbyschedulingconstructionactivitiestominimizetheareaofexposedsoiland
thetimeofexposure.Specialconsiderationshouldbegiventothemaintenanceofexistingvegetative
coveronareasofhigherosionpotentialsuchaserodiblesoils,steepslopes,drainageways,andbanksofstreams.
Vegetationslowsrunoffvelocity,
dispersesflow,andpromotesinfiltrationanddepositionof
sediment.Plantsremovewaterfromthesoil,increasingthecapacitytoabsorbwater.Plantrootshelpmaintainsoilstructure.
Thetypeandconditionofgroundcoverinfluencetherateandvolume
ofrunoff.Impervioussurfacesprotecttheareacovered,butpreventinfiltrationanddecreasethetimeofconcentrationforrunoff,therebyincreasinghighpeakflowandpotentialforstreamandchannelerosion.Coverssuchasmulches,paving,andstoneaggregatesalsoprotectsoils
fromerosion.
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13Principles and Planning
Effects of UrbanizationBeforecolonialtimes,mostofMassachusettswasforested.The
forestsystemprovidedprotectionbyinterceptingrainfallinthetreecanopy,reducingthepossibilityoferosionandthedepositionof
sedimentinwaterways.Thetreesandtheforestdufflayerabsorbedlargeamountsofrunoff,releasingitslowlytothestreamsby
percolationthroughthesoil.Assettlementoccurredandthepopulationgrew,landwas
clearedforbuildings,fields,pasturesandroads.Lowspots,oftenwetlands,werefilled.Today,asareasareconvertedtourbanuses,thenaturalvegetationisremoved,landslopesaremodified,areasarepavedover.
Aftervegetatedterrainiscleared,theadditionalareaofcompactedandimpervioussurfaceschangesthehydrologiccharacteristics.Volumeofsurfacerunoffandtherateofflow
increases.Groundwaterrechargedecreases.Runoffthatwaspreviouslyslowlyreleasedtostreamsbyfilteringthroughthesoilnow
runsquicklyoffthesurfacedirectlyintothestreams.Thisincreasesvelocityandquantityofflowcausingstreambankerosionandgeneral
habitatdestruction.Sedimentfromerodedandunstablestreambanksandclearedareasisdepositeddownstream;fillingponds,streambedsandstormwaterfacilities.Summerbaseflowsarereduced.
Inadditiontotheincreaseinimpervioussurfaces,urbanizationcreatesasignificantamountofgroundsurfacemodification.Naturaldrainagepatternsaremodifiedandrunoffistransportedviaroadditches,stormsewers,drainageswales,andconstructedchannels.
Thesemodificationsincreasethevelocityoftherunoffwhichineffectdecreasesthetimethatittakesforrunofftotravelthroughthe
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watershed.Thisdecreasedtimecreateshigherpeakdischarges.Vegetativecoveronanundisturbedsiteprotectsthegroundsurface.
Removalofthatcoverincreasesthesitessusceptibilitytoerosion.
Disturbedlandmayhaveanerosionrate1,000timesgreaterthanthepre-constructionrate.Properplanninganduseofcontrolmeasurescanreducetheimpactofman-inducedacceleratederosion.
Themajorproblemassociatedwitherosiononaconstructionsiteisthemovementofsoiloffthesiteanditsimpactonwaterquality.MillionsoftonsofsedimentaregeneratedannuallybyconstructionactivitiesintheUnitedStates.Therateoferosiononaconstructionsitevarieswithsite
conditionsandsoiltypesbutistypically100to200tonsperacreandmaybeashighas500tonsperacre.
Undernaturalconditions,streamchannelswillnormallyhandle,atbankfull,capacitythepeakdischargefromastormthatcouldbeexpected
onceeverytwoyears.Theincreaseddischargecausedbyurbanizationwillcauseout-of-bankfloodingmorefrequently.Thestreamchannelbeginstowidenanddeepentoaccommodatetheincreasedflowandtochangegrade
tohandletheincreasedvelocity.Eventuallytheincreasedsedimenttransportcanleadtoproblemsdownstream.
Urbanizationcanbeasignificantcauseofpollutionproblemsduetosedimentloads,withbothshort-termandlong-termimpacts.Short-term
changesinwaterqualitycanrestrictrecreationalactivities,stressaquaticorganisms,anddamageshellfishbeds.Long-termaccumulationofpollutantsintoreceivingwaterscancreateparticularlydifficulttocorrect
problemssuchaseutrophication,pollutedgroundwater,andcontaminatedsediments.
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Erosion and Sediment Hazards Associated with
Site DevelopmentHazardsassociatedwithsitedevelopmentincludeincreasedwater
runoff,soilmovement,sedimentaccumulation,andhigherpeakflowscausedby:
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Analyzing the Project SiteMostsoilandwatermanagementproblemsencounteredduring
landusechangearecausedbyoneormoreofthefollowing:$SoilLimitations,
$SlopingLand,
$DrainageProblems
$
ExposedSoil.
Soil Characteristics and LimitationsSoilcharacteristicshaveamajorinfluenceonhowaproposed
developmentsitecanbestbeutilized.Characteristicssuchastexture,permeability,andstructureaffectasoilserodibility.Other
characteristicsthataffectthepotential,andthelimitations,ofasiteincludenaturaldrainage,depthtoseasonalwatertable,depthtobedrock,floodhazardpotential,naturalfertility,andengineering,physical,andchemicalproperties.
Significantdifferencesinsoilpropertiescanoccurwithinshortdistances.Somesoilsareseasonallywetorsubjecttoflooding.Someareshallowtobedrock.Somearetoounstabletobeusedasafoundation
forbuildingsorroads.Finer-texturedorwetsoilshaveseverelimitationsforuseasseptictankabsorptionfields.Asitewithahighwatertableispoorlysuitedtobasementsorundergroundinstallations.Depthtobedrockortoacementedpan(cementedorhardenedsubsurface
layers),largestones,slope,andthehazardofcutbankscavingaffectthestabilityofditchbanksandtheabilityofconstructionequipmenttoperformexcavationorgradingwork.Knowledgeofthesoilpropertiesisofgreatvalueindecidinghowtoutilizetheprojectsite.
DrainageDrainageistheremovalofexcesssurfaceandsubsurfacewater
fromthesoil.Howeasilyandeffectivelythesoilisdraineddependsonthedepthtobedrock,toacementedpan,ortootherlayersthataffecttherateofwatermovement;permeability;depthtowatertable(depthtostandingwaterifthesoilissubjecttoponding):slope;susceptibility
toflooding;subsidenceoforganiclayers;andpotentialfrostaction.
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Somesoilsaresowetthatitwouldbedifficulttousethemfordevelopment.TwoexamplesaretheScarborosoilseries(muckyfinesandyloam),foundonoutwashplainsandterraces;andtheWhitman
soilseries(finesandyloam)foundinsomeuplandareas.Poorly-drainedsoilssuchasRidgeburyandWalpolehaveseverelimitationsforhouses,smallcommercialbuildings,orlawns.Evenmoderately-well-drainedsoils
suchastheWoodbridge,Sudbury,orDeerfieldserieswouldpresentmoderatetoseverelimitationsforsomedevelopmentpurposes.
Depth to seasonal high water tableAreaswithahighwatertableshouldeitherbeavoidedorstepstaken
tocontrolthecondition.Ahighwatertablecancausemalfunctioning
septicsystems,dampbasements,andunevenfoundationsettlement.
Depth to bedrockIftherockissoftorfractured,excavationscanbemadewith
trenchingmachines,backhoes,orsmallrippers.Iftherockishardormassive,blastingorspecialequipmentgenerallyisneededforexcavation.
Flood hazard potentialFlooding,thetemporarycoveringofthesoilsurfacebyflowingwater,iscausedbyoverflowingstreams,byrunofffromadjacentslopes,orby
inflowfromhightides.
Ability to support vegetationTilth(physicalconditionofthesoilrelatedtoeaseoftillage,fitness
asaseedbed,andimpedancetoseedlingemergenceandrootpenetration)isimportanttothegerminationofseedsandtheinfiltrationofwaterintothesoil.Soilsthathavegoodtiltharegenerallygranularand
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23Principles and Planning
porous.Fertilitytendstobelowforsoilsintheirnaturalstate.Mostsoilsin
theNortheastareacid.Theyrequireapplicationsoflimetoloweracidity
sufficientlyforlawnsandothervegetationtodowell.Therearesomeexceptions;forexamplesomeshrubspreferacidsoils.
Soil Survey ReportsSoilsurveyreportsofferdetailedinformationonthesoil
characteristics.Thesereportscontainsoilmaps,soildescriptions,andsoilinterpretationtables.Theyhavebeenpublishedformostareasof
Massachusetts.CopiesareavailableforreviewatthelocalConservationDistrictoffice.
Soilsurveysmapsareaerialphotographsonwhichsoilscientists
havedrawnboundariesofnaturalsoilbodies,identifyingeachasa
specificmapunit.Amapunitdelineationonasoilmaprepresentsanareadominatedbyonemajorkindofsoiloranareadominatedbyseveralkindsofsoil,onthebasisofsoilseriesandsoilphase.Mapunit
descriptionsandaccompanyingtablesprovidedetailedinformationoneach,aswellasinterpretationsontheirusefornumerouspurposes.
Examplesoftwotablesareshownintheaccompanyingfigures.Asoilseriesismadeupofsoilsthathavehorizons(soillayers)
similarinarrangementandcharacteristics.Soilsofoneseriescandifferintexture,underlyingmaterial,slope,stoniness,wetness,etc.Onthebasisofsuchdifferences,asoilseriesisdividedintosoilphases.The
smallestmapunitthatispracticaltoidentifyisthreetofiveacres.
Everymapunitgenerallyhassomesoilsthatbelongtoothertaxonomicclasses.Thesesoilsareknownasinclusions.Theinclusionmaybesimilartothedominantsoilandthereforemaynotaffecttheuse
ormanagementofthesoil.Ontheotherhand,theinclusionmaybecontrastingandthereforerequiredifferentmanagementandmayaffectthepotentialuseofthesoilmappingunit.Inclusionscouldaffectthesitespecificuseofanareabutmayhavelittleornoeffectonbroaderland
usedeterminations.Soilsurveyreportsareveryusefultoplanners,contractors,
engineers,andlocalofficials.Plannerscanevaluatetheeffectsof
specificlandusesinanarea.Contractorscanidentifypotentialsourcesofsandandgravel,topsoil,androadfill.Theycanusethesurveyto
determinetheareaswherehighwatertable,restrictivelayersorbedrockmayhinderexcavation.Engineersandlocalofficialsmayalso
usethesurveytoplanforwastedisposalandsitedevelopment.Thereportscontaindescriptionsforeachsoilseries,with
informationonthecompositionofeachlayerofthesoilprofile;toa
depthofatleast60inches.Therearetablesevaluatingthelimitationsforuseofeachsoilseries.Othertablescontainengineering,physical,andchemicalproperties.
Soilsurveyreportsshouldbesupplementedwithonsitesoil
investigationforaspecificlanduse.
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25Principles and Planning
Status of Soil Survey Reports in Massachusetts, as of January 1996.
Berkshire County Published
Franklin County Report being updatedHampden and Hampshire Counties, Western Published
Hampshire County, Central Published
Hampden County, Central Published
Hampden and Hampshire Counties, Eastern Published
Worcester County, Northwestern Awaiting publication
Worcester County, Northeastern Published
Worcester County, Southern Awaiting publication
Middlesex County Awaiting publication
Essex County, Northern Published
Essex County, Southern Published
Norfolk and Suffolk Counties Published
Plymouth County Report being updated
Bristol County, Northern PublishedBristol County, Southern Published
Barnstable County Published
Dukes County Published
Nantucket County Published
SlopesRunoffvelocityincreasesasslopelengthandgradientincrease.As
thevelocityincreases,sodoesitscapacitytodetachandtransportsoilparticles.Ingeneral,theflatterandshorteraslope,theslowertherunoff
velocityandthegreatertheinfiltrationrateonthatslope.Removalofexistingvegetativecoverfromslopesincreasesthe
vulnerabilityoftheslopestoerosion.Vegetationretardsrunoffvelocityandrootsystemsholdsoilparticlesinplace.Vegetationmaintainsthesoilscapacitytoabsorb
precipitation.Soilsaremostvulnerableto
erosionwherehighlyerodiblesoilsandsteeporlongslopes
appearincombination,andwheresurfacesoilsarelowinfertilityandabilitytosupport
vegetation.
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26Principles and Planning
Practices to Divert RunoffRunoffcanbedivertedfromslopesthatareexposedduring
developmentbyusingdiversionstointerceptrunoffandkeepitawayfrom
theslopeface.Adiversionextendsacrossaslope,usuallyacombinationofdikeandditch.Diversionscanbeusedatintervalsacrosstheslopefacetoreduceslopelength.Diversionsarealsousedtocollectrunofffromaconstructionsiteanddivertittoasedimentretentiontraporpond.
Diversionscanbebarechannels,vegetativelystabilizedchannels,orlinedchannels(paving,erosioncontrolfabric,etc.).Temporarydiversionsmustremaininplaceuntilslopeshavebeenpermanentlyrestabilized.
Diversionsconcentratethevolumeofsurfacerunoff.Asaresult,theyalsoincreaseitserosiveforce.Itisimportanttoplaninadvanceforthedisposalofrunoffcollectedbydiversions.Runoffmustbereleasedontoastabilizedareatoreduceitserosionpotential.Insomecasesthiscanbe
simplyachievedbygraduallyreducingthegradientofthediversionchannel.
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27Principles and Planning
Slope DrainsIfrunoffcannotbesatisfactorilydisposedofbyconveyingacrossa
slope,itcanbedrainedoverthefaceoftheslopeitself.Slopedrainscanrundownthesurfaceoftheslopeasasectionaldowndrain,paved
chute,orapipeplacedbeneaththesurfaceoftheslope.On-surfacesectionaldowndrainsareusuallycorrugatedmetal,or
plasticpipe.Theseslopedrainsaretemporary.Forpermanentinstallations;pavedchuteswithasurfaceofconcreteorbituminous
material,orsubsurfacepipesareused.Compactthesoilcarefullyatthemouthoftheslopedrainand
anchoritadequately.Otherwise,undercuttingcanoccuratthelipoftheslopedrainandunderthedrain.
Attheslopedrainoutlet,energydissipatorsarefrequentlynecessary.Failuretoutilizeanenergydissipater,suchasrockriprap,
canresultinseriouserosionproblemsattheoutflowendoftheslopedrain.Anenergydissipaterbreaksuptheflowofwaterandreducesvelocitytoanon-erosivelevel.
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Retaining Walls, Slope ProtectionRetainingwallsmaybeusedtoreduceextremeslopegradients,
dividingaslopeintoaseriesofshorter,flattersegmentsandstructuralverticalwalls.Retainingwallscanbeusedinasituationwherethebuilder
istryingtokeepexistingmaturevegetation.Thecostofbuildingretainingwallsisoftenjustifiedbecauseofthemaintenancecoststhataresavedonareasthatwouldbedifficultorimpossibletostabilizeotherwise.
Slopepaving(e.g.asphaltorconcretepaving,rocklining)mayalsobe
usedtoprotectsteepslopesthatcannotbevegetated.Ifpossible,usepermeablematerials.
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Slope Stabilization MeasuresAnotherwaytostabilizeslopesistoreducetheirsteepness.The
selectionoftheappropriategradeforcutandfillslopesshouldbebasedonseveralconsiderations.Thestabilityofthesoil,itsdrainage
characteristics,anditserodibilityshouldbeconsideredfirst.Iftheslopegradientisflattened,theoveralllengthoftheslope
increases,andthisincreasestheamountofsurfaceareasubjecttoerosion.Itiseasier,however,toestablishvegetationonaflatterslope.
Slopesurfacescanberoughenedbyrunningwheeledconstructionequipmentacrosstheslopes,ortrackedequipmentupanddowntheslopeface.Thisreducesthevelocityofwaterflowingdowntheslopeandincreaseinfiltrationrates.Theroughsurfaceholdswater,seed,and
mulchbetterthanasmoothslope.Thegroovescreatedbytheconstructionequipmentshouldrunacrosstheslopehorizontally,and
notupanddowntheslope.Slopescanalsobescarified(loosenedwithaharrow)toproducedesiredsurfaceroughness.
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Vegetative MeasuresWhenstreambanksmust
bedisturbed,orwhereexistingvegetativecoverisinadequate,
grassorgrass-legumemixturesmaybeestablished.Vegetativerestabilizationshouldbedoneimmediatelyafterstreambank
gradinghasbeencompleted.Grassandlegumevegetationisrecommendedfortheprotectionofstreambanks.
Woodyvegetation(shrubs)maybeusedificedamageisa
potentialproblem.Assoonasplantingor
seedinghasbeencompleted,banksshouldbemulchedandthemulchsecurelyanchored.Strawwithaplastic-emulsiontackingagent,excelsiorblanket,anettingoverstraw,orsimilarmaterialsmaybeused.Inrecent
yearsmanufacturershavedevelopedmanynewproductsforsoilstabilization.
Itisimportanttocheckperiodicallyandrepairareaswherevegetationhasfailed.
Structural Measures
Streambankscanbeprotectedfromerosionbystructuralaswellasvegetativemeasures.Ifvegetationwillnotprovidesufficientprotection,bankscanbeprotectedwithrevetmentsanddeflectors.
Wheresharpbendsoccurorwherethereareconstrictionsinthestreamchannel(suchasculverts,bridges,orgradecontrolstructures),
structuraltreatmentmaybenecessary.Riprap,gabions,andconcretepavingareoftenusedtoprotectandreinforceastreambank.Deflectors,consistingofjettiesorpilingsthatangleoutwardfromthebankina
downstreamdirection,mayalsobeusedtokeeperosivecurrentsawayfromvulnerablebankareas.
Grade Control StructuresGradecontrolstructurescanbeusedtoreducethechannelgradient,therebyreducingthevelocityofflowin
achannel.Checkdams,weirs,anddropspillways,madeofavarietyofmaterials,bothtemporaryandpermanent,reducechannelgradeand
dissipatetheenergyofflowingwater.Thesestructuresconcentratethevolumeofwaterandincreasevelocity
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32Principles and Planning
offlow,therefore,specialcaremustbetakentopreventundercuttingatthetoeofthestructureanderosionofthebanks.
Sediment Traps or BasinsThefirststepinpreventingsedimentfromenteringstreamsand
waterwaysistocontrolerosiononconstructionsites.Thesecondistotrap
sedimenttransportedbyrunoffbeforeitreachesstreamsandwaterwaysorleavestheconstructionsite.Runoffmustbedetainedforasufficientperiodoftimetoallowthesuspendedsoilparticlestosettle.
Vegetativefilterstripsbetweenstreamsanddevelopmentareascan
slowrunoffandfilteroutsediment.Sedimenttrapscanbeconstructedin
drainageways.Sandbags,strawbalebarriers,
andexcavatedsedimenttraps,placedatregular
intervalswithinadrainagechannel,areeasyandeconomicaltoconstruct.Sandbagbarriersedimenttrapsareconstructedofbagsfilled
withsandorcrushedrockandstackedinaninterlockingmannerdesignedtotrapsedimentandreducevelocityofflow.
Strawbalebarriersedimenttrapsare
constructedofbalesofhayorstrawstackedandstakedinplace.Tyingthebalestostakeswithwireprovidesadditionalstability.Soil
excavatedfromthedrainagechannelshouldbe
compactedalongtheupstreamfaceofthebarrier.Piping,orundercutting,canbereducedbysettingthebalesatleastsixinchesintothe
bottomofthedrainwayandcompactingexcavatedsoilalongtheupstreamside.
Sedimenttrapsrequirecleaningoutperiodically;andtheyshouldbecheckedafterheavyrainstorepairanydamageandremoveaccumulated
sediment.Streamsmayalsobeprotectedfromincreasedsedimentloadsby
trappingrunoffinsedimentbasinsbeforeitisreleasedintostream
channels.Inadditiontotrappingsediment,thesebasinsaredesignedtoreleaserunoffatnonerosiverates.Sedimentbasinsusuallyconsistofan
earthendam,aspillwaytocarrynormalwaterflow,andanemergencyspillwayforstormflows.Constructsedimentbasinsbeforeclearingand
gradingofthemainsitebegins.Theyaregenerallylocatedatornearthelowpointofthesite.Sedimentbasinoutletsmustbestabilized.
Surfacerunoff,andrunoffinterceptedbyerosioncontrolmeasures
suchasdiversions,shouldbeconveyedinerosion-resistantdrainagewaysandreleasedtostabilizedareas,stormsewers,orsedimentbasins.Thedrainagewaysshouldbedesignedtoinsurethatrunoffistransportedwithoutriskoferosionorflooding.
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Thedevelopmentshouldbeplannedtomaintainandutilizetheexistingdrainageways.Increasesinrunoffvolumeandvelocitybecauseofchangesinsoilandsurfaceconditionsduringandafterconstruction
mustbeanticipated.Wherethecapacityofthenaturalsitedrainagechannelsisexceeded,additionalcapacity,stabilizingvegetation,orstructuralmeasureswillbeneeded.
Bare ChannelsBarechannelsshouldbeusedwithcaution,andonlyinareaswhere
thechannelslopeisquiteflat.Inareaswherethesoilshavemoderateto
higherosionpotential,stabilizationtechniqueswillneedtobeapartofthedesign.
Grassed WaterwaysWaterwaysaredesignedtotransportexcesssurfacewaterfrom
diversionsornaturalconcentrationsofflowinastablechannel.Grassedwaterwaysarevegetativelystabilizedchannels.Jutenetting,papertwinefabric,excelsiorblankets,andvariousothermulchingtechniquesare
frequentlyusedtoprotectchannelsuntilvegetationbecomeswellestablished.Insomevegetativelylinedchannels,bankprotectionmayalsobenecessary.Riprapisacommonlyusedmaterial.
GRASSED WATERWAY WITH
NETTING
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Lined ChannelsLiningsarenecessaryin
drainagewayswhere:vegetationcannotbe
establishedbecauseflowisoflongdurationinthechannel,runoffvelocitiesorconcentrationsarehigh,
erodiblesoilsexistorslopesareverysteep.Concretepavingandripraparecommonlyusedchannel
linings.Ingeneral,vegetativestabilizationandtheuseof
permeablechannellinings,suchasriprap,arepreferredtotheuseofimpermeablelinings,suchasconcreteorgroutedriprap.
Inlet ProtectionThecapacityofthestorm
sewersystemcanbeseverelyimpairedbysedimentdeposits.Sedimentshouldbe
preventedfromenteringanenclosedstormsewerbytemporarysedimenttrapsandfiltersatsysteminlets.Filtersmadeofcrushedrock,sod,or
strawbalescanbeplacedatinletswheresedimenttrapscannotbeconstructed.Itisessentialtochecktrapsandfiltersregularlyandremoveaccumulatedsediment.
Enclosed DrainageThecapacityofvegetateddrainagechannelsmaybeexceededbythe
increasesinrunoffcausedbyearthchangingactivities.Asaresult,vegetativelylinedchannelsmayscouranderode.Ifstormsewerswillbeneeded,installthembeforemajorconstructionbegins.
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Ground Cover
Vegetative Stabilization TechniquesGrassandlegumesarethemost
commonlyusedplantmaterialsforstabilizingslopes.Vegetationisusuallyestablishedinoneofthree
ways.
Hydroseeding
Amixtureofseeds,fertilizer,andwaterissprayedontheslope.Amulchandamulchtackingagent
shouldalsobeapplied.Hydroseedingiseffectiveonlargeareas.
Standard seedingSeedisdrilledorbroadcast
eithermechanicallyorbyhand.A
cultipackerorsimilartoolisusedafterseedingtocompacttheseedbedandcovertheseed.Thepropertimingofseeding,mulching,and
wateringisimportantforareasseededinthismanner.
SoddingSodstripsarelaidontheslope
andinthiswayinstantcoveris
provided.Sodshouldbeplacedonapreparedbedandpeggedonsteepslopes.Waterandfertilizerareimportant.Thismethodiseffective
andisoftenusedonsteepslopesandwaterwaychannels.
Suitablesoil,goodseedbedpreparation,andadequatewater,
lime,andfertilizeraremustsforallthesemethods.Immediatelyafterroughgradingiscompleted,exposedslopesshould
betemporarilystabilized.Iffinalgradingwillbedelayed,temporaryseedingandmulchingmaybeusedforshortperiodofprotection.
Assoonasslopesarebroughttofinalgrade,permanentvegetationshouldbeplanted.
Maintenancewillconsistprimarilyofmowing,fertilizing,liming,and
watering.Itshouldbescheduledonaregularbasis.Reseedbareareasasnecessary.
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MulchesMulchisusuallyusedafter
permanentseeding,butmaybeusedbeforeseedingtoprotectexposed
areasforshortperiods.Mulchesprotectthesoilfromtheimpactoffallingrain,slowthevelocityofrunoff,andincreasethecapacityofthesoilto
absorbwater.Mulchesholdseedinplace,preservesoilmoisture,andinsulategerminatingseedsfromtheextremesofheatandcold.
Manytypesofmulchareavailable;suchasstraw,woodchips,andexcelsiormats.Mostmulchesmustbeanchored,usingplasticemulsionsor
jute,fiberglass,orplasticnetting.
Vegetative Buffer StripsSedimentcanbereducedbymaintaininganaturalvegetativebufferor
filterstripatthebaseofaslopeandbyplacingsodstripsatintervals
acrossthefaceoftheslope.Thesemeasureshelptoslowrunoffandtrapsediment.
Potential ProblemsSomeoftheproblemsthatarisewhenasiteisdevelopedarehigh
watertable,flood-proneareas,seepage,oradversesoilconditions.Ifsuch
problemareasarerecognizedearly,siteplanscanbedevelopedtoaccommodate,notaggravate,them.
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Flood PlainsIstheproposeddevelopmentlocatedinafloodplain?ASoilSurvey
reportcanbeusedtolocateareassubjecttofloodingbystreamoverflow.Forexample,soilssuchasthoseintheHadleyorPodunkseries
wouldbedescribedassubjecttoflooding.Themapsinsoilsurveyreportsshowthelocationofsuchsoils.
IfaFloodHazardAnalysishasbeenperformedforthetown,itmaybeusedtolocatefloodhazardareas.
Ifneitheroftheaboveareavailable,aroughidentificationoffloodhazardareasmaybeaccomplishedbyinterviewinglocalresidents,checkingtownrecords.Fieldchecksofvegetativecovertypes,soilmoisture,orverticaldistanceabovestreamlevelhelppointout
susceptibleareas.
Effect of Development on Surface RunoffDevelopmentusuallyresultsintheincreaseofhard-surfaced,
imperviousareas,whichcanincreasefloodingdownstream.Theseeffectsmaybereducedthrough:
Minimum lot sizesForexample,therunofffromasubdivisionofone-quarteracrelots
foratwo-yearfrequencystormcanbe50%greaterthanthatfromthesamesubdivisionwithone-acrelots.
Preservation of the natural drainage pattern
Developmentmaydisruptdrainagepathsthathavedevelopedoverhundredsofyears.Theexisting,naturaldrainagewaysusuallyhavesufficientcapacityfortherunofffromallexceptmajor,infrequentstorm
events;unlesstherehasbeensignificantchangeinthecoverconditionsupstream.
Stormwater Retarding StructuresOftenitisnotfeasibletopreserveenoughofthenaturaldrainage
andvegetativecovertopreventanincreaseinrunoff.Aproperly
designedretardingstructuretemporarilystoresrunofffromadevelopedareaandreleasesthewateroveraperiodoftime,ataratewithinthecapacityofthechanneldownstream
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Adverse Soil ConditionsLarge Rocks and Ledge
Iftheseareencountered,developmentcostsrisesignificantly.Planthedevelopmentaroundtheseconditionsandleaverocksandledgeundisturbedifpossible.
Settlement PotentialFillsplacedonsoftorganicsoilsorlocatedinwetareastendtosettle
unlesscareistakentoseethattheyareproperlyconstructed.Foundations
forlargerbuildingsareusuallydesignedbyasoilsorfoundationsengineer,butplansforhouses,parkinglots,drivewaysmaynothavebeendevelopedwithsufficientconcernforpossiblefoundationsettlement.
Water Table
Areaswithahighwatertableshouldeitherbeavoidedorstepstakentodrainorotherwisecontrolthecondition.Highwatertablecancause
malfunctioningsepticsystems,dampbasements,unevenfoundationsettlement.
SeepageSeepagemaybeencounteredatthebaseofahill(wheretheground
surfaceflattensout);oronaslope,wherearoadsidecutoranexcavationforafoundationismade.Houses,driveways,roads,parkinglots,etc.,
locatedinsuchareasusuallyrequiredrainagemeasures.
Cuts and FillsConstructedcutsandfillstendtochangesitecharacteristics
(drainage,soilmaterials,stability,etc.).Theearth-movinginvolvedraisesdevelopmentcosts.Acomparisonshouldbemadeofthecostofdoingsuchwork,andthesubsequentdrainagemeasuresrequiredvs.working
withthenaturalgroundcontourstominimizecutsandfills.Thecomparisonmayshowthelattertobemoreeconomical;aswellasmorepleasingtotheeye.
Stabilization Principles for Site DevelopmentReviewandconsiderallexistingconditionsintheinitialsiteselection
fortheproject.Selectasitethatissuitableratherthanforcetheterraintoconformtodevelopmentneeds.Ensurethatdevelopmentfeaturesfollow
naturalcontours.Steepslopes,areassubjecttoflooding,andhighlyerodiblesoilsseverelylimitasitesuse,whilelevel,well-drainedareasofferfewrestrictions.Controlseepageandhighwatertableconditions.Anymodificationofasitesdrainagefeaturesortopographyrequiresprotection
fromerosionandsedimentation.
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Keep Disturbed Areas Small
Carefulsiteselectionwillhelponthispoint.Thesite,orcorridor,shouldbeabletoaccommodatethedevelopmentwithaminimumofgrading.
Thedevelopmentplanshouldfititstopographic,soil,and
vegetativecharacteristicswithaminimumofclearingandgrading.Naturalcovershouldberetainedandprotectedwhereverpossible.Criticallyerodiblesoil,steepslopes,streambanks,anddrainagewaysshouldbeidentified.Thedevelopmentcanthenbeplannedtodisturb
thesevulnerableareasaslittleaspossible.Whereearthchangeandremovalofvegetationarenecessary,keep
theareaanddurationofexposuretoaminimum.Planthephasesof
developmentsothatonlyareaswhichareactivelybeingdevelopedare
exposed.Allotherareasshouldhaveagoodcoverofvegetationormulch.
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Stabilize and Protect Disturbed Areasas Soon as Possible
Twomethodsareavailableforstabilizingdisturbedareas:mechanical(orstructural)methodsandvegetativemethods.Insomecases,botharecombinedinordertoretarderosion.
Keep Stormwater Runoff Velocities LowTheremovalofexistingvegetativecoverduringdevelopmentandthe
resultingincreaseinimpermeablesurfaceareaafterdevelopmentwillincreaseboththevolumeandvelocityofrunoff.Theseincreasesmustbetakenintoaccountwhenprovidingforerosioncontrol.
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Protect Disturbed Areas from Stormwater RunoffBestmanagement
practicescanbeutilizedtopreventwaterfromentering
andrunningoverthedisturbedarea.Diversionsandothercontrolpracticesinterceptrunofffromhigher
watershedareas,storeordivertitawayfromvulnerableareas,anddirectittowardstabilizedoutlets.
Retain Sediment
within the Corridor or Site AreaSedimentcanberetainedbytwomethods:filteringrunoffasitflows
anddetainingsediment-ladenrunoffforaperiodoftimesothatthesoil
particlessettleout.Thebestwaytocontrolsediment,however,istopreventerosion.
Afterconstructioniscompleted,inspectionandmaintenancearevital
totheperformanceoferosionandsedimentationcontrolmeasures.Ifnotproperlymaintained,somepracticesmaycausemoredamagethantheyprevent.
Whenconsideringwhichcontrolmeasuretouse,alwaysevaluatethe
consequencesofameasurefailing.Failureofapracticemaybehazardous
ordamagingtobothpeopleandproperty.Forexample,alargesedimentbasinfailurecanhavedisastrousresults;lowpointsindikescanallowthemtooverflowandcausemajorgulliesafillslope.
Itisessentialtoinspectallpracticestodeterminethattheyareworkingproperlyandtoensurethatproblemsarecorrectedassoonastheydevelop.Providesomemeanstoseethatroutinechecksofoperating
erosionandsedimentationcontrolpracticesarecarriedoutafterconstructionisover.
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Data Collection and Preliminary Analysis
Thebasemapfortheerosioncontrolplanispreparedfromadetailedtopographicmap.AsoilsmapmaybeobtainedfromthelocalConservationDistrictoffice.Transferringsoilsurveyinformationtothetopographicmapishelpfulforsiteevaluation.Inspectthesitetoverify
thebasemapwithrespecttonaturaldrainagepatterns,drainageareas,generalsoilcharacteristics,andoff-sitefactors.
Thebasemapshouldreflectsuchcharacteristicsas:
$ Soiltypeandexistingcontours,
$ Naturaldrainagepatterns,
$ Unstablestreamreachesandfloodmarks,
$ Watershedareas,
$ Existingvegetation, Basemapshouldinclude:
$ Criticalareassuchassteepslopes,
erodingareas,rockout Scalecroppings,andseepagezones, Northarrow
$ Uniqueornoteworthylandscape BenchmarkPropertyboundariesvaluestoprotect,Lotlines
$ Adjacentlanduses;especially
areassensitivetosedimentationorflooding,Criticalorhighlyerodiblesoilsthatshouldbeleftundisturbed.
Usethebasemaptolocate:
$ Bufferzones,
$ Suitablestreamcrossingareas,
$ Accessroutesforconstructionandmaintenanceofsedimentation
controldevices,
$ Borrowandwastedisposalareas,and
$ Themostpracticalsitesforcontrolpractices.
Analysisofthetopography,soils,vegetation,andhydrologywillhelptheplannersanddesignerstorecognizethelimitationsofthesite,andidentifylocationssuitablefordevelopment.
Preparing the PlanTheerosionandsedimentationcontrolplanshouldseektoprotect
thesoilsurfacefromerosion,controltheamountandvelocityofrunoff,
andcapturesedimenton-siteduringeachphaseoftheconstructionproject:
Schedule activitiesCoordinateinstallationoferosionandsedimentcontrolpractices
withconstructionactivities.
Sedimentcontrolpracticesshouldprecedegradingactivities.
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Protect the soil surface
Limittheextentofdisturbance.Stabilizethesoilsurfaceimmediately.Oncethesurfacehasbeendisturbed,itisvulnerabletoerosionandshouldbeprotectedwithappropriatecover,suchasmulchorvegetation.
Control surface runoffDivertwaterfromundisturbedareastoavoiddisturbedareas.Break
uplongslopeswithtemporarydiversionstoreducethevelocityofrunoff.Divertsediment-ladenwatertosedimentimpoundments.Makealloutletsandchannelsstablefortheintendedflow.
Capture sediment on-siteDivertrunoffthattransportssedimenttoanadequatesediment-
trappingdevicetocapturesedimentonthesite.
Preparing the Plan - Step by StepRunoff-Erosion AnalysisLandscape
Evaluateproposedchangesinthelandscapetodeterminetheireffectonrunoffanderosion.Makeanoteofallphysicalbarrierstosurfacerunoff,suchasroads,buildings,andberms.Checkslopegradesandlengthsfor
potentialerosionproblems.Designateintendedcollectionpointsforconcentratedflowandspecifycontrolstodissipateenergyorstabilizethesurface.Designateareastobeprotectedorusedasbufferzonesinthisphase.
Runoff yieldEvaluatesurfacerunofffortheentirecontributingdrainagearea,both
on-siteandoff-site.Delineatesmallsubwatershedson-siteandestimatepeakrunoffratesandvolumesatselectedcollectionpoints.Baserunoffdeterminationsonsiteconditionsduringandafterdevelopment,not
preconstructionconditions.
Sediment yield
Estimatesedimentyieldbysubwatersheds.Thisaidsinidentifyingpreferredlocationsforsedimenttrapsandbarriersandcanbeusedtoestimatetheexpectedcleanoutfrequency.Anareathatissubjecttoexcessiveerosionmayneedextrastoragecapacityintrapsoradditional
precautionsduringconstruction.
Sediment ControlErosioncontrolpracticesreducetheamountofsedimentgenerated,
buttheydonoteliminatetheneedforsedimentcontroldevicessuchasbarriersandtraps.Sedimentcontrolpracticesoperatebyreducingflowvelocityandcreatingshallowpoolsthatreducethecarryingcapacityof
runoff.Thussedimentationoccurson-siteratherthanoff-site.Sedimentisgenerallynotcontrolledbyfiltering,butbydeposition.Thedesignershouldlocatealltrapsandbarriersrecognizingthattheyrepresent
depositionpointswhereaccessformaintenancewillbenecessary.
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Sediment basins and traps
Selectsitesandinstallsedimentbasinsandtrapsbeforeotherconstructionactivitiesare
started.Also,considerlocationsfordiversions,openchannels,andstormdrainsatthistimesothatallsediment-ladenrunoffcanbe
directedtoanimpoundmentstructurebeforeleavingtheconstructionsite.
Divertsediment-freewater
awayfromsedimentbasinsandreleaseitthroughstableoutlets.
Thisreducesconstructioncostsandimprovesbasinefficiency.
Theplanshouldshowaccesspointsforcleanoutofalltrapsandbasinsandindicatesediment
disposalareas.Maintenanceofstoragecapacityisessentialthroughouttheconstructionperiod.
Sediment fences
Sedimentfencesprovide
effectivecontrolofsedimentcarriedinsheetflow.Theyareparticularlyusefulwherethereis
limitedspacetoworksuchasnearpropertylines,amongtrees,ornearsidewalksorstreets.Sedimentfencesshouldneverbe
usedacrossstreams,ditches,channels,orgullies. Asedimentfenceoperatesbyreducingflowvelocityandcausinga
shallowpooltoform.Iffilteringactionisrequired,thedesignershould
assumethatthebarrierwillclograpidlysothatallrunoffmustberetainedbehindthefenceorreleasedthroughadesignatedoutlet.Anyoutletpoints
mustbereinforcedandstabilizedandshouldbedesignatedintheplan.Placesedimentfencesonrelativelyflatgroundwithsufficientareafor
apooltodevelopwithoutputtingunnecessarystrainonthefence.Ifaleveareaisnotavailableatthefencelocation,excavateatrenchdirectlyupslopefromthefence.
Showsedimentfencesontheplanandindicatedepositionareasandneededoverfloworbypassoutletpoints.Alsoshowaccessroutesformaintenance.
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Inlet protection
Inletprotectiondevicesforstormsewers,conduits,slopedrains,orotherstructuresmakeeffective,low-costdepositionareasfortrappingandholdingsediment.Ashallowexcavationinconjunctionwithasediment
barriercanbeeffectiveatmanylocations.Showwherethesemeasureswillbelocated,whattypeofdevicewillbeused,andhowthesedeviceswillbeconstructedandmaintained.
Protection of Disturbed AreasOnceanareaisdisturbed,itissubjecttoacceleratederosion.Inthe
plan,showhowerosionwillbecontrolledonthesedisturbedareas.
Erosioncontrolcanbeachievedby: Limitingthesizeofclearingandtimeofexposurebyproper
scheduling,
Reducingtheamountofrunoffoverthedisturbedsurface,
Limitinggradesandlengthsofslopes,and Reestablishingprotectivecoverimmediatelyafterland-disturbing
activitiesarecompletedorwhenconstructionactivitiesaredelayedfor30
ormoreworkingdays.
Cut-and-fill slopesSteepcutorfillslopesareparticularlyvulnerabletoerosion.Protect
byinstallingtemporaryorpermanentdiversionsjustabovetheproposed
slopebeforeitisdisturbed.Provideastablechannel,flume,orslopedrain,whereitisnecessarytocarrywaterdownaslope.Flowchannelsmaybeeithervegetated,linedwithstone,orpaved,oracombination-depending
onslopeandsoilconditions.Shortenlongslopesbyinstallingtemporarydiversionsacrossthe
slopetoreduceflowvelocityanderosionpotential.Installpermanentdiversionswithslopedrainsandprotectedoutletsonlongsteepslopes
(over20%)astheslopesareconstructed.Finishfinalslopegradeswithoutdelayandapplysurfacestabilization
measuresassoonaspossible.Roughenslopesurfacestoimprovethesuccessofvegetativestabilization.Considerboththestabilization
measuresandhowtheywillbemaintainedbeforeplanningthesteepnessofthefinishslope.Forexample,ifthefinishedslopeistohavegrasscoverthatwillbemowed,itshouldbeconstructedonagradeof3:1orflatter.
Surface coversRiprap,gravel,strawandothercovermaterialscanprovideimmediate
surfaceprotectiontodisturbedsoilareas.Riprapisespeciallyusefulwhereconcentratedrunoffoccursoversteepslopes.Riprapshouldbeinstalledonagravelorfilterfabricbed.
Construction trafficConstructionroads,parkingareas,andconstructionaccessroutes
needtobecarefullyplanned.Ensurethattrafficpatternsfollowsitecontoursandlimitthelengthofroutesupsteeperslopes.Generally,roadgradesshouldnotexceed12%.
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Controllingsurfacerunoffisnecessarytopreventseriousroadsideerosion.Propergradingoftheroadsurface,stablechanneldesign,anduseofwaterbars,otherdiversions,andculvertshelppreventerosive
flows.Wherewatertablesarehigh,subsurfacedrainagemaybeneededto
stabilizethesubgrade.Stormdrainsshouldbeconsideredforwater
disposalwherechannelgradeexceeds5%.Plansshouldshowallstabilizationmeasuresneededtocontrolsurfacerunofffromallroads.
Borrow areas and disposal areasClearonlyasneeded,andprotectfromsurfacerunoff.Maintain
bermsasfillslopesareconstructedtoreduceslopelengthandcontrolrunoff.Slopeallareastoprovidepositivedrainage,andstabilizebaresoil
surfaceswithpermanentvegetationormulchassoonasfinalgradesareprepared.Directallrunoffthatcontainssedimenttoasediment-trapping
device.Inlargeborrowanddisposalsites,shapeanddeepenthelowerendtoformanin-placesedimenttrap,ifsiteconditionswarrantit.
Utilities
Usethespoilfromutilitytrenchexcavationstodivertflowfromupslopeareas(butusecareinspoilplacementtoavoidblockingnaturalsurfaceoutlets).Diversionsandwaterbarscanreduceerosionwhenproperlyspacedacrossutilityrights-of-way.
Whenutilitiesarelocatednearastream,maintainanundisturbedbufferzonewhereverpossible.Ifsitedewateringisnecessary,pumpordivertmuddywatertosedimenttrapsorsumppitsbeforedischargingit
tothestream.Ifstreamsmustbecrossed,makesureallnecessary
materialsandequipmentareon-sitebeforeconstructionbegins,andcompleteworkquickly.Finishalldisturbedsurfacestodesigngradeandimmediatelystabilizethemwithpermanentvegetationorothersuitable
means.Whereutilitiescrossthestream,specifymeasurestopreventsedimentation.
Perimeter protectionConsiderdiversiondikesforperimeterprotectionforallproposed
developmentsandinstallthemwhereappropriatebeforeclearingthe
site.Exercisecarenottocreatefloodingorerosionbyblockingthenaturaldrainagepattern.Besuretoprovideanadequateoutlet.
Dust controlExposedsoilsurfacesthatarenearlylevelhavelittlepotentialfor
runofferosionbutmaybesubjecttoseverewinderosion.Keepingthedisturbedsurfacemoistduringwindyperiodsisaneffectivecontrol
measure,especiallyforconstructionhaulroads.
Preserving vegetation
Preserveexistingvegetationonthesiteaslongaspossibleasacost-effectivewaytopreventon-siteerosionandoff-sitesedimentation.
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Runoff ConveyanceThesafeconveyanceofrunoffwaterfromaconstructionsiteis
achievedby:utilizingandsupplementingexistingstablewatercourses,designingandconstructingstableopenchannels,orinstallingstormdrainswithstableoutlets.Theplanshouldindicatelocationsanddesignsforthesefacilities.Completeandstabilizeoutletsforchannels,diversions,slopedrains,orotherstructuresbeforeinstallingtheconveyancemeasure.
ContactthelocalConservationCommissionregardinganystreamcrossingorotherworkconductedinawetlandresourcearea.TheMassachusettsWetlandProtectionActrequiresthattheproponentfilea
RequestforDeterminationofApplicabilityorNoticeofIntent.
Existing watercourses
Whenusingexistingwatercourses,eithershowthatflowvelocitiesareacceptableforincreasedrunoffconditionsorindicatehownecessarystabilizationwillbeachieved.
Excavated channelsWhenchannelsaretobeexcavated,thedesignshouldbepreparedby
aprofessionalengineer.Includecalculationsintheplandocumentation.Wide,shallowchannelswithestablishedgrassliningsareusually
stableonslopesupto5%.Thesechannelsmustbeprotectedwithtemporarylinersuntilgrassisestablished.Ifchannelgradientsaretoo
steeptousevegetation,ripraporconcreteliningsmayberequired.Insomeinstancesgradestabilizationstructuresmaybeneeded.
Storm drainsWherethesiteplancallsforasystemofstormdrains,thedrainsmay
beusedeffectivelyintheerosionandsedimentationcontrolplan.Build
junctionboxesorinletsearlyintheconstructionsequence,andgradetheadjacentareatodraintowardtheinlet.Installaninletprotectiondeviceatallopenpipeinletsandexcavateashallowbasinintheapproachtotheinletforsedimentstorage.
Thestormdrainflowfromtheprotectedinletsmaybedivertedtoasedimentbasinforadditionalsedimentcontrol.Restrictthedrainageareaforinletstolessthanoneacre.Inspectinletprotectiondevicesfrequentlyforneededmaintenance.
Stream ProtectionStreambanks,streambeds,andadjoiningareasaresusceptibleto
severeerosionifnotprotected.Includesufficientdetailtoshowthat
streamsarestablefortheincreasedvelocitiesexpectedfromthedevelopmentactivity.Ataminimum,allstreamsshouldbestableforflowsfromthepeakrunofffromthe10-yearstorm.
ContactthelocalConservationCommissionregardinganystream
crossingorotherworkconductedinawetlandresourcearea.TheMassachusettsWetlandProtectionActrequiresthattheproponentfileaRequestforDeterminationofApplicabilityorNoticeofIntent.
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Whenstabilityanalysisshowsthatthestreamrequiresprotection,vegetationisusuallythepreferredapproachbecauseitmaintainsthestreamnearesttoitsnaturalstate.Whenflowvelocitiesapproach4-6
feetpersecond,oriffrequentperiodsofbankfulflowsareexpected;structuralmeasuressuchasriprapliningorgradestabilizationstructuresareusuallynecessary.Intheplan,showwherestream
protectionisneededandhowitwillbeaccomplished.
Runoff into stream
Onlysediment-freerunoffmaybedischargedfromconstructionsitesdirectlyintostreams.Ensurethatallotherflowsenterfromdesiltingpoolsformedbysedimenttrapsorbarriers.
Velocity controlKeepthevelocityofflowdischargedintoastreamwithin
acceptablelimitsforsiteconditions.Controlvelocitybyinstallingan
appropriateoutletstructure.
Buffer zone
Areasadjoiningstreamsshouldbeleftundisturbedasbuffers.Existingvegetation,ifdenseandvigorous,willreduceflowvelocitiesandtrapsedimentfromsheetflow.However,theprincipalbenefitof
leavingnaturalbufferzonesalongstreamsisthattheypreventexcessiveerosioninthesesensitiveareas.Maintainingstreamcanopiesalsoprotectsfishandwildlifehabitats;providesshade,windbreaks,andnoisebarriers,protectsthebankfromout-of-bankfloodflows;and
generallypreservesnaturalsiteaesthetics.Indicatestreambufferzonesinplansthatinvolvenaturalstreams.
Thewidthisdeterminedbysiteconditionsbutgenerallyshouldnotbe
lessthan25feetoneachsideofthestream.Ifnaturalbuffersarenotavailable,provideartificialbuffers.
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Off-site stream protection
Increasedrateandvolumeofrunofffromdevelopmentactivitiesmaycauseseriouserosionatpointssomedistancedownstream.Thedevelopershouldworkwithdownstreampropertyownerstostabilizesensitive
downstreamchannelareas.
Stream crossing
Minimizethenumberofstreamcrossings.Constructcrossingsduringdryperiods.Ifnecessary,divertwaterduringconstruction.Theplanshouldshowthetypeofcrossingtobeusedandtheassociatedcontrolmeasurestominimizeerosionfromsurfacerunoffsuchasdiversions,
outletstructures,riprapstabilization,etc.
Construction SchedulingAppropriatesequencingofconstructionactivitiesisaneffective
meansforcontrollingerosionandsedimentation.Usetheconstructionscheduleofthegeneralcontractaspartoftheerosionandsedimentationcontrolplan.Installtheprimaryerosionandsedimentationcontrolpracticesforthesite,i.e.sedimentbasinsandtraps,andawater
conveyancesystembeforeundertakingmajorland-disturbingactivities.Scheduleworkwithaneyetothecalendar,tominimizeimpactsduetoseasonalchanges.
Installsedimentbasinsandprimarysedimentationcontrolpracticesasthefirststructuralmeasures.Nextinstalltheoverallwaterdisposaloutletsystemforthesite.
Stabilizeallconstructionaccessroutes,includingconstructionentrancesandexits,andtheroaddrainagesystem,astheroadsareconstructed.Installstormdrainsearlyintheconstructionsequenceandincludetheminthesedimentationcontrolplan.Installinletprotectiondevicesforefficientsedimentcontrolaroundtheinlets.Thisallowsearly
Construction Scheduling - EPA Baseline General Permit Requirements for
Site Stabilization:
Exceptasprovidedintheparagraphsbelow,stabilizationmeasuresshallbeinitiatedassoonaspracticableinportionsofthesitewhereconstructionactivities
havetemporarilyorpermanentlyceased,butinnocasemorethan14daysaftertheconstructionactivityinthatportionofthesitehastemporarilyorpermanentlyceased.
(a)Wheretheinitiationofstabilizationmeasuresbythe14thdayafter
constructionactivitytemporaryorpermanentlyceaseisprecludedbysnowcover,stabilizationmeasuresshallbeinitiatedassoonaspracticable.
(b)Whereconstructionactivitywillresumeonaportionofthesitewithin21daysfromwhenactivitiesceased(e.g.thetotaltimeperiodthatconstruction
activityistemporarilyceasedislessthan21days),thenstabilizationmeasuresdonothavetobeinitiatedonthatportionofsitebythe14thdayafterconstructionactivitytemporarilyceased
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useoftheinletsandthedrainsystem.Installdiversionsaboveareastobedisturbedand,whereneeded,
alongboundariesofareastobegradedbeforegradingtakesplace.
Afterallprincipalerosionandsedimentationcontrolmeasuresareinplace,performthelandclearingandroughgrading.Clearareasonlyasneededandcompletefinalgradingandsurfacestabilizationassoonas
possible.Minimizethetimeofexposureandselecttemporarygroundcoveraccordingtothelocationandseason.Temporarysurfacesshouldbestabilizedassoonasactivegradingissuspended,regardlessofthetimeofyear.Disturbedareasshouldberevegetatedearlyenoughintheautumn
thatgoodcoverisestablishedbeforecoldweathercomes.
Inspection and MaintenanceIntheerosionandsedimentationcontrolplan,indicatewhois
responsibleformaintenanceandwhenitwillbeprovided.Themaintenancescheduleshouldbebasedonsiteconditions,designsafeguards,constructionsequenceandanticipatedweatherconditions.
Specifytheamountofallowablesedimentaccumulation,designcross-section,and,requiredfreeboardforeachpracticeandwhatwillbedonewiththesedimentremoved.Theplansshouldalsostatewhentemporarypracticeswillberemovedandhowtheseareasandwastedisposalareas
willbestabilized.
Inspection ProgramEssentialpartsofaninspectionprograminclude:
Inspectionduringorimmediatelyfollowinginitialinstallationof sedimentcontrols. Inspectionfollowingsevererainstormstocheckfordamageto
controls. Inspectionpriortoseedingdeadlines,particularlyinthefall. Finalinspectionofprojectsnearingcompletiontoensurethat temporarycontrolshavebeenremoved,stabilizationiscomplete,
drainagewaysareinpropercondition,andthatthefinalcontours agreewiththeproposedcontoursontheapprovedplan. Inaddition,interiminspectionsshouldbemadeasmanpowerand workloadpermit,givingparticularattentiontothemaintenanceof
installedcontrols. Allinspectionsshouldbedocumentedbyawrittenreportorlog. Thesereportsshouldcontainthedateandtimeofinspections,dates
whenland-disturbingactivitiesbegin,commentsconcerning complianceornoncomplianceandnotesonanyverbal communicationsconcerningtheproject.
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Before ConstructionAnon-sitepreconstructionmeetinginvolvingtheowner,contractor,
anderosioncontrolpersonnelisrecommended.Thisallowsallpartiestomeet,reviewtheplansandconstructionschedule,andagreeonresponsibilityanddegreeofcontrolexpected.Discussmaintenancerequirements,phasingofoperations,andplanrevisions.Thepreconstructionmeetingisespeciallyimportantforlarge,complexjobsor
whenthecontractorand/ordeveloperhashadlittleexperienceinthistypeofwork.
During ConstructionThedevelopermaybeheldresponsibleforoff-sitesedimentdamage
resultingfromconstructionactivitieseventhoughanapprovedplanhas
beenproperlyinstalledandmaintained.Therefore,inspectthepropertyboundaryfrequentlyforevidenceofsedimentation.
Itmaybenecessarytomodifytheerosionandsedimentcontrolplanduringconstructiontoaccountforunanticipatedeventsorconstruction
changes.
During Construction
Inadditiontotheinspectionandmaintenancereports,the operatorshouldkeeprecordsoftheconstructionactivityonthe site,including:
Dateswhenmajorgradingactivitiesoccurinaparticulararea. Dateswhenconstructionactivitiesceaseinaparticulararea, temporarilyorpermanently.
Dateswhenaparticularareaisstabilized,temporarilyor permanently.
After Construction
Itemstoconsiderafterconstructioniscompletedincludepermanentstabilizationonceactivitieshaveceased,removaloftemporarystructural
measures,finalinspection,andmaintenanceofpermanentstructures.
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References
Lobdell,Raymond,AGuidetoDevelopingandRe-DevelopingShorelandPropertyinNewHampshire,NorthCountryResourceConservationand
DevelopmentArea,Inc.,Meredith,NH,1994.
MassachusettsDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection,OfficeofWatershedManagement,NonpointSourceProgram,Massachusetts
NonpointSourceManagementManual,Boston,Massachusetts,June,1993.
MinnesotaPollutionControlAgency,DivisionofWaterQuality,ProtectingWaterQualityinUrbanAreas,BestManagementPracticesforMinnesota,
________,MN,October,1989.
Minnick,E.L.,andH.T.Marshall,StormwaterManageementandErosionControlforUrbanandDevelopingAreasinNewHampshire,RockinghamCountyConservationDistrict,August1992.
NorthCarolinaSedimentControlCommission,ErosionandSediment
ControlPlanningandDesignManual,Raleigh,NC,September,1988.
Schueler,ThomasR.,Controlling,UrbanRunoff:APracticalManualforPlanningandDesigningUrbanBMPs,MetropolitanWashingtonCouncilof
Governments,Washington,DC,July,1987.
SouthernNewEnglandChapter,SoilConservationSocietyofAmerica,
RecommendationsforErosionandSedimentControlDuringLandUseChange,January,1978.
Tourbier,J.,andR.Westmacott,WaterResourcesCenter,Universityof
Deleware,WaterResourcesProtectionMeasuresinLandDevelopment-AHandbook,Newark,Del.,April,1974.
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,GuidanceSpecifyingManagementMeasuresForSourcesOfNonpointPollutionInCoastalWaters,EPA-840-B92-002,Washington,DC,January,1993.
WashingtonStateDepartmentofEcology,StormwaterManagementManualforthePugetSoundBasin,Olympia,WA,February,1992.
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54Best Management Practices
Best Management Practice SelectionBest
ManagementPractices
(BMP)
Selection
BMPSelection
SiteWork
Clearingand
Grading
Excavations,Stockpiles&DebrisDisposal
Rill& GullyErosion
SedimentControl
StormRunoff
StreambankProtectionandStabilization
StreamCrossing
Building
Construction,UtilitiesInstallations
SpecialSiteProblems
FinalSiteStabilization
Onanyconstructionsitetheobjectiveinerosionandsedimentcontrol
istopreventoff-sitesedimentationdamage.Fourbasicmethodsareusedtocontrolerosiononconstructionsites:planning,soilstabilization,runoffcontrolandsedimentcontrol.Carefulsiteanalysis,planningandschedulingcanreducetheneedtoutilizestabilizationandcontrolpractices,and,thereby,reducethecostofimplementingthesemeasures.
Identify Control ProblemControllingerosionshouldbethefirstlineofdefense.Controlling
erosionisveryeffectiveforsmalldisturbedareassuchassinglelotsorsmallareasofadevelopmentthatdonotdraintoasediment-trapping
facility.Wheresoilpropertiesandtopographyofthesitemakethedesign
ofsedimenttrappingfacilitiesimpractical,runoffcontrolandsoilstabilizationshouldbeused.
Sedimenttrappingfacilitiesshouldbeusedonlargedevelopments
wheremassgradingisplanned,whereitisimpossibleorimpracticaltocontrolerosion,andwheresedimentparticlesarerelativelylarge.Acombinationoferosioncontrolandsedimentationcontrolmeasuresisusuallytheleastexpensivewaytoaccomplisherosionandsediment
control.
Identify Problem AreasAreaswhereerosionistobecontrolledusuallyinvolveslopes,graded
areasordrainageways.Slopesincludegradedrights-of-way,stockpile
areas,andallcutorfillslopes.Gradedareasincludeallstrippedareasotherthanslopes.Drainagewaysareareaswhereconcentrationsofwaterflownaturallyorartificially.Problemareasthatneedsedimentcontrolcanbeeitherlargeorsmall.
Identify Required StrategySelectthestrategytosolvetheproblem.Strategiescanutilizean
individualpracticeoracombinationofpractices.Forexample,ifthereisacutslopetobeprotectedfromerosion,thestrategiesmaybetoprotectthegroundsurface,divertwaterfromtheslopeorshortenit.Anycombinationoftheabovecanbeused.Ifnorainfallexceptthatwhichfallsontheslope
hasthepotentialtocauseerosion,andiftheslopeisrelativelyshort,protectingthesoilsurfacemaybeallthatisrequiredtosolvetheproblem.
Select Specific Control MeasuresThetablesonthefollowingpagesareguidesforselectingerosionand
sedimentcontrolpractices.Thismaterialcanbeusedbyeitherdesignersanddevelopersorbyplanreviewagencies.
Thepracticeschosenforasitewilloftenvaryfromoneindividualtoanother,dependingonindividualjudgementandpreference,past
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55Best Management Practices
experiencewithaconservationpractice,andthepracticessuitabilityforaparticularsite.Personsreviewinganerosionandsedimentationcontrolplanshouldnotexpecttofindonesetofpredeterminedpracticesused.
Thereviewercan,however,refertothesetables:(a)asanaidinrecognizingpotentialproblemareasthatmayexistatasite,and(b)forguidancetoseeifthedeveloperanddesignerhaveaddressedthe
potentialproblems.
SITE WORK:
On-site Roads, Controlling Road Runoff
ITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
SitePreparation PreservingNaturalVegetationConstructionEntrance
ConstructionRoadStabilization
FilterBerm
SurfaceStabilization TemporarySeedingMulching
Riprap
RunoffControl TemporaryDiversionsWaterBars
SumpPit
RunoffConveyance GrassedWaterway(Slopesupto5%)LinedWaterwayTemporarySlopeDrainPavedFlume
VegetatedSwaleInletProtection
OutletProtectionandStabilization
Other DustControl
(Note:Thestructuralpracticeslistedabovearesuitableforslopesofupto12%,
exceptasnoted.Steeperslopesusuallyneedspecialconsideration.)
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Clearing and Grading
ITEM
Best Management Practices
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
SitePreparation
SurfaceStabilization
RunoffControl
OutletProtection
RunoffConveyance
SedimentTrapsandBarriers
Other
PreservingNaturalVegetation
ConstructionEntrance
LandGrading
Surfaceroughening
TerraceTopsoilingTemporarySeeding
PermanentSeedingMulching
Riprap
TemporaryDiversion
PermanentDiversionTerraceWaterBar
SumpPit
OutletProtectionandStabilization
LevelSpreader
SeeStormRunoffsheet
SeeSedimentControlsheet
DustControl
Excavations, Stockpiles, & Debris Disposal
ITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
SurfaceStabilization SurfacerougheningTopsoiling
TemporarySeedingPermanentSeedingTreesandShrubPlanting
Mulching
RunoffControl TemporaryDiversion
SedimentTrapsandBarriers SedimentTrap
SedimentFence
Other DustControl
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58Best Management Practices
Storm RunoffITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Drainage area less than 20 acresRunoffControl TemporaryDiversion
PermanentDiversion
WaterBar
RunoffConveyance GrassedWaterway(Slopesupto5%)VegetatedSwaleLinedwaterway
Riprap-linedChannelTemporarySlopeDrain
PavedFlume
InletProtection
OutletProtection
Drainage area more than 20 acres
LevelSpreader (Drainageupto5acres)
OutletProtectionandStabilization
Sameasabove,exceptinaddition,thedesignerwouldnormallyperform
hydrologicandhydrauliccalculationsshowingthatrunoff,duringandafterconstructionoftheproject,wouldcomplywithpermittingagencyrequirements.
Streambank Protection and Stabilization
ITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Designvelocity VegetativeMethodslessthan6feetpersecond SoilBioengineeringMethods
StructuralMethods
Designvelocity SoilBioengineeringMethodsmorethan6feetpersecond StructuralMethods
(Note:ContactthelocalConservationCommissionregardinganyworkconductedinwhatmaybeawetlandresourcearea.TheMassachusettsWetlandProtection
ActrequiresthattheproponentfileaRequestforDeterminationofApplicabilityorNoticeofIntent.)
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Stream Crossings
ITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
TemporaryTemporaryTemporaryTemporaryTemporary
Tomoveequipment StreamCrossing,Temporary
SurfaceStabilization
PermanentPermanentPermanentPermanentPermanent
TemporarySeeding
Mulching
Riprap
Vehiculartraffic,TomoveEquipment PermanentStreamCrossing;e.g.BridgeorCulvert
SurfaceStabilization PermanentSeedingMulching
Riprap
(Note:ContactthelocalConservationCommissionregardinganyworkconducted
inwhatmaybeawetlandresourcearea.TheMassachusettsWetlandProtectionActrequiresthattheproponentfileaRequestforDeterminationofApplicability
orNoticeofIntent.)
Building Construction, Utilities Installations
ITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
SurfaceStabilization SurfaceRougheningTopsoilingTemporarySeeding
PermanentSeedingMulching
TreeandShrubPlanting
RunoffControl TemporaryDiversionWaterBar
SumpPit
SedimentControl SedimentTrapSedimentFence
FilterStrip
Other ConstructionRoadStabilizationDustControl
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Special Site Problems
ITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Seepageareasorhighwatertable SubsurfaceDrainageSumpPit
Unstabletemporarychannels CheckDamRiprap-linedChannel
Unstablepermanentchannels Riprap-linedChannelLinedWaterway
GradeStabilizationStructure
Blowingdustorsand DustControlSandFence
Dunereinforcementandstabilization SandDuneandSandblowStabilization
SandFence
(Note:ContactthelocalConservationCommissionregardinganyworkconducted
inwhatmaybeawetlandresourcearea.TheMassachusettsWetlandProtectionActrequiresthattheproponentfileaRequestforDeterminationofApplicability
orNoticeofIntent.)
Final Site StabilizationITEM RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
SurfaceStabilization SurfacerougheningTerraceTopsoiling
PermanentSeedingSoddingTreesandShrubPlanting
Mulching
Riprap
RunoffControl PermanentDiversion
RunoffConveyance GrassedWaterwayVegetatedSwaleLinedWaterway
Riprap-linedChannel
PavedFlume
OutletProtection
InletProtection
LevelSpreader
OutletProtectionandStabilization
SodDropInletProtection,or
permanentpaving
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References
ConnecticutCouncilonSoilandWaterConservation,ConnecticutGuidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control,Hartford,CT,January,1985.
New York Guidelines for Urban Erosion and Sediment Control,March1988.
NorthCarolinaSedimentControlCommission,Erosion and SedimentControl Planning and Design Manual,Raleigh,NC,September,1988.