( )Brain drain of Arab causes and consequences (Iraq model)

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41

Brain drain of Arab causes and consequences (Iraq model)

Introduction

The wealth of nations cannot be used without the best use of human, as creatures of God, who gave him the functions of learning, analysis and conclusion, and inference. That man cannot be used and the functions of fungal elements without prior knowledge of the hypotheses and the results came here it was great interest in human resources to create innovative and creative minds.

Human resources play a key role in the communities of the paper during the continuous flow of knowledge production, which in turn reflected the high rates of development in all fields covered by the humanitarian aspects of economic, social, political and cultural. Without such care, which must be attached to the benefit of human resource investments is to talk about the evolution of human societies is a non-sense.We have sought the advanced countries in the world today in the way of control and influence over the vast areas of the developing world. Is not direct military influence as in the periods of colonialism, but it was the direct influence of the will of peoples to gain a more indirectly through government-specific way or the other, where the convergence of interests in common denominators. These kinds of colonialism always need the knowledge and technical excellence.In order to ensure their working knowledge and technical excellence, it still worked on the revitalization of all the means that would enable them to upgrade their creativity by attracting qualified scientists from different parts of the ground using all means and ways to accomplish this goal. This was reflected in the adoption of the policy of major media and propaganda in order to attract creative people into the society and from different countries of the world, whether developing or developed.The strength of the economy today, measured the quality of human resources, efficiency and good use. Hence, the concept of human resource development is floating on the surface and attracts attention. The human resource is one of the most important factors of economic and social progress. The Human resources are equipped, as the tools used by society to evaluate the course of economic development and put them in the right directionHuman presence in the thinker and the world society is a factor of strength and an important pillar in the economic construction and the knowledge of his country. And to maintain this element of loss, damage and destruction is a matter of urgency, and must use all necessary means to maintain it and that causes the absence of decreasing the size of the skill of the knowledge society, which leads to a sharp decline in the degree of development of society and thus the gradual loss of political independence and moral integrity.

That the economic resources that abound in the developing world, including the Arab countries is a large and diverse in terms of quantity and quality of that region was still the status of polarization of the colonial world that was and is still on the resources and economic wealth, which constitute the basic motivation for the further economic development in their countries.Bear the burden the new world order not to attract plenty of qualified scientists is no doubt which of the perceived interests of human beings on the other side of the world as a human entities deserve to live up to the levels enjoyed by the developed world. In spite of conferences and symposia held under the guise of eliminating the disparities between the rich and the poor world, but that these seminars and studies to the unending nothing compared to the size and breadth of the gap between worlds, a result of the policies of the new globalization in the exploitation of the wealth of peoples and harnessed for the benefit of their economies without having to worry about the size of the damage caused by the levels education and services within those communities that are the poorest.

This study is another effort by serious attempts to extrapolate these signs of migration, presentation and analysis of the causes and identify effective means to reduce the brain drain and the drain of scientific societies, which were abandoned or intentionally left behind without have a great deal of failure and retreat in the areas of science and research knowledge. As well as there are a large accumulations in the size of the gap of knowledge and technical separation between the developed and developing countries. From here we have found that it is appropriate to research in this crucial aspect, study and analyze the reality of the damage being inflicted on the result of developing our societies to increase the number of migration of skills and the Arab people to abroad where it is supposed to perform their duty to their communities and develop the capacities of their economies and thus help to raise standards of social welfare and production of their art, which is later than others in the progress and prosperity. . .

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21309710

53011250

5606450

_1490

67036430

465013700

24750191040

23 ( 1990 2001 ) ( ).

1990-1,11331,4-3,8----

1991-1,218428,032,94,0-20,0--

1992-1,250111,427,75,4-19,92,84,7

1993-645,04,924,035,5-20,03,19,3

1994-613,02,718,036,36,720,03,614,4

1995-595,53,313,033,97,31,74,218,0

1996-579,23,09,726,88,22,04,720,6

1997-570,80,75,721,18,01,65,125,4

1998-530,61,05,419,46,61,76,022,3

19998,8510,00,65,43,46,01,86,419,4

20009,8386,00,65,21,85,81,29,519,3

200110,0386,00,65,11,76,00,312,019,1

. ( 72). . . . . . 1280. . 19 ( 3 ) 9 ( ) 38 ( 11 ). 20012002 317993 297292 20701 14743 13167 1576 . . 1959 .

14 1958 1956 1967 1974. 814 14/10/1987 (40 100) .

. ( 1963 2003 ) . 1970 . . . ( 73 ).

2003 ( ) . - - ( ). 85% 2000 153 532 44 69 160 . . ( ) . . ( 74 ). . . . . 24 .

2351606944

1161103434

37472710589

:

1. 95% 5% .

2. 74% .

3. 62% 4% 1% 17% .4. " " 59% " " 13% 6% 6% 2% .5. 57% 14% 11% 6% 5% 4% 1% . ( 75 ).

. . . . ( 76 ). ( 77 ).

25 .

102 3

37 3

28 2

34 5

15 25

13 28

10 327

7 74

5 5500

9 2

. . . ( 78 ).

() . :

. .

. ( ) . . . . 1968 2003 ( ) . ..

1970 . . . .

. :

() :

.

.

.

() :

.

.

. . . . . () . . .

"" . . . . . . ( 79 ).

" , , , " " , , " . .

80% 2003 40% 40% 1990. . . 230 . 182 . 2006 172 (3000) . 300 . 2006 80% . . . " " .

.1) 3.4 ( ). 3800 16 6 . 661 24 . . ( 80 ).

2)

38.3% (1999 2000 ) 47% ( 1990 1991). 200 650 . .3)

( 2000 2001 ) 65750 61861 3889 124497 ( 1991 1992 ) 50% 78.4%. 38.3% 37.8% ( 1991 2001 ).

278 236 . ( 66317 ) ( 2005 2006 ). 50% ( 1991 1992 ) 18.2% 74% 23.7% 1.5% 0.8% 9.9% ( 73579 ) .

( 4966 ) ( 2005 2006 ) 8.9% 85% 13.8% 0.8% 0.4% 6.4% ( 4669 ) .

( 20904 ) ( 2005- 2006 ) 25.2%. 67.9%. 29.2% 0.8% 2.1% 44.1%. ( 81 ).4)

. . 4 2/3 2005 . . 1/6 2006 2/6 . 15% 25% . 50% 2002 . .

50% . . ( 1000) .5)

. .

. .6)

. " " . . . .( 82 ). . ( 83 ). 7)

. . " " .

8)

.

60 ( ) .

70 % . 2003 . 2003 ( 9 ) 15% . ( 84 ). . .

. . .

2004 .( 85 ). . 2007 (7.5) (7.5) :- 26 .

1 4 53.33%

2 1 13.33%

3 510 7.16%

4 210 2.95%

5 200 2.81%

6 150 2.11%

7 150 2.11%

8 120 1.69%

9 70 98%

10 55 77%

11 50 70%

12 50 70%

13 50 70%

14 40 56%

15 30 42%

16 30 42%

17 20 28%

18 10 14%

19 10 14%

20 5 7%

21 50 7%

.( 86 ).9)

2007 : . . . 28 2005 9739 . 1 08 2007 . .

2007 . ( 87 ).

2003 . . .

1991 3600 16 6 . 12 . 3.4 ( ). 3800 16 6 . ( 88 ).

5500 . .

1997 4372 . . 661 24 . . . . . 3 .

1990. . 1989 75% ( 70%) 1991 20% 1987. 5% 1989 3.8%. ( 6- 23 ) 53%. 83% 8613 10334 . 700 4500 . 1980. . 95692 1990 131658 1999. ( 89 ). . . : . 200 650 . 6.1% 3.1% . 1999 67% 92.5% 1997 1998 1298567 1998 1999. 1997 1998 122061 26394 . 5132 8613 1000 . 62%. . 1990 1995 (8917) 1990 1991 ( 3,328,212 ) ( 8035 ) 1994 1995 ( 3,277,387) . ( 1999 2000 ) (3,634,095) . . 1989 1990 1999 2000 . 27 .

- - -

1989 / 199059673335772442

1990 / 9156326390782898

1991 /9293750486053260

1992 / 9367706527314085

1993 / 9471705493743803

1994 / 9586412584654079

1995 / 9689531530564969

1996 / 9775217511255316

1997 / 9872598425645131

1998 / 9970185376075746

1999 / 200071092379767098

. " 1999/2000 (484) (3098) " . . " " . . . ( 90 ). . . 2,4 3,7 178%. : . .

. .( 91 ). (7-19) 1987 (442349) 91,7% 8,3% . 1990 .( 92 ). " 1999/2000 (484) (3098) " . . " " . " ( 93 ). (83.1%) 2006 (MICS-3) (3.6%) 2005 (86.2%) . 2004 (86.6 %) (88.5%) 2001 (80.3%) 2000, 1997 (90.5 %) 1997 . 28

199719981999200020012002200420052006

90.583.584.380.388.586.686.283.1

36% 3,1%. . . . . . . . 1992/1993 59,5% 52,2% . 1997/ 1998 68% 62% . .

( ) : .

.

.

.

.

. . . . . . . .

. 2008 . :

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"" "" " ". . .

"" .

"" .

"" "" . " " .

.

.

.

"" .

. ( 94 ). .

. . 80 %. . .

. . . . .

.

. / 1990 . . ( 95 ). (25 %) 1997 (20%) 1991. 1988 2006 : 29

198846.9%

199350.2%

100261.7 %

2005 43.8 %

1990. 15 20 % . . . . 1993 . 1993. 1990/1991. 3500 1990 761 1993 . ( 96 ). 90% 90 . . . 1999. 30

96.8591990

9.8 947.9741991

16.4 1576.1941994

19.7 1910.3081998

. 2002-2001 45% . . . ( 97 ) ( ) . . . 18 % 45%. ( 98 ). . 7 " " . " " 90 % . 300 1991. 1991 1500 1990 90 % 7 416 250 . 1991 70% 1.5 .

2002 . 126 25 33 68 31 25 8 4 .

250 300 .

" " " " - 300 "" . . . . " " " " "".

( ) " " 2002 . " " ". " " . . . ( 99 ). 2002 22.6% 1990 1998. 2000 83.8% 61 % 1970 . 0.581 1980 0.751 1990 76 0.581 1998 126 174 47 139 () 110 111 / 2003 . 2003 (2.2) .( 100 ).

. . .

" ". " . ".

. . .

. .

. . .

. . . :

= X X .

= .

= . .( 101 ).

" ". 2003. . 2003 .

2002 " " " ( ) " : ". - - 15 " " ". " " " " " 1993 ".

" 1990 1999 1215 2% 112 14 . (1441) .

52 : " ". . . . 500 , " " . " " " .

. . . . . 42464 1957 31000 74 % . 25897 1965.( 102 ). " " 2003. .( 103 ). 31

19824730199518672

19834212199627139

19843488199743187

19853185199841516

19863157199936560

19872003200047184

19882350200150763

19893901200251005

199013473200324700

199111629200410883

199217658200513613

199315204200622155

1994129372007

( ) . ( , , ) :

32

1982473017 %

1983421215.5 %

1984348812.9 %

1985318511.6 %

1986315711.6 %

198720037.4 %

198823508.6 %

1989390114.4 %

27026100 %

33

1990134733.4 %

1991116293 %

1992176584.5 %

1993152043.9 %

1994129373.3 %

1995186724.8 %

1996271397 %

19974318711 %

19984151610.7 %

1999365609.4 %

20004718412 %

20015076313 %

20025100513 %

386927100 %

34

20032470034.6 %

20041088315.25 %

20051361319 %

20062215531 %

2007

71351

. 2004. 2001 . .

: 16 / - 2007 . 2006 2007 37 . 35 2006 2007

2006 2007

219504396765917

147181777332491

64061331419720

75881103518623

9886797317859

8830890217232

360853698977

284218084650

21 . 100 " " ( 104 ). (COMPETE AMERICA) H-IB .

31 " ", 450 . 7350 1991 1998 . 4.2 1991-1995 ( 105 ). :

1.

. 3,3% 1977 2% 1990 - 1995 5% 1,4% 1977-1997. 650000 7% 1990-1995 32% . 3,80% 1977 2,97% 2004 2,1% ( 106 ).

2.

. :

. . . . . .

( ) . (450) ) . 1998 (47.4%) 1995 (33.4%) (16.6 ( % .

3.

. . . . - - . ( 107 ).4.

. . :

.

. .

. . . " ". . .

( ) 336 . . 100 4 .5. . . " " .

" . - - . . .

45,000 1989 140,000 . . 17500 7500 4550,45 1125 3452,45 . 304% . " " ( 15- 20 ) ( 108 ). . 150 . .

. .

.

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:

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:

= .

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. 2004 ( 1995 1996 ) :

36 ( 1995 1996 ).

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.

37 ( 95 / 96 )

( , , ) ( ) ( )

157,7358,0002,270 *

. . . :

38

( )--

7506

( )1750 *

3

( )17503

1135

2

( )2270( 4 , 5 , 6 ) = 5

( )55003

( )75005

. .

. . . .. . . .

. " ". . : :

( 17500 ).

(7500 ).

( 25000 ). 39

375500

150150

( )300300

150150

1515

150150 5 30

120120

30150

4454 .

11541589

: " "

. :

= ( ) + + .

:

:

. .

:

. . . . . 17500 5 7 3 4 :

=

( ) = 1154 12 = 13848 .

= ( 13848 5 17500 ) = 1211700000

( ) = 1589 12 = 19068 .

= ( 19068 7 7500 ) = 1001070000

:

= = 5500 3 17500 =288750000 .

:

= = 7500 5 7500 = 281250000 :

" ". . . . . . :

1.

. . . . . . . . :

= {( ) 5 4 12 } . 6 5 . .

2.

. . .

( ) :

5 7 . ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .

( ) = ( ) + + + .

= ( 1211700000 ) + ( 17500 5500 3 ) + {( 17500 750 6 ) + ( 17500 1750 3 ) + ( 17500 1750 3 ) + ( 17500 2270 5 )} + (5500 3 17500 ) + ( 0 ) = 2250,325,000 .

( ) = ( ) + + + .

= (1001070000 ) + {( 7500 750 6 ) + (7500 1750 3 ) + (7500 1750 3 ) + (7500 2270 5 )} + (5500 3 7500 ) + ( 7500 5 7500 ) + ( 0 ) = 1603695000 .

. . " " .

. . " " .

. . . 17500 7500 . 4550.45 1125 3452.45 304.5% .

. :

1. ( ) , , .

= .

2. ( )

:

= .

" " ( )( 109 ).

= { + } .

:

= ( ) 100 .

. :

40 25 .

150 300

30 , 50 900

1200

25 17500 7500 25 . :

= .

:

= 300 + 900 = 1200

= { + } .

= {( 17500 5500 3 ) + ( 7500 5 7500 )}= 570,000,000 .

25000 :

= 8 30 = 240 .

= ( 240 5 4 12 ) =57600 .

25000 = 57600 25000 = 1440000000 .

= ( 570+ 1440 ) 1200 = 810 .

= ( ) 100 .

= ( 810 1200) 100 = 67,5 %.

67.5 % ( ) 25000 .

. :

1 . .

. . .

. . . :1.

. .

.( 110 ).

. :" " . ( 111 ) . .

. . .

2.

.

.

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= {( ) }.

41

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> 0

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.4.

. . . . .

5.

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