master of medicine - pusat pengajian sains perubatan · starting the master of medicine program...

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/IR1

MASTER OF MEDICINE OPHTHALMOLOGY Universiti Sains Malaysia

2018/2019

Malaysian Universities Conjoint

Committee of Ophthalmology

MASTER OF MEDICINE

(OPHTHALMOLOGY)

BY

Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Associate Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong

Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam

Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin

Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min

1st Edition - May 2005

2nd Edition - May 2006

3rd Edition - May 2007

4th Edition - May 2008



7th Edition

8th Edition

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May 2011

May 2012



11th Edition

12th Edition

13th Edition

14th Edition

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May 2015

May 2016

May 2017

May 2018

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Preface

Welcome aboard to the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) program at Universiti Sains

Malaysia. The whole department wishes you our heartiest congratulations for your successful

entrance into the program.

Starting the Master of Medicine program could be an overwhelming experience with a lot of

adjustments to make. To help candidates to familiarize with our program, we produced the Master

of Medicine (Ophthalmology) Program Guidebook, which was initially published in 2005 and has

been continuously being upgraded each year to keep abreast with the latest development

throughout the due course of the program.

This guidebook is intended to provide you with the initial exposure to the program. It carries the

background history of the department and the program, the curriculum and book references,

guide to dissertation and publications, the merit system, aspects of assessment and examination,

department planner and activities and previous research projects to guide you along the 4-year

course.

It is a hope that this guide book will be a helpful orientation towards making a success of your

postgraduate journey and to the realization of your dreams in becoming an ophthalmologist.

Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail

MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM),Fellowship in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

(Singapore), AM (Malaysia)

Coordinator, Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) Program

Professor, Consultant Paediatric Ophthalmologist & Strabismus Specialist

June 2018

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From the desk of the Head of Department

Congratulations to our new Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) students. Welcome to another

chapter of your life. Hopefully with different shades of colour and lots of priceless experience in

the future!

Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) has evolved throughout the years since 1997. The

department has built our own strength and improved our weakness for the past 17 years in

producing ophthalmologist to the country primarily. To date, USM have already produced 111

ophthalmologists who are now working in Malaysia and abroad. Currently, our syllabus and

examination format is based on Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of Ophthalmology

(MUCCO). MUCCO was formed with representatives from USM, UKM, UM, Ministry of Health

and Academy of Medicine.

MUCCO has been successful in standardization of the curriculum, teaching program and

assessment of training in ophthalmology in Malaysia since 2009. Our program is also recognized

by Fellow Royal College of Edinburgh (FRSCEd). Hence, our graduates who have completed the

course are exempted for Part 1, 2 and 3 (clinical skill certificate) examinations. They are eligible

to sit for Part 4 final examination of FRSCEd.

Our training program is not aimed for academic excellence and surgical skill expertise only. We

hope to be able to impart appropriate attitude, teamwork and great personality in our future

graduate. We certainly hope we will be able to get the best out of you. You are responsible in

colouring your own life. You have chosen another new canvas. Get ready and paint it to the best

of your capability. You are the master of your own masterpiece!

This is just a beginning of your journey….

Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin

MBBS (Malaya), MMed (Ophthal) (USM),PhD (UK), AM (Malaysia)

Professor, Consultant Ophthalmologist and Visual Science Research Centre Coordinator

Head, Department of Ophthalmology

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

No Contents Page

Preface ii

From the desk of the Head of Department iii

1. Introduction 1

2. Objectives 5

2.1. Phase I (Year 1) 6

2.2. Phase II (Year 2 & 3) 6

2.3. Phase III (Year 4) 6

3. Program Structure 7

4. Syllabus 9

4.1. Phase I 10

4.2. Phase II and III 22

5. Text & References 29

6. Duties of a Trainee 35

6.1. Teaching Program 36

6.2. Schedule 37

6.2.1. General planner for assessment and courses 37

6.3. Dissertation 38

6.3.1. Writing a proposal 38

6.3.2. Ethical approval 39

6.3.3. Research grant 39

6.3.4. Data collection 39

6.3.5. Dissertation report 39

6.3.6. Submission of dissertation report 43

6.3.7. Assessment by internal examiners 44

6.3.8. Assessment by external examiner 44

6.3.9. Final submission of dissertation report 44

6.3.10. Publication 45

6.4. Summary of Dissertation Progress 46

6.5. Publication 47

6.5.1. Progress of publication 48

6.5.2. Format of a case report/case series 49

6.5.3. Format of letter to editor 49

6.5.4. Format of original article 50

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6.6. Summary of Surgery Done & Assisted 51

6.7. Summary of Program & Merit Points 53

6.7.1. Overall 53

6.7.2. Presentation 54

6.8. Annual Leave 55

6.8.1. Annual leave 55

6.8.2. Leave application 55

6.8.3. Unrecorded leave 55

6.8.4. Medical/Emergency leave 55

6.8.5. Overseas leave 55

7. Assessment 56

7.1. Continuous Assessment 57

7.2 Progress Interview 60

7.3. Evaluation of the Dissertation Progress 60

7.4. Evaluation of the Program 64

8. Examination 67

8.1. Phase I Examination 68

8.2. Phase II Examination 69

8.3. Phase III Examination 70

8.4. Others 70

8.5. Grading Marks 71

8.6. Merit Points 71

8.7. Summary of Assessment 72

8.8. Evaluation of the Examination 73

8.9. Best Student Award 76

9. Department of Ophthalmology 77

9.1. Lecturers 78

9.2. Visiting Professors 79

9.3. Honorary Lecturers 79

9.4. Trainee Lecturers 80

9.5. Supporting Staffs 80

10. Clinical Services 81

10.1. Rotational Postings 82

10.2. Clinical Services 82

10.2.1. Prevention of blindness clinic 82

10.2.2. General clinic 83

10.2.3. Pre-operative clinic 84

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10.2.4. Subspecialty clinics 85

10.3. Diagnostic Laboratory Services 86

10.4. Optometry Services 86

10.5. On-Call Responsibilities 86

10.6. Patients Requiring Admission 87

10.7. Ward Rounds 88

10.8. Operation Theatre 88

10.9. Specialist Visit to Hospital Tengku Anis, Pasir Putih, Kelantan 89

10.10. Community Eye Screening Program 89

11. Dissertation Projects 91

1 Introduction

2

The Ophthalmology Unit started its existence in 1984, about a year after Hospital Universiti Sains

Malaysia (Hospital USM) was first commissioned to offer ophthalmology services for the people

of Kelantan. In response to the Ministry of Health’s requirement for more local specialists and the

introduction of Masters Program in Malaysia, the university first started recruiting local medical

officers for the trainee lecturer program in Ophthalmology in the 1986 – 1990 period, all of whom

were sent for postgraduate training in UKM. The growing number of lecturers has finally

appropriated the move from a Unit to Department status and the subsequent establishment of the

M.Med Ophthalmology program.

The M.Med program kicked off in 1997 with its first intake of 10 candidates. The program is a

mixed-module mode, and almost similarly structured compared to the programs offered by UKM

and UM. However, being the youngest ‘sibling’ has its own unique advantages. Our program

offers a two year in-campus placement for distance learning (PJJ) candidates which puts them

under direct supervision and allows them a better exposure and access to facilities available in

the campus including medical library, computer aided laboratory, clinical skill center and the

highly acclaimed research backups. The postgraduate teaching courses are run by both local as

well as international faculty. Teaching staff strength now is 10 lecturers.

The department is actively involved in serious research activities including collaborative research

with other departments and national institutions. The procurement of the Humphrey visual field

analyser, digital imaging system for anterior and posterior segments, and endothelial cell

analyser, corneal topography, ocular ultrasound (A & B Scans) and IOLMaster®, have increased

the department’s research potential tremendously. Frequency doubling perimetry, confocal

scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retinal Tomography III), and scanning laser

polarimetry (GDx) complemented the glaucoma service. The department has also acquired the

HRA, optical coherent tomography and paediatric visual acuity Smart system. The procurement

of a highly recommended phacoemulsification machine saw the department progressing to a new

level in small incision cataract surgery with numerous research projects carried out on this new

type of surgery. Argon and YAG lasers have complemented our clinical service and put our

research output to a higher level. The planning of a well-equipped LASIK centre is the next

natural course of action towards further progress very soon.

One of the major achievements of the department was the organisation of the USM

Ophthalmology Symposium which was first held in 2003 and then followed by another successful

symposium in 2004. In 2005, we were host to the inaugural 1st USM-UM-UKM Ophthalmology

Meeting held in conjunction with the annual Ophthalmology Symposium. It was organised in the

spirit of the conjoint committee; to strengthen the solidarity between the three major universities

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offering the ophthalmology training programme. In 2011, we were honoured once again to

organise the 1st Annual MOH-USM-UKM-UM Ophthalmology Scientific Conference in conjunction

with the 5th USM Ophthalmology Symposium on 16-17 July 2011. We are due again to host the

esteem ophthalmology symposium in 2019.

The collaboration between the universities in the field of ophthalmology was further strengthened

with the formation of a new flagship of the Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of

Ophthalmology (MUCCO). With this Committee, the syllabus and examination format have been

standardised to ensure that the quality of graduates produced are of the highest calibre. The first

conjoint examination was held in May 2008 and has continued since then.

The department has been actively organising various courses and workshops that benefit not

only the trainees and staff of USM, but also medical personnel from other hospitals and the

community as a whole. These courses cover wide-ranging topics including phacoemulsification

surgery, diabetic retinopathy, funduscopy, glaucoma, cornea, vitreoretinal surgery, orthoptics and

strabismus, and new advancement in medical/surgical therapeutics and medical equipment.

These courses have been very well-received thus far.

By May 2018, the USM M.Med Ophthalmology program has produced 137 ophthalmologists,

including four of our international candidates who graduated in 2008 and 2009. The high quality

of these graduates was beginning to reflect very well on the postgraduate program, establishing

the department as a well recognised training centre nationally that is on par with and even

surpassing the other more established local universities.

Further collaboration with other ophthalmology centres abroad has significantly added value to

our programme. For the past nine years we have had the honor of a Visiting Professor to

specifically cater to the needs of our candidates sitting for their examinations. Dr. Lee Hung Ming

(a well-respected Refractive and Anterior Segment Consultant), Professor James Barry Cullen (a

world-renowned Neuro-Ophthalmologist), A/Prof Lim Tock Han and A/Prof Heng Wee Jin (both

are Senior Consultants, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore), and Dr Ganga Sundara (Senior

Consultant, National University of Singapore) have shared their tremendous and valuable

experience with our students.

We have also formed a close partnership with the Ophthalmology Departments of Tan Tock Seng

Hospital, Singapore, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, National University of Singapore and

Singapore National Eye Centre. Their highly respected ophthalmology consultants have been

invited as external examiners, subspecialty trainers and also course coordinators. Among them

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are A/Prof Lim Tock Han, A/Prof Heng Wee Jin, Dr. Fam Han Bor, Dr. Wong Hon Tym, A/Prof

Goh Kong Yong, Dr. Leo Seo Wei, Dr. Leonard Yip, A/Prof Kah-Guan Au Eong, Dr. Yip Chee

Chew, Dr Ganga Sundhara and Prof Aung Tin. These consultants are well-known leaders in their

respective subspecialities not only regionally but also internationally.

The department is venturing into more sub-specialised services, which is made possible by the

fellowship training obtained by our lecturers. Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease, Paediatric

Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Glaucoma, Orbit and Oculoplasty,

Medical Retina and Ocular Trauma are among the subspecialties currently offered.

The department also has a unique and active community ophthalmology program, the “Khidmat

Masyarakat – Saringan Penyakit Mata” which is incorporated into the undergraduate

ophthalmology posting. Other postgraduate teaching activities are regular ward rounds, post

operative audits, journal club, basic science classes, intensive courses, basic surgical skills

workshop and ophthalmology-radiology conference. Among others, staff and Masters candidates

also actively participate in ophthalmology teaching for undergraduates and other projects

organised by the School of Medical Sciences, Hospital USM and non-governmental

organisations.

The recent years saw a large jump in research activities, with numerous research presentations

both locally and internationally (some were award-winning), as well as numerous publications in

the high-impact and international databased journals. The training in Universiti Sains Malaysia

puts high emphasis not only on the high quality of skills and knowledge in ophthalmology but also

to instill “research culture” which is the hallmark of Universiti Sains Malaysia as one of the

research university in Malaysia. The Department of Ophthalmology has an active publication

record, and has been among the top three departments in the publication category within the

School of Medical Sciences since 2011. We have also been winning Anugerah Sanggar Sanjung

USM (Publication Category) since 2011.

Medicine is a vocation that balances between the arts and sciences. In USM, we are committed

to produce excellent ophthalmologists through our program in order to contribute to humanity.

This is consistent with the aspiratios of the university, which was chosen as the Accelerated

Program for Excellence (APEX) University in Malaysia. Good leadership qualities, respect,

caring and positive attitude towards patients and the profession are stressed upon at all times. It

is hoped that at the end of the program, the product of the Masters program will become an

invaluable asset at wherever place and community that they serve.

2 Objectives

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2.0. OBJECTIVES

Capability and skills that need to be achieved by masters’ candidates at the end of their

milestones:

2.1. PHASE I (YEAR 1)

1. Acquire good knowledge in basic medical / surgery

2. Acquire good knowledge in anatomy, physiology, ocular pathology and basic

optics

3. Capable of knowing ophthalmic instruments and understand the optical

principles of the instruments

4. Capable of performing a complete ophthalmology examination including

clinical refraction

5. Capable of performing minor ophthalmology surgeries under supervision

2.2. PHASE II (YEAR 2 & 3)

1. Capable of taking relevant ophthalmology history from patients

2. Capable of performing a comprehensive and relevant ophthalmology

examination including refraction to patients

3. Capable of arriving to significant differential diagnosis and continue with

relevant investigations

4. Capable of managing most patients with minimum supervision

5. Capable of performing common surgical procedures such as cataract surgery,

with supervision

2.3. PHASE III (YEAR 4)

1. Capable of treating most of the patients without supervision

2. Capable of performing common surgeries without supervision

3. Have acquired knowledge and skills and able to supervise trainees

4. Capable of presenting cases and discussing plan of management

5. Awareness of self capability in order to refer cases to subspecialists

3 Program Structure

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OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAM STRUCTURE

PHASE

YEAR

CURRICULUM

I

1

Basic Ophthalmology Optics and Refraction Introduction to Clinical Ophthalmology

Phase I Examination

II

2 & 3

Clinical Ophthalmology Scientific Presentations Case Reports / Publications Submission Dissertation Protocol & Ethical Approval Conduct Dissertation Project

Phase II Examination

III

4

Advanced Ophthalmology Specialist-in training Scientific Presentations Case Reports / Publications Submission Conduct and Complete Dissertation Project Dissertation Submission Elective Posting

Phase III Examination

4

Syllabus

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4.1. PHASE I

4.1.1.

Basic Sciences (General and Ocular)

4.1.1.1. Anatomy

1. The cranial cavity

Osteology of the skull including bony orbit

Meninges, blood supply, nerve supply

Venous sinuses

Foramina and their contents

Cranial fossae

Pituitary gland and its relations

Trigeminal ganglion

2. Central nervous system

Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

Surface appearance

Internal structure

Cortical areas

Ventricles

Formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Blood supply and venous drainage

Microscopic anatomy

Brain stem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla and fourth ventricle

Nuclei of cranial nerves

Cranial nerves

Origin, course and distributions

Spinal canal

Spinal cord, venous plexus, meninges and subarachnoid space

Visual pathways – visual cortex, cortical connections and association

areas

Structures involved in control of eye movements

Autonomic nervous system and the eye

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3. Head and neck anatomy

Nose, mouth and paranasal sinuses

Lateral wall of nose, septum, vessels and nerves, osteology,

anatomy, relations and development of air sinuses

The face and scalp - muscles, nerves and vessels, temporal fossa,

zygomatic arch, salivary glands and temporomandibular joints

The inferotemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa – muscles, nerves

and vessels, carotid sheath, pterygopalatine ganglion

General topography of the neck – posterior triangle, anterior triangle,

suprahyoid region, prevetebral region, root of neck

Respiratory system – the anatomy of mouth, pharynx, soft palate and

larynx with particular reference to bulbar palsies and tracheostomy

Lymphatic drainage of the head and neck

4. Histology

Knowledge of histological structure of tissues. Particular attention

should be paid to the histological appearance of the structures of the

head and neck especially in relation to their functions

5. Embryology

General embryology with particular emphasis to structures of the head

and neck

4.1.1.2. Physiology

1. General physiology

Maintenance of homeostasis: osmolarity, osmotic and oncotic

pressure

Transport processes in systems and tissues

Molecular events: the role of calcium in regulation of cell processes

Normal nutritional requirements

General metabolic response to trauma and sepsis

2. Nerve and muscle

Structure and function of nerve cell

Resting membrane potential, action potential and its propagation,

synaptic potentials

The motor unit, neuromuscular junction and molecular events

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Smooth muscle

Pain and its control

3. Autonomic nervous system

Organization and anatomy, cholinergic transmission, adrenergic

transmission

4. Blood

Composition and function of blood

Iron metabolism, erythropoesis and anaemia

Plasma components

Blood groups

Blood clotting and fibrinolysis

5. Respiratory system

Respiratory mechanisms including lung mechanics, volumes

and control of ventilations

Pulmonary blood flow including ventilation-perfusion ratio

CO2 and O2 transport, carriage and distribution

Gas exchange in lung

Assessment of pulmonary function

Respiratory failure and other common derangements of

respiratory function

Oxygen therapy and ventilatory support

6. Cardiovascular system

Blood pressure

The cardiac cycle

Control, excitation and conduction in heart

Control of circulation

Blood vessels and transcapillary exchange, measurement of blood

flow

Pathophysiology and management of shock

7. Acid-base balance / metabolism

PH-buffers-acid-base balance

Bicarbonate/CO2 buffer

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Disturbances of acid-base balance

Nutrition

8. Renal system

Renal circulation

Glomerular filtration

Tubular function

Salt and water: hormonal control and water balance

Kidney in control of acid-base balance

Renin-angiotensin system

Disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance

9. Endocrine system

Hormones, receptors and secondary messengers

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system

Adrenal cortex, synthesis of glucocorticoids and steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

Calcium and phosphate homeostasis

Carbohydrate metabolism: pancreatic hormones

10. Central nervous system and special senses

Cerebrospinal fluid

Superficial senses, proprioception, monosynaptic and polysynaptic

reflexes, synaptic inhibition

Central processing of sensory input

Cerebellar function in motor control

Cerebral cortex in control of movement

Basal ganglia

Organization within cervical and thoracic spinal cord

4.1.1.3. Molecular and cell biology

Cellular biochemistry

Organization of cell organelle, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus; cell

to cell communication; ion and solute transport

Protein and acid nucleic synthesis: molecular biology

Connective tissue and extracelullar matrix

Collagen; synthesis/degradation

14

Basal lamina; collagen, laminin; Fibronektin; Proteoglikans; Glycoprotein

Receptor, signal transduction and second messenger

Adenylate cylase, hormone receptor, protein-F, phosphoinosystide system

Atrial natriuretics factor

Active oxygen species

Free radical and H2O2, scavenger; lipid peroxidase, phospholipase A

Ecosanoids

Prostaglandins, Leukotrines

Enzymes that metabolize drugs (cytochrome P450 and multifunction oxidase

group)

4.1.1.4. Pathology

1. Inflammation

Acute inflammation: chemical and cellular mechanisms

Wound healing

Chronic inflammation: granulomata, granulation tissue, ulceration,

immune mechanisms, chemical mediators in response to infection and

tissue injury

Graft rejection

2. Disturbances of growth

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia

3. Degenerations

Calcification, hyaline, amyloid

4. Aging

Mechanisms including apoptosis

5. Neoplasia

Morphological and cellular characteristics of benign versus malignant

tumours

Carcinogenesis

Gene control

Oncogenes

Effects of irradiation and cytotoxic drugs

Environmental factors

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6. Vascular disorders

Atheroma

Thrombosis

Embolism

Ischaemia and infarction

Hypertension

Aneurysms

Diabetes

Angiogenesis

7. Shock and trauma

Response to surgical, chemical and radiation trauma

Principles of the pathological effects of head injury

4.1.1.5. Microbiology

1. Principle of infection

2. Culture media

3. Bacteria

Gram staining and classification

Exotoxins and endotoxins

Mechanism of virulence and pathogenicity

Synergistic infections

Antibiotics: including mechanisms of action, bacterial resistance

Host defence mechanisms against bacterial infection

4. Viruses

Classification

Structure and replication

Host defence against viral infection

Antiviral agents: mechanism of action

Laboratory methods for viral detection

5. HIV and AIDS

Classification, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV

infection

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Opportunistic infections

Anti-HIV agents

6. Fungi

Classification

Host factors which predispose to fungal infection

Antifungal agents

7. Others

Toxolasmosis

Chlamydia

Acanthamoeba

Helminthic infections

Antimicrobials

4.1.1.6. Immunology

Innate and acquired immunity

Effector mechanisms of immune response

Humoral immunity and antibody class and function

Cellular immunity

Immunity against microbes

T and B cells: cluster differentiation, phenotype, T and B cell activation

MHC antigens, antigen presenting cells and antigen processing

Immune mechanism of tissue damage

Interleukins, complements

Immunodeficiency and immunosuppression

Organ transplantation and pathophysiology of allograft rejection

4.1.1.7. Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Drug receptor and secondary messengers: cellular mechanisms of drug

action

Cholinergic and adrenergic systems

Serotonin

Histamine

Anti-inflammatory agents

Anti-infective agents

17

Immunosuppressants

Local anaesthetics

Analgesics

Mechanisms of drug toxicity

4.1.1.8. Genetics

Chromosomes and cell division

Methods of genetic analysis

Mandelian inheritance

X-linked inheritance

Mitochondrial inheritance

Linkage analysis, disequilibrium and population genetics

Chromosome mapping

Gene mutations

Oncogenes and genetics of malignancy

Principles of gene therapy

4.1.2. Ocular Sciences

4.1.2.1. Anatomy of visual and ocular system

Orbit and paranasal sinuses

Ocular appendages

Eyeball

Surface anatomy as seen under slit lamp

Extraocular muscles

Orbital nerves

Visual pathway

Orbital autonomic system

Embryology of the eye

4.1.2.2. Physiology of visual and ocular system

Function of eyelid

Lacrimal apparatus

Physiology of cornea

Somatic sensation

Control of ocular movement and extraocular muscles

Ocular circulation

Aqueous humour

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Intraocular pressure

Vitreous

Lens

Pupil and accommodation

Retina and optic nerve

Photochemistry

Electrical phenomenon in the retina

Physiology of visual pathway

Colour vision

Entoptic phenomenon

Binocular vision

Visual adaptation

Time related visual function

4.1.2.3. Introduction to ocular pathology

1. To describe ocular anatomy and to identify the histology of major

structures of the eye e.g. conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber

angle, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous, retina, retinal pigment

epithelium, choroid and optic nerve

2. To describe basic pathophysiology of the common disease processes

of the eye and to identify the major histological findings of each e.g.

wound healing, infection, inflammation, neoplasm

3. To identify the histology of important intraocular and adnexal diseases

e.g. endophthalmitis, retinoblastoma, choroidal melanoma, microbial

keratitis

4. To describe common basic ophthalmic-related immunology

4.1.2.4. Basic optics and principles of ophthalmic instruments

1. Physical Optics

Features of light

Defraction

Interefens

Resolution

Polarization

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Refraction

Transmission and resorption

Photometry

Laser

2. Geometry Optics

Reflection

Refraction

Prisms

Spherical lenses

Astigmatic lenses

Optical prescription

Identification of lenses

Aberration of optical systems

3. Introduction to Clinical Optics

Ocular optic

Refraction by the eye

Reduced schematic eye

Pupillary response (Styles Crowford effect)

Visual acuity

Contrast sensitivity

Catoptric images

Emmetropia

Accomodation

Perkinje image

Principle of pinhole

4. Instruments

Direct ophthalmoscope

Indirect ophthalmoscope

Retinoscope

Simple magnification glass (Loupe)

Focimeter

Lensometer

Automated refractometer

Slit lamp microscope – including technique of examination

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Keratometer

Applanation tonometer

Corneal pachymeter

Specular microscope

Principle of zoom lens

Operating microscope

Gonioscope

Hruby lens, 90D etc.

Fundus lenses (Panfunduscope lens and Goldmann)

Fundus camera

Synoptophore

Stereoscopic test

Lees screen / Hess chart

5. Principles of LASER in Ophthalmology

Basic concept

Argon Laser

Nd:YAG laser

Excimer laser, diode, krypton and CO2 laser

Historical aspect

Lenses use in LASER therapy

6. Ultrasound in Ophthalmology

Principle of sound wave

A-scan and B-scan

Diagnostic ultrasound

4.1.2.5. Clinical refraction

Ametropia

Accommodation disorders

Refractive error

Ametropia correction

Glasses problem in aphakic patient

The effect of glasses and contact lens to accommodation and convergence

Effective power of lenses

Back vertex distance

Spectacle magnification

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Intraocular lens power calculation

Presbyopia

Low visual aids

Retinoscopy

Subjective refraction

Back vertex distance calculation

Accommodative power

Interpupillary distance

Lens decentration and prismatic effect

Advantages of lens

Glass prescription to children

Cycloplegic refraction

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4.2. PHASE II and III

4.2.1.

Clinical ophthalmic pathology

Inflammation and immune related eye disease

Ocular inflammation – specific and idiopathic

Sympathetic ophthalmia

Pathology of external eye

Eyelid growth and lesion

Uveal tract growth

Lens disorders

Retinal degenerative diseases

Retinal vascular diseases

Neuroepithelial growth

Glaucoma

Optic nerve lesion

Phacomatosis

Lymphoid tissue growth

Congenital defect

Injury and surgical trauma

4.2.2. External eye disease

Eyelids inflammatory disease and pseudotumour

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Ophthalmia neonatorum

Follicular conjunctivitis

Phlyctenulosis conjunctivitis

Vernal conjunctivitis

Conjunctival growth

Therapeutic hydrogel lens

Skin and mucous membrane bullous disorder

Lacrimal drainage system

Diagnosis and treatment of dry eye

4.2.3. Uveal disease

Fluorescein angiography

Uveitis work-up

Uveal biopsy

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Ocular albinism

General facts in uveitis

Pathogenesis of uveitis

Aetiology of uveitis

Treatment of uveitis

Bacterial uveitis (including tuberculosis and syphilis)

Viral uveitis

Uveitis – presumed viral aetiology

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis

Mycotic uveitis

Toxoplasmosis

Uveitis and parasites

Uveitis and general diseases

Hypersensitivity uveitis

Postoperative uveitis

Paediatric uveitis

Other types of uveitis

Trauma: laceration and hemorrhage

Trauma: inflammation

Ciliochoroidal effusion

Iris atrophy and degeneration

Choroidal atrophy and degeneration

Uveal tumours

4.2.4. Retinal disease

Fluorescein angiography

Clinical visual electrophysiology

Colour vision

Congenital fundus disorder

Hereditary macular dystrophy

Retinal inflammatory disease

Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis

Hypertension and arteriosclerosis

Retinal periphlebitis

Sickle cell retinopathy

Blood dyscrasia retinopathy

Retinopathy of prematurity

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Age related macular degeneration

Systemic lupus erythematosus retinopathy

Vascular fundal disorder

Acquired maculopathies

Primary retinal degeneration

Choroideremia and gyrate atrophy

Retinal degenerative disease

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Retinopathy related to metabolic disorder

Diabetic retinopathy

Blunt trauma to the posterior segment

Intraocular tumours

Toxic retinopathy

Radiation retinopathy

Changes and diseases of vitreous

4.2.5. Lens disease

Examination and measurement of lenses

Types of cataracts and complication of cataract

Congenital lens disorders

4.2.6. Orbital disease

Introduction to orbital diseases and technique of examination

Radiology of orbit

CT-scan of orbit

Introduction to ophthalmic ultrasound

Ocular and orbital ultrasonography

Neuro-ophthalmic view of orbital diseases

Congenital orbital disorders and growth abnormalities

Cystic tumour

Introduction to ultrastructure, inflammation and neoplasia

Eye and orbital changes in Graves disease

Vascular tumour, malformation and degeneration

Lymphoma, plasma, histogytic and haemopoitic

Lacrimal gland tumour

Neurogenic tumour

Optic nerve glioma

25

Rhabdomyoscarcoma

Mesenchyme and fibro-osseous tumour

Orbital metastasis tumour

Orbital bone fracture

4.2.7. Visual pathway disease

Diagnosis: prechiasma

Diagnosis: optic chiasma

Diagnosis: retrochiasma and cortical function

Extraocular movement and technique of data recording

Supranuclear and ocular motility disorder

Nystagmus and ocular movement

Infranuclear and ocular motility disorder

Congenital optic disc disease

Pupil and accommodation

Aneurysm, A-V malformation and other related vascular disease

Migraine

4.2.8. Ocular motility disease

Extraocular muscle and extraocular movement

Nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles

Supranuclear area and extraocular movement

Binocular single vision

Alignment

Vergence

Sensorial adaptation in strabismus

Sensorial tests

Amblyopia

Treatment of sensorial adaptation and amblyopia

Concomitant esodeviation

Concomitant exodeviation

Monofixation syndrome

Concomitant vertical deviation

A and V pattern

Oblique muscle dysfunction

Dissociated vertical deviation

Cranial nerve palsies

26

Trauma and ophthalmoplegia syndrome

4.2.9. Glaucoma

Use of gonioscopy

Aqueous humor dynamics

Tonography and tonometry

Visual field changes

Congenital glaucoma

Primary open angle glaucoma

Primary angle closure glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma

Glaucoma and cataract

Changes in glaucoma treatment

Glaucoma surgery

Problems in glaucoma treatment

Postoperative hypotony

4.2.10. Medical ophthalmology and neuro-ophthalmology / neurosurgery

Ocular manifestation of endocrine and metabolic diseases

Cardiovascular disease

Haematology disease

Respiratory disease

Connective tissue disease

Allergy and immunology of external eye disease

Muscle and bone disease

Dietary and gastrointestinal disease

Renal disease

Infection and inflammatory disease

Metastasis to the eye and ocular adnexa

Chromosomal disease

Phacomatosis

Perinatal ophthalmology

Glaucoma and systemic disease

Cataract and systemic disease

Retinal disorder and systemic disease

Corneal disorder and systemic disease

Systemic and ocular manifestation in child abuse

27

4.2.11. Preventive ophthalmology

Introduction to preventive ophthalmology

Causes of blindness

Epidemiology of blindness

Eye screening programme

Ocular surgery in developing countries

Preventive methodology

Food-blindness: xeropthalmia and keratomalacia

Pathogenesis and prevention of trachoma

Onchocerciasis

Ocular leprosy

Epidemiology and clinical research

Statistics in clinical research

4.2.12. Therapeutics

Drugs used in treating ocular diseases

Ocular side effects of systemic drugs

4.2.13. Paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus

Ocular congenital defects

Hereditary diseases

Paediatric eye diseases, orbit and visual pathway diseases

Ocular manifestation of paediatric diseases

Refractive error and ambylopia

Anisometropia

Allergic conjunctivitis

Congenital ptosis

Type of strabismus

Management of strabismus

Principle of strabismus surgery

Retinopathy of prematurity

4.2.14. Ophthalmic surgeries

Principles of ophthalmic surgeries

Preoperative assessment

Techniques in operation theatre

Instruments, suture and technique of suturing

28

Cryotherapy, laser surgery, diathermy and cautery

Lids surgery

Extraocular muscle surgery

Lacrimal system surgery

Orbital surgery

Reconstructive surgery

Complications of surgery

Postoperative treatment

4.2.15. Others

Tests for ophthalmic disease including CT-scan and MRI

Ocular trauma

Genetic counseling

Rehabilitation for blinds

Current views and issues

5

Text & References

30

The following is a recommended reading list for trainees. However, trainees are encouraged to

read other books and also glean knowledge from articles in major ophthalmic journals.

5.1. BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES

1. Review of Medical Physiology. Ganong, Appleton and Lange

2. General Pathology. Walter & Israel, Churchill Livingstone

3. Methods of Anatomy – A Clinical Problem - Solving approach. Williams and

Wilkins

4.

Immunology. Churchill Livingstone

5.2. BASIC OCULAR SCIENCE

1.

2.

Basic Sciences Section from the American Academy of Ophthalmology

Series

THE EYE, Basic Sciences in Practice. Forrester J, Dick A et al. Saunders

5.3. OCULAR ANATOMY

1. Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. Woff & Warwick, Saunders

2. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. Richard Snell, Michael A Lemp, Blackwell

5.4. OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

1. Adler’s Physiology of the Eye. Moses & Hart Mosby

5.5. OCULAR PATHOLOGY

1. Greer’s Ocular Pathology. David Lucas, Blackwell Scientific Publication

2. Ocular Histology a text and atlas. Fine and Yanoff, Harper & Row

3.

4.

Ocular Pathology. D Apple, M Rabb. Moby

Ophthalmic Pathology. Weng Sehu, William R Lee, Blackwell Publishing

5.6.

5.7..

REFRACTION

1. Duke Elder’s Practice of Refraction

2. Clinical Optics. AR Elkington & HJ Frank, Blackwell

3. Optic & Refraction (Section of the American Academy of Ophthalmology

Series)

GENERAL OPHTHALMOLOGY

1. Clinical Sciences (Section of the American Academy of Ophthalmology

Series)

31

2. A Manual for the beginning Ophthalmology Resident American Academy

Ophthalmology

3. Clinical Ophthalmology. JJ Kanski, Butterworth-Heinemann

4. Ophthalmology Principles and Concepts. Newell, Mosby

5. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Albert & Jakobiec, Saunders

6. General Ophthalmology. Vaughan, Asbury, Tabbara, Lange Pub

7. Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology. Spalton, Hitchings & Hunter

8. Clinical Ophthalmology – An Asian Perspective. Saunders-Elsevier

5.8. OCULAR MOTILITY AND STRABISMUS

1. Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Marshall Parks, Harper & Row

2. Atlas of Strabismus. Von Noorden

3. Manual of Strabismus Surgery. Caroline MacEwen & Richard Gregson,

Butterworth Heinemann

5.9. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY

1. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 5th Edition The Essential,

Neil R. Miller, Nancy J. Newman, William & Wilkins

2. Neuro-ophthalmology 3rd Edition, Joel S. Glaser, Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins

3. Neuro-ophthalmology Review Manual 2nd Edition, Frank J. Bajandas,

Lanning B. Kline, SLACK Incorporated

5.10. MEDICAL RETINA AND UVEITIS

1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row

2. Retina Vol I,II,III. Edited by S Ryan, CV Mosby

3. Ballantyne’s Textbook of the Fundus of the Eye. Michaelson, Churchill

Livingstone

4. Atlas of Inflammatory Eye Diseases. Saunders-Elsevier

5. Laser- Its Clinical Uses in Eye Diseases. PG Lim

5.11. GLAUCOMA

1. Becker’s Shaeffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucoma. Kolker,

Herherington

2. The Secondary Glaucoma. R Ritch, B Shields

3. Clinical Guide to Glaucoma Management, Eve J Higginbotham and David A

Lee, Butterworth-Heineman 2003

32

4. Atlas of Glaucoma. Neil T Choplin. Informahealth care 2007

5. Glaucoma: Science and Practice. John C Morrison and Irvin P Pollack. Pg

Books

6. Becker-Shaffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucoma, 8th edition, Robert

L Stamper, Marc F Lieberman, Michael V Drake. Elsevier 2005

7. Shield’s Textbook of Glaucoma, 5th edition. R.Rand Allingham, Karim Damji,

Sharon Freedman, Sayoko Moroi, George Shatranov. Lippincott Williams

and Wilkins 2005

8. Glaucoma: Color Atlas & synopsis of clinical ophthalmology. Wills Eye

Hospital Series. McGraw Hill/SLACK 2003

5.12. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA

1. Disease of the Cornea. M Grayson

2. Cornea, 2004. Jay H. Krachmer, Mark J. Mannis, Edward J. Holland

3. The art of LASIK, 2nd Edition. Jeffery J. Machat, Louis E. Probst, Stephen

G. Slade

4. LASIK: Fundamentals, Surgical Techniques and Complications. Dimitri T. Azar, Douglas Koch

5.13. DISEASES OF THE ORBIT


2. Diseases of The Orbit – A Multidisciplinary Approach. Jack Rootman

3. Orbital Tumors – Diagnosis and Treatment. Zeynel A. Karcioglu

4. Orbital Fractures – Diagnosis, Operative Treatment & Secondary

Corrections. P.Tessier

5. Imaging of The Globe and Orbit. A Guide to Differential Diagnosis. Norbert

Hosten

6. Oculofacial Plastic Surgery. John L. Wobig

5.14. DISEASES OF THE LENS


5.15. EXTERNAL EYE DISEASES


33

5.16. SYSTEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY

1. Ophthalmology in Internal Medicine. Chumbley, Sauders Co

2. Systemic Inflammatory Diseases and the Eye. Dining & Wright

3. The Eye in systemic Diseases. Gold & Weingeist, Lippincott

5.17. PAEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY

1. Paediatric Ophthalmology Practice. Helvestone, Ellis

2. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Kenneth W. Wright & Peter

H.Spiegel, Springer

3. Practical Paediatric Ophthalmology. D. Taylor, Blackwell Publishing

5.18. PREVENTIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY


5.19. OPHTHALMIC SURGERY

1. Strallard’s Eye Surgery. Roper-Hall, Lippincott

2. A Manual of Systemic Eyelid Surgery. Collin, Churchill Livingstone

3. Retinal of Strabismus Surgery. Chignell, Springerverlag

4. Cataract Surgery and its Complications. N Jaffe, Mosby

5. Atlas of Strabismus Surgery. E Halvestone

6. Laser, its Clinical Used in Eye Diseases. Lim, Constable, Churchill

Livingstone

7. Corneal Surgery. T Casey

8. Atlas of Vitreoretinal Surgery. Freeman, Tolention. Thieme Publishing

9. Advances in Ocular Surgery. Jakobiec, Sigelman. Saunders

5.20. EMERGENCY PHARMACOLOGY

1. Handbook of Ocular Emergencies. Gombos

5.21. OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY

1. Ocular Pharmacology. Havener

5.22. LIST OF JOURNALS

1. American Journal of Ophthalmology*

2. Annals of Ophthalmology*

3. Archives of Ophthalmology*

4. Asian Journal of Ophthalmology

34

5. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology

6. British Journal of Ophthalmology*

7. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology

8. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye

9. Cornea

10. Current Eye Research

11. Eye*

12. European Journal of Ophthalmology

13. Eye & Contact Lens

14. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology

15. Journal of AAPOS

16. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

17. Journal of Glaucoma

18. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

19 Journal of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus*

20. Journal of Paediatric Ophthalmology

21. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

22. International Ophthalmology

23. International Journal of Ophthalmology

24. Ocular Epidemiology

25. Ophthalmic Genetics

26. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

27. Ophthalmic Surgery and Laser*

28. Ophthalmology*

29. Orbit

30. Retina

31. Survey of Ophthalmology

*Available in Hamdan Tahir Library, USM, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan

Members of the Ophthalmological Society of MMA can also get access to these journals

via Science Direct, using a common user id and password which can be obtained from the

society’s Honorary Secretary:

1. Survey of Ophthalmology

2. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

3. American Journal of Ophthalmology

6

Duties of a Trainee

36

6.1. TEACHING PROGRAM

The department has planned various teaching activities for the whole academic year. These include,

a) Phase I

- Basic science classes, clinical refraction, intensive courses and mock exams.

b) Phase II and III

- Lectures, case discussions, X-ray conferences, journal clubs, grand ward rounds,

surgical procedures, audits, short courses, clinical presentations, essay writings, viva

and exam preparatory courses.

Thursday is declared an official academic day for all the trainees where numerous academic

activities are conducted. X-ray conference is conducted every fortnightly with the collaboration of

Department of Radiology. Journal clubs, audits, case discussions, grand ward rounds, clinical

presentations, essay writings and viva are scheduled on rotational basis.

Department is also organizing the following activities,

a) Short courses at regular intervals, with distinguished local and international speakers

b) Intensive courses, exam preparatory courses and mock examinations

The intensive courses are conducted twice a year with the presence of visiting professor and in-

house lecturers. The trainees are expected to have a satisfactory preparation before hand.

Attendance is compulsory to everyone. Postgraduate Coordinator and Academic Registrar are

responsible to ensure that the teaching activities run as planned. It is the responsibilities of all

trainees to gain maximum knowledge during this training program and become a competent and safe

ophthalmologist to serve the mankind.

Postgraduate Office of School of Medical Sciences, USM has been conducted courses at frequent

intervals, that include,

a) Good Clinical Practice & Bioethics and Communication Skill

b) Bio-Statistic & Research Methodology

These courses are aimed to help the trainees in preparation of their research projects.

Trainees are also encouraged to attend local and international ophthalmology conferences to gain

further knowledge, and develop good interpersonal and social skills to be able to work as a team and

help each other in clinical and academic works.

37

6.2. SCHEDULE

There are specified time frames for all the academic activities for Year I to Year IV trainees. It is

expected that the trainee understands and follows the individual schedule. Failure to adhere to the

specified schedule below may result in trainees being barred from sitting for the examinations.

6.2.1. General planner for assessment and courses

YEAR MONTH PROGRESS POSTING / COURSES

1 1 JUN Orientation - 1 week

2 JULY

3 AUG Progress Interview

4 SEPT

5 OCT

6 NOV

7 DEC

8 JAN

9 FEB Bioethics & Communication Skill (3 days)

10 MAR Progress Interview Intensive Course / Mock Exam (1 week)

11 APR

12 MAY Phase I Examination

2 1 JUN

2 JULY Protocol Presentation

3 AUG

4 SEPT Progress Interview

5 OCT Good Clinical Practice Course (1 week)

6 NOV

7 DEC Submission of First Manuscript

8 JAN

9 FEB Bio-Statistic & Research Methodology

10 MAC Progress Interview

11 APR

12 MAY

3 1 JUN Submission of 2nd Manuscript

2 JULY


4 SEPT Intensive Course / Mock Exam - 1 week

5 OCT

6 NOV Obtain Ethical Approval

7 DEC

8 JAN

9 FEB


11 APR

12 MAY Phase II Examination

4 1 JUN

2 JULY


4 SEPT

5 OCT

6 NOV Submission of Dissertation

7 DEC

8 JAN Elective Posting

9 FEB Submission of Publications Elective Posting


11 APR

12 MAY Phase III Examination

38

6.3. DISSERTATION

Trainees are required to conduct a research project as a partial fulfillment to be conferred the degree

of the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) of USM.

6.3.1. Writing a proposal

Trainees are expected to discuss the dissertation topic with the respective supervisor. A 2500-

word of research proposal (word format, font of Times New Roman, 12 pitch) should cover the

followings,

i) Topic

The chosen topic should be concise and clear.

ii) Introduction and literature review

Outline the previous works in the related topic and explain the necessity of

conducting the proposed project. Elaborate on the added value and potential gain of

the research project.

iii) Objective

Clearly define the general and specific objective of the study. Research hypothesis

or research questions should be listed if applicable.

iv) Methodology

This should include the details of study design, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria,

sample size calculation, definition of terms, details of methodology, methods to

minimize errors, instruments used, research flow chart, gantt chart, milestone and

dummy tables.

v) Data collection sheet and consent

Data collection sheet and consent in English and Bahasa Malaysia must be prepared

accordingly.

v) References

A minimum of 20 references are required.

Trainees are required to submit the research proposal to the department one week before the

date of presentation. The trainees will then present (in power point format) their proposal to the

department. A second presentation to the medical statisticians will be arranged soon by the

Postgraduate Coordinator.

39

6.3.2. Ethical approval

Trainees are required to complete the Ethical Approval Form and submit to the Research and

Development (R & D) Office, School of Medical Sciences, USM. Approvals from Head,

Department of Ophthalmology and Dean, School of Medical Sciences are mandatory. Trainees

should enquire the guidance from the supervisor to complete this task.

Research projects require approval from:

i) Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, USM

ii) Ethical Committee of USM

iii) Animal Ethics Committee of USM (if applicable)

The Ethical Approval Certificate should be obtained at least 6 months before the Phase II

Examination and a copy should be submitted to the Postgraduate Coordinator

(Ophthalmology). The dateline is on 31 May or 30 November of each academic year. Failure to

adhere to this policy will result in trainees being barred from sitting for the Phase II

Examination.

6.3.3. Research grant

Trainees are strongly encouraged to produce a world class quality of research. A maximum of

RM 40 000.00 financial aid can be applied from the Short Term USM Grant or other grants

such as FRGS, RU, IRPA Grant etc via the supervisors. Each supervisor is limited to 2 Short

Term USM grants at one time. Application of research university and external grants are highly

encouraged.

6.3.4. Data collection

Trainees are expected to conduct their dissertation projects with ethics and professionalism

within the expected time frame. Approval from Head of Department should be obtained if field

works are required, especially school screening or visit to other hospitals or institution.

Collaboration and networking such as with other faculty, Ministry of Health, Ministry of

Education etc. are strongly encouraged.

6.3.5. Dissertation report

Manuscripts should be typed using Times New Roman 12, double spacing, 3 mm margins on

either side and printed on A4 white paper. Spelling should comply with the concise Oxford

English Dictionary. The trainees are allowed to submit either standard or alternative format of

dissertation report. Supervisor (s) need to be informed about either format of submission by

the trainees.

40

Standard Format

i) Title Page

This is the first page and should include;

the research topic

name of the trainee

USM logo

Statement of ‘Dissertation Submitted for Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of

Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology)’

Year of submission

ii) Disclaimer

It is the responsible of a trainee to disclaim his/her research work honestly.

iii) Acknowledgements

Those research projects that have been funded by university grants are expected to

acknowledge the financial aid received. Most researchers convey appreciations to

those who have involved or contributed in the study.

iv) Table of Contents

The table lists the chapters, topics and subtopics with the page numbers. Topics and

subtopics are labeled accordingly. For example, the first topic in chapter 1 is marked

as 1.1. and first subtopic is labeled as 1.1.1. The use of letters in parenthesis (for

example 1.2.2. (a)) is appropriate as a means of differentiating subtopics of the same

topic.

1.0. Introduction

1.1. xxx

1.1.1. xxx

1.1.2. xxx

1.2. xxx

1.2.1. xxx

1.2.2. xxx

1.2.2. (a) xxx

1.2.2. (b) xxx

2.0. Objective

3.0. Material and Methods

4.0. Result

5.0. Discussion

41

v) List of Table

The list includes the title of tables with the page numbers, which are listed in the text

or appendix. The numbering system is similar to the table of contents. All tables

should be in Arabic form.

vi) List of Figure

The list includes the title of figures with the page numbers, which are listed in the text

or appendix. The numbering system is similar to the table of contents. All figures

should be in Arabic form.

vii) List of Abbreviation

Abbreviation should be specifically defined before they are used in the text.

viii) Abstract

It summarizes the objective, methodology, result and conclusion of the research

project. It should be written in English and Bahasa Malaysia, and should not exceed

250 words.

ix) Introduction

This chapter explains the background of the research projects, literature review, gap

of the knowledge and rationale of conducting the project.

x) Objective

The general and specific objective of the study should be defined clearly. Research

hypothesis or research questions should be listed if applicable.

xi) Methodology

This should include the details of study design, time frame, study population, study

venue, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, sample size calculation, definition of

terms, details of methodology, methods to minimize errors, list of instruments and

statistical analysis employed. The research grant details including number and

amount of money, and date of ethical approval should be written clearly.

xii) Result

Results and data analysis are presented in the text and tables or figures. Trainees

are not allowed to present the same result in both table and figure. This chapter

should not include any part of methodology or discussion points.

42

xiii) Discussion

This chapter contains the interpretation of the results and analysis of the data. The

outcomes of the research should be compared and contrasted with those previous

studies in the literature. Assumptions and postulations are accepted. Limitation of the

study and recommendations should be included. Trainees are discouraged from

repeating the results again in this chapter.

xiv) Conclusion

Conclusions are made based on the objectives of the research projects. They should

be concise and clear.

xv) References

All previous studies referred to in the research report in the form of quotations or

citations must be included. They should be listed according to Harvard format/style.

The followings are examples;

Journal article

Noguchi, T., Kitawaki, J., Tamura, T., Kim, T., Kanno, H., Yamamoto, T., et al. (1993).

Relationship between aromatase activity and steroid receptor levels in ovarian tumors from

postmenopausal women. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4-6), 657-

660.

Conference paper in published proceedings

Borgman, C. L., Bower, J., & Krieger, D. (1989). From hands-on science to hands-on

information retrieval. In J. Katzer, & G. B. Newby (Eds.), Proceedings of the 52nd ASIS annual

meeting: Vol.26. Managing information and technology (pp. 96-100). Medford, NJ: Learned

Information.

Book

Moore, M. H., Estrich, S., McGillis, D., & Spelman, W. (1984). Dangerous offenders: the

elusivetarget of justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Chapter in book

Vygotsky, L. S. (1991). Genesis of the higher mental functions. In P. Light, S. Sheldon, &

M.Woodhead (Eds.), Learning to think (pp. 32-41). London: Routledge.

Report/working paper

Birney, A. J., & Hall, M. M. (1981). Early identification of children with written language

difficulties (Report No. 81-502). Washington D.C.: National Educational Association.

43

xvi) List of Appendix

Specific items which are not included in the main text should be listed in the

appendix. These include,

Consent form in English and Bahasa Malaysia

Data collection sheets, research questionnaires and letter of

appointment/approval (if applicable)

Additional illustrations that are large or long to be placed in the main text

Raw data

It should be labeled as Appendix A, B, C etc. Each appendix needs to be listed in the

table of contents. Each table or figure is numbered and listed in the list of table or list

of figure accordingly.

Alternative Format

i till ix) Similar as in the standard format.

x) Introduction

xi) Manuscript

This includes title page, abstract, introduction, methodology, result, discussion,

conclusion and references.

x) Dissertation Protocol

The original research protocol that was approved earlier at the department/school

level must be attached. This includes Ethical Approval Letter and informed consent.

xi) Selected Journal Format

The trainees are suggested to follow format of Malaysian Journal of Medical

Sciences. Other journals are also accepted.

6.3.6. Submission of dissertation report

Trainees are expected to have regular meetings with the supervisor during conducting and

writing the dissertation report. The report should be submitted to the supervisor/co-supervisor

one month before the date line. Use of plagiarism detection program (i.e. Turnitin Software) is

required before final submission of the dissertation report.

The dateline of submission of the dissertation report to the Postgraduate Office, School of

Medical Sciences, USM is on 15 June or 15 December. Failure to comply will result trainees

being barred from sitting for the Phase III Examination.

44

6.3.7. Assessment by internal examiners

Each dissertation report will be evaluated by 2 or 3 internal examiners appointed by the

university. The examiners are the experts of the field, either from USM, other teaching

institutions or from the Ministry of Health. Satisfactory dissertations will be sent to the external

examiner by the Postgraduate Office. Poorly written/unsatisfactory dissertation will be returned

to the trainees for corrections and amendments. A repeat submission of the dissertation report

within 2 weeks time to the Postgraduate Office is mandatory. The corrected dissertation will be

evaluated again by the internal examiners.

6.3.8. Assessment by external examiner

The final evaluation will be done during the Phase III Examination by the external examiner

appointed by the university. This include;

i) Oral Presentation (20 minutes)

ii) Viva (20 minutes)

6.3.9. Final submission of dissertation report

The final copy of dissertation report should contain the amendments suggested during the

Phase III Examination. Three hard copies are required to be submitted to the department

before the final working day.

i) Binding

The title, author, USM logo, Statement of ‘Submission for Partial Fulfillment of the

Degree of Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology)’ and year of submission must be

printed on the front cover. Cover of the hardbound copies should be dark red or

maroon and made from Rexene. The letters for the front cover should be printed in

gold of font size 15 and upper case letters.

ii) Paper and Duplicating

Manuscript should be printed on high quality of A4 paper. Figures are printed in color

on paper with good quality. Computer pin-feed printout paper and duplicating with

carbon copies are not permitted.

iii) Printing quality

Font of Times New Roman, 12 pitch should be employed. A high quality laser or ink-

jet printer should be used for printing.

45

iv) Line Spacing

Double spacing should be used for typing. Single-spacing is only permitted in tables

and references.

v) Page Numbering

All page numbers should be printed at the centre of the bottom margin.

6.3.10. Publication

Approved dissertation reports or parts of the content are allowed for publication. A trainee with

approval of the supervisor shall publish paper(s) with due reference is made to the university

written in the manuscript.

46

6.4. SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION PROGRESS

This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.

Name:

Title:

No Progress Remarks

1. Preparation of proposal

2. Presentation of proposal

3. Date of ethical approval

(Certificate of ethical approval required)

4. Grant/Fund application

5. Data Collection

6. Writing up

7. Submission to Supervisor

8. Submission to Postgraduate Office

9. Presentation (Department level)

10. Comments by Supervisor

(Supervisor’s signature)

Name of Supervisor:

Date:

(Head of Department’s signature)

Name of HOD:

Date:

47

6.5. PUBLICATION

The trainees are required to submit 2 publications of either original article, case report, case series,

letter to editor, pilot study etc. It is essential for the trainees to discuss and plan their publications with

the supervisors. This exercise is aimed to provide exposure to the trainees regarding scientific

journal writings.

Trainees are encouraged to start writing their drafts soon as they pass their Phase I Examination.

The first drafts of 2 publications must be submitted to the supervisor not later than 3 months before

sitting for the Phase II Examination. All publications must be accepted by journals not later than 3

months before sitting for the Phase III Examination. The dateline is on 28 February or 30 August of

each academic year.

Trainees are encouraged to submit their work to indexed journals if possible. The merit points are

counted as 5 points for each publication. However, only the first author is eligible to claim for merit

points for case report and letter to editor, while the first two authors are able to claim merit points for

case series and original articles. This denotes that 2 trainees can work together in writing the case

series and original articles.

The correspondence author of the manuscript can be either the trainee or the supervisor. The

institution should be written as ‘Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti

Sains Malaysia’. Please ensure the spelling is correct. Common mistakes by the trainees include

Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Science of Malaysia, Universiti Science Malaysia etc.

Submission to the journals currently is made easy by online submission. However, there are still

journals require hard copy submissions. Letter of acceptance is considered a successful publication

prior to the actual printing.

The trainees, who are unable to write manuscript for publication will be required to submit 10 case

reports. The first draft of 10 case reports must be submitted to the supervisor not later than 3 months

before sitting for the Phase II Examination. The final 10 case reports must be handed to the

department not later than 3 months before sitting for the Phase III Examination. The dateline is

similar as above, 28 February or 30 August of each academic year.

48

6.5.1. Progress of publication

Either one of the following forms (where applicable, page 47 or 48) needs to be prepared and

presented by the trainee during progress interview.

Name :

Matric no:

No

Title of Publication

Submit to

Supervisor

(Date)

Submit to

Journal

Name/date)

Accept

(Date)

Publish

(Date)

Merit

Points

N.B: Please ensure that the front page of patient’s folder which has the patient’s particulars is included.

Recommendation from the supervisor,

On-going Progress.

2 first drafts have been submitted and the trainee shall be allowed to sit for Phase

II Examination if fulfils other requirement.

Incomplete number of publications. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II /

III Examination.

*Tick (/) in the appropriate box


Name of Supervisor:

Date:


Name of HOD:

Date:

49

6.5.2. Format of a case report/case series

Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling

should comply with the concise English Dictionary. Abbreviation should be specifically defined

before they are used in the text. All tables and figures should be in Arabic form.

Title page

This consists of a title, authors’ names and institution(s).

Abstract

This includes summary of the case or highlighting important facts and keywords.

Case report/case series

A relevant history of presenting illness, medical / ocular history, important ocular and systemic

examination findings, investigations and management including progression or outcome of the

patient patients are detailed out where relevant.

Discussion

This includes provisional/differential diagnosis, a short discussion and added value or

knowledge of the case.

References

Further details can be obtained from any journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.

6.5.3. Format of letter to editor


should comply with the concise English Dictionary. There is usually no specific format.

However the number of authors and references are limited.

Further details can be obtained from any journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.

50

6.5.4. Format of original article


should comply with the concise English Dictionary.

Introduction

This explains the background of topic, gap of the knowledge and aim of a study.

Material and Methods

This includes the details of study design, time frame, study population, study venue, inclusion

criteria, exclusion criteria, certain definition of terms, details of methodology, and statistical

analysis employed. It is essential to declare the ethical approval obtained from the local

committee and ensure the methodology adheres to the Helsinki Declaration of ARVO

Declaration (if applicable).

Results

Results should be presented clearly and systematically. Table or figure should be self

explainable.

Discussions

This refers to the interpretation of the results and analysis of the data. Appropriate and sound

comparisons with other published studies are expected. The strong point and added

knowledge of the study should be highlighted. Limitations of the study should be addressed.

References

Please adhere to specific journal instruction before submitting your manuscript.

51

6.6. SUMMARY OF SURGERY DONE & ASSISTED


Name: Matric No:

Date:


Name of Supervisor:

Date:


Name of HOD:

Date:

No. Surgery / Procedure Total

Done Assist Done Assist Done Assist

1 ECCE with PCIOL

2 ECCE with ACIOL

3 Phacoemulsification

4 Lens Aspiration with IOL

5 Lens Aspiration

6 Secondary IOL

7 Trabeculectomy

8 Triple Procedure

9 Dacryocystorhinostomy

10 Squint Surgery

11 Evisceration

12 Anterior Vitrectomy

13 Posterior Vitrectomy

14 RD Surgery (Ext. Approach)

15 RD Surgery (Int. Approach)

16 IOFB Removal

17 Cyclocryopexy

18 Cyclodiode

19 Ptosis Surgery

20 Ectropion/Entropion Correction

21 Eyelid T&S

22 Corneal/Scleral T&S

23 Corneal Graft

24 Pterygium Excision

25 Limbal/Conjunctival Graft

26 Etc. I&C

I&D

Vitreous Tap / Intravitreal Antibiotic

AC Washout

Orbital Implant

2 Post Capsulotomy

Iris Repositioning

Repositioning of IOL

Tarsorrhapy

Excision

TOTAL

52

6.7. SUMMARY OF PROGRAM & MERIT POINTS


Name:

In / Out Campus :

Semester:

6.7.1. Overall

Year Sem Oral/Poster

Presentation

Publications Dissertation

Progress

JEPeM Postings Awards

1 1

2

Exam

2 1

2

3 1

2

Exam

4 1

2

Merit

Points

53

Supervisor’s remarks:


On-going progress.

A minimum of 10 points are collected and the trainee shall be allowed to sit for

Phase III Examination if fulfils other requirements.

Incomplete merit points. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II / III

Examination.



Name of Supervisor:

Date:


Name of HOD:

Date:

54

6.7.2. Presentation

No Title Oral/Poster International /

Local

Authorship Points


On-going Progress.

A minimum of 5 points are collected and the trainee shall be allowed to sit

for Phase III Examination if fulfils other requirements.

Incomplete merit points. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II / III

Examination.



Name of Supervisor:

Date:


Name of HOD:

Date:

55

6.8. ANNUAL LEAVE

6.8.1. Annual leave

Each trainee is entitled to 14 days of annual leave per semester (6 months). Trainees are not

allowed to carry forward up to 1 year of his/her annual leave entitlement to the following year.

Trainees absent for more than 14 consecutive days for any reason will be barred from sitting

for his/her examination, this includes the medical leave.

6.8.2. Leave application

All leave application should be discussed with Team Registrar and approved by the Team

Lecturer. Leave applications will be then submitted to the Head of Department for final

approval 7 days prior.

Depending on the adequacy of manpower, usually one trainee may be allowed to apply for

leave at any one time. Should there be more than one trainee forecasting for leave at the

same period, the leave entitlement will be prioritized accordingly. Trainees are advised not to

take leave during their clinic days.

6.8.3. Unrecorded leave

Unrecorded leaves are awarded to trainees under the following circumstances,

i) To present in local/international ophthalmology conferences, approved by the

department. However, there is no travelling day allowed.

ii) Study leave of 14 days (including public holidays) prior to Phase I and II Examinations.

iii) Study leave of 7 days (including public holidays) prior to Phase III Examination.

6.8.4. Medical/Emergency leave

Trainees are expected to inform the Head of Department and the Team Lecturer about their

medical and emergency leave. However, the leave is considered as their annual leave that

they are entitled for.

6.8.5. Overseas leave

Trainees who plan to apply the overseas leave are required to obey the same format. The

leave application should be discussed with the Team Registrar and approved by Team

Lecturer. Leave applications will be then submitted to the Head of Department for final

approval 30 days prior.

7

Assessment

57

7.1. CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT

Assessments are carried out through the 4-year training program. It serves as guide to the trainees

on their expected achievement at different stages of the program. It is also used as prerequisite

criteria for sitting the Phase I, II, and III Examinations.

These continuous assessments will be performed at every 4 months by,

i) supervisor (s)

- This includes both supervisor(s) in university and Ministry of Health

ii) Specialist (s) of the team on rotational basis

- This includes the supervisor(s) in ophthalmology and neuro-ophthalmology postings

Component of the assessment includes academic knowledge, professional skills, interpersonal skills,

personality/attitude, continuing medical education, teaching and operating skills as in the following

form. This form will be sent directly to the Head of Department by the respective supervisor(s).

58

SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

MASTER OF MEDICINE ( Ophthalmology )

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * INSTRUCTION:

Please rate candidate’s performance/abilities in the following areas and return the completed form.

Scale : (1 - 4) (5 – 6) (7 – 8) (9 – 10)

Ranking : Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent

The pass mark is 50%. A. ACADEMIC

(Core knowledge, case presentation) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B. PROFESSIONAL SKILL

(Communication skill, clinical judgement and decision, emergency care) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

(Doctor/Patient relationship, team relationships) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SUPERVISOR’S REPORT FORM

Candidate’s name :

Hospital/Institution:

Specialty :

Dates of posting : To:

Phase/Year of study : Year of Admission:

59

D. PERSONALITY / ATTITUDE

(Sense of responsibility, initiative, leadership, honesty, enthusiasm, punctuality, professional conduct) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 E. CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION

(Participation in education program, journal reading, teaching skill)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 F. TEACHING SKILLS, PRACTICAL PROCEDURES (OPERATING SKILLS)

(Participation in education program, journal reading, teaching skill)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 OVERALL PERFORMANCE:

Total score = X 100 = % 60 Comments:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Specific recommendations:……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Supervisors Name: ………………………………………………………………………. Signature: ……………………………………….. Date: ……………………………… Head of Department: Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Signature: ……………………………………….. Date: ………………………………

Please return completed form to : Head, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan.

60

7.2. PROGRESS INTERVIEW

Progress interview are conducted by the department twice a year, tentatively in August and February

of each academic year (refer to page 37). Trainees are required to update the following documents,

i) Summary of dissertation progress (refer 6.4)

ii) Progress of publication (refer 6.5.1)

iii) Summary of surgery done & assisted (refer 6.6)

iv) Summary of program and merit points (refer 6.7.1. and 6.7.2)

It is a must for the trainees to get the supervisor’s signatures for the above listed documents before

attending the progress interview. It is mandatory for the trainees to attend the interview, though

he/she is on leave.

7.3. EVALUATION OF THE DISSERTATION PROGRESS

Trainees in Phase II and III are required to fill in the following evaluation form (refer page 60) at every

6 month period and submit to the supervisor. The supervisor will evaluate the research progress and

submit the evaluation result to the Postgraduate Office.

61

PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS PERUBATAN

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

RANCANGAN SARJANA PERUBATAN .......................................

Laporan Kemajuan Penyediaan Disertasi

(Setiap 6 bulan)

(Bagi Tempoh………………………. hingga…………….20……………….)

Bahagian l (Untuk disikan oleh calon)

A. Nama Calon : ………………………………………………………………..

No. Pendaftaran : ...............................................Tarikh Pendaftaran:.....................................

Tarikh Pengajian : 2 3 4 (sila tandakan)

Tajuk Disertasi :

..........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

Tarikh Kelulusan

JawatankuasaEtika PPSP : .......................................................................................................................

Nama Penyelia : ........................................................................................................................

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L10

62

B. Nyatakan tarikh setiap aktiviti yang telah/akan disempurnakan. Sila nyatakan juga jika ada pindaan tentang tarikh-

tarikh yang dinyatakan dahulu.

AKTIVITI

Fasa ll

1

Bincang dan tetapkan tajuk dan metodologi

2

Menyiapkan pengumpulan data

3

Menganalisakan data

Fasa lll

4

Draf telah disempurnakan (Sekiranya telah mula mendraf)

5

Kajian penyelidikan diselesaikan

6

Draf pertama disertasi yang lengkap ditulis dengan cara dan format yang

betul dikemukakan kepada penyelia

7

Draf diperakukan oleh penyelia

8

Disertasi diperiksa oleh pemeriksa

C. Sila nyatakan :

(a) Berapa kerap anda telah berhubung dengan penyelia sejak mula menderaf disertasi

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Masalah yang dihadapi

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Catatan lain / cadangan

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Tarikh:……………………………… Tandatangan:…………………

Calon dikehendaki menyerahkan disertasi yang memuaskan (selepas semakan Penyelia) enam bulan sebelum

Peperiksaan Ikhtisas II/Penilaian Fasa III yang mana berkaitan.

63

Bahagian II (Catatan Penyelia)

1. Sila tandakan ( /) pada petak berkenaan

(a) Kemajuan

calon

Kurang

Memuaskan

Sederhana Memuaskan Baik Sangat

Baik

1 2 3 4 5

(b)

Prestasi

Calon

1 2 3 4 5

2. Catatan lain (jika ada):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Saya mengesahkan bahawa saya telah melihat Bahagian (l) borang ini yang telah diisi oleh calon.

Tarikh: ………………………… Tandatangan :……………………………..

Nama Penyelia:…………………………….

Tarikh: ………………………....… Tandatangan :......................................

Ketua Jabatan :…………………………….

Perhatian: Laporan ini perlu dikembalikan ke Ketua Jabatan, Jabatan________________________,

64

7.4 EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAM It is expected for the trainees to evaluate the training program at the end of the program. The evaluation form should be returned to the Postgraduate Coordinator not later than one week after the Phase III Assessment.

DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE MASTERS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAMME

Name (Optional): ………………………………… 1. Please state your year of registration into the program (Month/Year) ………………………. 2. For following questions kindly rate the training program that you have gone through for your specialist qualification

according to the areas of concern using the scale below: 1 2 3 4 5 Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

No. Areas of concern

Score

1.

Training for clinical competence:

a. Decision making on patient management 1 2 3 4 5

b. Procedural skills e.g. FFA, fundus photo, lasers etc. 1 2 3 4 5

2.

Surgical skills technique and management of complications:

a. Adequate cases 1 2 3 4 5

b. Adequate supervisions 1 2 3 4 5

3.

Exposure to sub-specialty:

a. Orbit and oculoplasty 1 2 3 4 5

b. Cornea and anterior segment diseases 1 2 3 4 5

c. Glaucoma 1 2 3 4 5

d. Paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 1 2 3 4 5

e. Vitreo-retina 1 2 3 4 5

f. Medical retina and ocular Inflammations 1 2 3 4 5

g. Neuro-ophthalmology

1 2 3 4 5

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L11

65

4.

Teaching-learning activities:

a. Case presentations at department level 1 2 3 4 5

b. Ward rounds 1 2 3 4 5

c. Journal critical appraisal 1 2 3 4 5

d. Radiology conference 1 2 3 4 5

5.

Chance to participate in national/international ophthalmology conference

1

2

3

4

5

6.

Training for research

a. Planning and executing a study 1 2 3 4 5

b. Statistical analysis 1 2 3 4 5

c. Research presentation 1 2 3 4 5

d. Scientific writing and publications 1 2 3 4 5

7.

Academic supervision

1

2

3

4

5

8.

Community work involvement

1

2

3

4

5

3. Please rate the lecturers’ effectiveness in the fields concerned based on the scale provided 1 2 3 4 5

Poorly effective Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

a.

1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5

2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5

3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5

4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5

5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5

b.






c.






d.






66

e.






f.






g.






We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of the training of Ophthalmology in USM

8

Examination

68

8.1. PHASE I EXAMINATION

8.1.1. Prerequisite

a. Successfully completed one year posting

b. Satisfactory supervisor reports

c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports

d. Satisfactory intensive course attendance and examination results

8.1.2. Component

a. Theory – 50%

b. Clinical – 30%

c. Refraction – 20%

Section

Type

No. of Questions

Duration

% Marks

% Total marks

A MCQ I

60 questions (Basic Ophthalmology, Optics & Refraction)

2 hours

100

15

MCQ II 60 questions (Basic Ophthalmology, Optics & Refraction)

2 hours

100

15

Essay

8 short notes questions (Basic Ophthalmology)

2 hours 30 mins

100 20

Total for Theory

300 50

B

OSCE

10 stations (Basic Ophthalmology) 50 mins 100 15

Viva

1 session (Basic Ophthalmology) 30 mins 100 15

Total for Clinical

200 30

C

Clinical

1 case (Clinical Refraction) 30 mins 100 10

OSCE

4 stations (Optics & Refraction)

20 mins 100 10

Total for Refraction

200 20

Grand Total

700 100

A candidate is eligible to pass the Phase I Examination if he/she has obtained 50% or more of the

marks for each section (referring to section A, B and C).

A trainee who has failed the Phase I Examination may be permitted to a second attempt after a

period of 6 months, and final attempt after another 6 months. The Phase I Examination must be

passed not later than 24 months from the initial date of registration into the program. Failure of 3

attempts will automatically terminate the candidate from the program.

69

8.2. PHASE II EXAMINATION

8.2.1. Prerequisite

a. Successfully completed two years after passing Phase I Examination



d. First draft of 2 manuscripts are submitted to the supervisor at least three (3)

months prior to exam

e. Obtained ethical approval for dissertation at least six (6) months prior to exam

8.2.2. Component

a. Theory – 40%

b. Clinical – 40%

c. Viva – 20%

Section

Type

No. of Questions

Duration

% Marks

% Total marks

A MCQ

60 Questions 2 hours 100 20

Essay I

6 Short Notes

1 hour 30 mins 100 10

Essay II

Key Features Questions 1 hour 30 mins 100 10

Total for Theory

300 40

B Clinical 1 Long Case 1 hour 10 mins

100 15

6 Short Cases

30 mins 100 15

Clinical 4 Short Cases (Medicine in relation to Ophthalmology)

30 mins 100 10

Total for Clinical

300 40

C Viva Ophthalmology

30 mins 100 10

Viva Medicine in relation to Ophthalmology

30 mins 100 10

Total for Viva

200 20

Grand total

800 100

Those candidates who have passed the section A will be allowed to sit for sections B and C. A

candidate is eligible to pass the Phase II Examination if he/she has obtained 50% or more of the

marks for each section (referring to section A, B and C).

A trainee who has failed the Phase II Examination may be permitted to a second attempt after a

period of 6 months, and final attempt after another 6 months. Failure of 3 attempts will

automatically terminate the candidate from the program.

70

8.3. PHASE III EXAMINATION

8.3.1. Prerequisite

a. At least one year after passing Phase II Examination



d. Accepted 2 manuscripts for publication at least three (3) months prior to exam

e. Completed dissertation is submitted to the Postgraduate Office six at least (6)

months prior to exam

8.3.2. Assessment of dissertation

a. Dissertation will be evaluated by internal, local and external examiners appointed by

the University

b. Structure:

i) Dissertation Project

- Oral Presentation (20 minutes)

- Viva (20 minutes)

ii) Publication and Log Book (20 minutes)

c. Written assessment will be obtained and candidates should adhere to suggested

amendments and corrections before being certified for passing the examination.

d. If amendments/corrections are not satisfactory within the time limit given, the

candidates are considered failed and should re-sit after six months

8.4. OTHERS

a. Each candidate is given three attempts for every examination

b. If a candidate fails at the third attempt, he/she is terminated from the program

c. Each candidate should complete the program within 7 years from enrolment

71

8.5. GRADING OF MARKS

% of marks

Grade

Definition

75 & above

A+

Pass with distinction

70-74

A

Pass

60-69

B

Pass

50-59

C

Pass

49 & below

F

Fail

8.6.

MERIT POINTS

a. Publications

i) Case report / case series /

letter to editor

: 5 points

ii) Original article : 5 points

*Unpublished case report : I point for each case report

(A minimum of 10 points are required for this section)

b. Presentations

i) Oral : Local – 2 points International – 3 points

ii) Poster : Local – 1 point International – 2 points

(A minimum of 5 points are required for this section)

For satisfactory continuous assessment and fulfilling the prerequisite for Phase III examination, a

candidate must achieve minimum points from each component.

72

8.7. SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT

Examination

Prerequisite

Deadline

Phase I Examination

1. 2. 3.

Satisfactory supervisor reports Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report Satisfactory intensive course attendance & examination results

Phase II Examination

1. 2. 3. 4.

Satisfactory supervisor reports Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report Publication First draft of 2 manuscripts are submitted by trainees to supervisor at least 3 months prior to exam

Dissertation Should obtain ethical approval for dissertation at least 6 months prior to exam

May exam – 28 Feb Nov exam – 30 August May exam – 30 Nov Nov exam – 31 May

Phase III Examination

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Satisfactory supervisor reports Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report Publications Accepted 2 manuscripts are submitted by students (to department) at least 3 months prior to exam Dissertation Completed dissertation is submitted by students (to Postgraduate Office) at least 6 months prior to exam Presentations A minimum of 5 points are required

May exam – 28 Feb Nov exam – 30 August May exam – 15 June Nov exam – 15 Dec

73

8.8. EVALUATION OF THE EXAMINATION It is essential for all the trainees to fill in the evaluation form after,

i) Phase I Examination

ii) Phase II Examination

iii) Phase III Examination

The completed forms should be returned to the Postgraduate Coordinator not later than one week

after the conduct of examinations.

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE I

MAY/NOVEMBER…

Name (Optional):

For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:

1 2 3 4 5

Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent

1 Examination place 1 2 3 4 5

2 Conduct of examination 1 2 3 4 5

3 Assistance during examination from invigilators/staffs

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult

4 Level of difficulty of questions:

a. MCQ I 1 2 3 4 5

b. MCQ II 1 2 3 4 5

c. Essay 1 2 3 4 5

d. OSCE 1 2 3 4 5

e. Clinical Refraction 1 2 3 4 5

f. Viva 1 2 3 4 5

We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in the future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation and participation.

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L13

74

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE ll

MAY/NOVEMBER ……….

Name (Optional):


1 2 3 4 5


1 Examination place 1 2 3 4 5

2 Conduct of examination 1 2 3 4 5

3 Assistance during examination from invigilators/staffs

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5


4 Level of difficulty of questions:

a. MCQ 1 2 3 4 5

b. Essay 1 2 3 4 5

d. Long Case 1 2 3 4 5

e. Short Case (Ophthalmology) 1 2 3 4 5

f. Short Case (Medical) 1 2 3 4 5

g. Viva (Ophthalmology) 1 2 3 4 5

h. Viva (Medical) 1 2 3 4 5

We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for your cooperation and participation.

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L13

75

FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE lll MAY/NOVEMBER ……….

Name (Optional):


1 2 3 4 5



1 Examination place

2 Conduct of examination

3 Assistance during examination from the coordinator/staffs

1 2 3 4 5


4 Level of difficulty of questions during the Final Assessment Viva:

1 2 3 4 5

a. Dissertation

1 2 3 4 5

b. Case reports/Publication

1 2 3 4 5

c. Surgical Log Book

1 2 3 4 5

d. Others (please name)

1 2 3 4 5

We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation and participation.

PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L13

76

8.9. BEST STUDENT AWARD Trainee who passed the Phase I Examination, Phase II Examination and Phase III Examination

successfully with only one attempt in each examination, will be entitled for Best Student Award for

Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) USM for that respective academic year.

Eligible trainee(s) will be required to submit a CV that include,

i) Work experience

ii) Academic experience

iii) List of publications

iv) List of presentations

v) List of award(s) received

A panel headed by Dean, School of Medical Sciences of USM will select the most eligible candidate

from the list submitted by the department. A certificate, trophy and monetary reward will be awarded.

9

Department of Ophthalmology

78

The department undertakes undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, research and clinical services

for Ophthalmology the flagship of School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital

Universiti Sains Malaysia.

9.1. LECTURERS

1. Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin MBBS (Malaya), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), PhD (UK), AM (Malaysia)

Head of Department and Professor

2. Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam MD (USM), MSurg (UKM), Fellowship in Neuro-Ophthalmology (Singapore)

Professor

3. Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), Fellowship in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (Singapore), AM (Malaysia)

Professor

4. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim MD (USM), MSurg (UKM), Fellowship in Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases (UK)

Associate Professor

5. Assoc. Prof. Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong MD (UKM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), Fellowship in

Vitreoretinal Surgery (Australia), AM (Malaysia)

Associate Professor

6. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhany Yaakub

MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), AM (Malaysia)

Associate Professor

7. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adil Hussein MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

Associate Professor

8. Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

Senior Lecturer

9. Dr. Julieana Muhammed MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

Lecturer

10. Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)

Lecturer

79

9.2.

VISITING PROFESSORS

1. Dr. Lee Hung Ming Senior Consultant and Head of Refractive Services Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore

January 2005 till June 2007

2. Prof. James F. Barry Cullen Consultant Neuro-Ophthalmologist Head, Neuro-Ophthalmology Services Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Overseas Advisor in Ophthalmology Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh

July 2007 till December 2008

3.

Associate Professor Dr. Lim Tock Han Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Director, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore

January- Dec 2009

4. Dr. Yip Chee Chew Head, Department of Ophthalmology Alexandra Hospital, Singapore

January - Dec 2010

5. Associate Professor Heng Wee Jin Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore

January - Dec 2011

6. Dr. Ganga Sundhara Senior Consultant Ophthalmologist National University of Singapore, Singapore

January 2012 - 2013

7. Professor Aung Tin Senior Consultant, Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore

January 2013 -2014

9.3.

HONORARY LECTURERS

1. Dr. Zamri Noordin Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

2. Dr. Norhalwani Husain Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

3. Dr. Tengku Norina Tuan Jaafar Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

4. Dr. Idahriani Muhd Nor Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

5. Dr. Nurhamiza Buang Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

6. Dr. Sakinah Zakaria Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

7. Dr. Nor Sharina Yusof Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan

8. Dr. Hjh. Zuraidah Mustari Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu

9. Dr. Nor Anita Che Omar Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu

10. Dr. Raja Norliza Raja Omar Hospital Melaka

11. Dato’ Dr. Ahmad Mat Saad Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah

80

12. Dato’ Dr Haslina Mohd Ali Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah

13. Dr Farrah Jaafar Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah

14. Dr. Muzaliha Mohamed Nor Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah

15. Dr. Azreen Redzal Anuar Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah

16. Dr. Hayati Abd Aziz Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bharu

17. Dr. Devaraj L.A Supramaniam Hospital Selayang, Selangor

18. Dr. Fiona Chew Lee Min Hospital Selayang, Selangor

19. Dr. Mohd Aziz Salowi Hospital Selayang, Selangor

20. Dr. Kursiah Mohd. Razali Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak

21. Dr. Chong Mei Fong Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak

22. Dr. Widad Md Yusof Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak

23. Dr. Ang Ee Ling Hospital Pulau Pinang

24. Dr. Jamalia Rahmat Hospital Kuala Lumpur

25. Dr. Lakana Kumar Hospital Kuala Lumpur

26. Dr. Gan Eng Hui Hospital Kuala Lumpur

27. Dr. Shuaibah Abd Ghani Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah

28. Dr. Akmal Haliza Zamli Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang

29. Dr. Shawarinin Jusoh Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang

30. Dr Norlaila Talib Hospital Serdang, Selangor

31. Dr. Fazilawati A. Qamaruddin

Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang

9.4. TRAINEE LECTURER

1.

2.

3.

4.

Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe

Dr. Shahidatul Adha Mohamad

Dr. Ainul Mardhiyyah Mohd Yazid

Dr. Ng Kwang Sheng

9.5. SUPPORTING STAFF

Setiausaha Eksekutif

1. Cik Nurul Ameera Bt Azmi

Pembantu Am Pejabat

1. Encik Wan Ahmad Tarmizi Wan Zainal Abidin

10

Clinical Services

82

10.1. ROTATIONAL POSTINGS

At present there are five clinical services unit with 1-2 lecturers per unit, assisted by 1-2 registrars, and

5-6 medical officers. Trainees will undergo a 4-monthly rotational posting. Each clinical service unit has

a general clinic day, pre and post operative clinic. Subspecialty clinics which are consultant-led are

assisted by the registrars and medical officers of the team.

Neuro-ophthalmology Service Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam

Orbit & Oculoplasty Service Associate Professor Dr. Adil Hussein Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min

Glaucoma Service Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajuddin Associate Professor Dr. Azhany Yaakub

Retina Service Associate Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong

Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Service Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail

Cornea and Ocular Surface Service Associate Professor Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Dr. Julieana Muhammed

Ocular Trauma & Daycare Service Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo

10.2. CLINICAL SERVICES

10.2.1. Prevention of blindness clinic

A 24-hour casualty service is provided by the department. During office hours, these cases will

be channeled to the Trauma & Emergency Eye Clinic or called the ‘PREVENTION OF

BLINDNESS (POB) CLINIC’. One medical officer and one registrar will be in-charge of this

clinic office hours. A specialist on-call is assigned to provide consultation for this clinic.

Patients requiring further follow-up can be seen at this clinic on the next day. However a

patient who requires more than 3 follow-ups, he/she should be channeled to the specialist’s

general clinic appointment to avoid crowding of the POB clinic.

83

10.2.2. General clinic

Clinics run every Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. There are about 60 – 80

patients per clinic. Clinics are run by trainees and supervised by specialists. The clinic

commences at 8.00 a.m. promptly. Trainees must start the clinic and begin examining

patients at 8.30 a.m.

No trainees may leave the clinic until all patients have been seen. In the event of unusually

heavy patient load, trainees assigned to another rotation may be requested by the Chief

Registrar to assist in this clinic.

All new cases referred to the clinic should be evaluated at least once by the specialist covering

the clinic. All patients referred to the clinic by another ophthalmologist, the police, a lawyer, or

patients desiring a second opinion or assessment must be evaluated by the specialists

covering the clinic. Always seek further opinion and review when uncertain of diagnosis, or

when managing complicated cases.

For all new cases, the attending trainee must write the names of the specialist covering the

clinic as well as his/her own name, time and date of consultation, on the front page of the

clinical record. Trainees are encouraged to complete the reply slips accompanying the

referrals to be sent back to the referring physician. Each consultation should be completed

with the resident’s name-stamp.

After seeing each patient and at every patient visit, trainees must record the clinical findings

and treatment plan in the following format:

Subjective complaints

Objective findings

Assessment

Plan

All anterior and posterior segment signs must be meticulously and clearly drawn using the

appropriate coding colours.

84

10.2.3. Pre-operative clinic

The duties of the trainees include,

i) Review all pre-operative cases with regards to general fitness for surgery

ii) Ensure,

a. Instructions for nothing-by-mouth are given to patient (if applicable)

b. Appropriate medications are taken by patient pre-op (e.g. anti-hypertensives,

IHD, DM)

c. Biometry has been performed and that the printout shows the IOL power or the

target post-op refraction

d. If IOL power on the biometry is <10D or >28D, please check with the surgeon on

his choice of IOL power, as well as the availability of the IOL

e. Pre-op dilating drops are ordered accordingly.

Dilation required for:

Cataract surgery – either primary procedure or part of surgery

Vitreoretinal surgery

Do not dilate pupils for:

Trabeculectomy or filtration implant surgery (unless combined

with phacoemulsification surgery)

Pterygium, oculoplastics and strabismus surgery

AC IOL implant (Pilocarpine may be needed)

f. Blood results / CXR / ECG done pre-op are within normal limits. Any

abnormalities e.g. high BSL, new abnormal ECG findings etc., please consult

the surgeon in charge. Do not cancel any case listed for elective surgery

without informing the surgeon in charge

g. Referral to the physician or anaesthetist should be made where appropriate

h. Patient has no acute illnesses both systemically as well as locally in any eye

(e.g. conjunctivitis, acute chalazion, etc)

iii) Recheck the patients’ consent as well as which eye the surgery is to be performed

on. Consent is valid as long as the patient’s desire for surgery and the clinical

indication has not changed

iv) Reinforce visual prognosis to patients where necessary.

E.g. those with guarded prognosis, risk of diplopia, over & under-correction in

patients with strabismus, amblyopia in anisometropic patients, etc.

85

10.2.4. Subspecialty clinics

Subspecialty clinic runs every Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, led by the

specialists, registrars and medical officers. There are about 15-40 patients per clinic. Each

patient should be seen or presented to the managing specialists.

Procedures such as lasers and fundus fluorescein angiogram have been incorporated into the

subspecialty clinics. The trainees will perform laser procedures under team

specialists/registrar. The trainees are required to perform basic laser procedures as follows,

Laser Procedure Trainees Clinic

Argon laser retinal photocoagulation All trainees

Retina Clinic

Laser indirect ophthalmoscopy Registrars

Focal / Grid laser 2nd year M.Med and above

Ar-YAG peripheral iridotomy 2nd year M.Med and above

Glaucoma

Clinic

Argon Laser Trabeculopasty Registrars

Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy 2nd year M.Med and above

All clinics

Suturelysis Registrars

86

10.3. DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY SERVICES

Trainees are expected to learn and to perform the following investigations when necessary:

i) Autorefraction / Subjective refraction

ii) Ultrasound A & B-scan

iii) Ocular biometry

iv) Specular microscopy

v) Corneal topography

vi) Corneal pachymeter

vii) Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography

viii) Air-puff tonometer

ix) Hess chart / BSV

x) Contrast sensitivity

xi) Electroretinogram (i.e. ERG and EOG)

xii) Visual fields (i.e. Humphrey, Bjerrum, FDT and GDx)

xiii) Visual evoke potential

xiiii) Retinal tomography (i.e. HRT, HRA and OCT)

10.4 OPTOMETRY SERVICES

Trainees are encouraged to have adequate exposure in the following services offered, which include,

i) Adult refraction clinic

ii) Paediatric refraction clinic

iii) Low visual aid clinic

iv) Colour vision clinic

v) Binocular vision clinic

vi) Contact lens clinic

10.5. ON-CALL RESPONSIBILITIES

Each trainee will be responsible for patient care and related on-call activities when he/she is on-call e.g.

eye in-patients, emergency calls after working hours. The trainee is required to be physically present at

the emergency room in a reasonable amount of time after being called. Swapping of on-call duties is

permitted by mutual agreement, and must be noted on the official on-call list. The trainee on-call must

remain contactable at all times, even if he/she is in the operation theatre.

87

All ward works which arise after working hours are the responsibility of the trainee on-call and must be

completed before the next day e.g. reviewing of post-op patients, acting on inter-departmental referral

recommendations, arrangements for early/urgent radiological scans, and morning fasting bloods.

Uncompleted duties should not be passed on to the ward trainee the next day.

All call requests each month are to be submitted to the registrar in-charge as early as possible so that

the roster can be planned with minimal disruption. Last minute requests will not be entertained. The

total number of calls done per trainee is equally divided. This includes public holidays and weekends.

During working hours the patients will be sent directly to the POB clinic. Occasionally, for patients who

are unable to go the clinic (e.g. severe trauma), the second on-call trainee will be consulted, and the

patient will be reviewed at the Trauma Center.

After working hours, the Emergency Department will page the first on-call trainee directly, and the

patients will be reviewed at the Trauma Center. Peripheral referral from other wards will also be

referred to the second on-call trainee. The on-call trainees should evaluate patients promptly.

The trainee must inform the registrar on-call and specialist on-call of any cases requiring further

consultation. This include post-operative event (ophthalmic or non-ophthalmic) related to surgery.

Patients requiring urgent minor surgery (e.g. those with lid lacerations, I&D and I&C) can be managed

in the Minor Surgery Room at the discretion of the attending trainee. For more complicated

procedures, the advice and assistance of the on-call registrar should be sought.

10.6. PATIENTS REQUIRING ADMISSION

The patient will be initially evaluated by the trainee. The on-call registrar should be notified immediately

of any admissions via the Emergency Department or through the clinic. For private or complex patients

already under the care of a specialist, the specialist must be notified. Further management of the

patient will be directed by the specialist.

Should any patient require surgery (emergency or elective), the specialist on-call should be notified.

The specialist on-call may allow the registrar on-call to continue with the medical or surgical

management of the patient. However, the specialist on-call on the day of admission will ultimately be

responsible for the patient’s care and will also retain the right to perform any surgical procedure for

which he/she is qualified. In cases requiring urgent medication (e.g. corneal ulcers, acute glaucoma),

treatment should be started promptly.

88

10.7. WARD ROUNDS

Morning rounds will be held daily. It is compulsory for all trainees to attend the ward round

unless specified by Team Registrar/Specialists. It will be led by the team registrar and/or team

specialists each day. The trainee on-call the previous day will hold and update the list of in-

patients to be reviewed.

10.8. OPERATION THEATRE

Trainees must be in the operation theatre by 8.20 am. A trainee who is participating in a patient's

surgery is encouraged to examine the patient and must review the clinical records pre-operatively. On

every surgical case, the trainee must complete the following:

i) Pre-operative - check pre-operative clerking (e.g. cataract registry), pre-op orders

and informed consent

ii) Post-operative notes - must be done in immediately following surgery.

iii) Case register in the OT register book – surgeon’s name, date, type of operation, etc.

iv) Prescriptions

v) Pathology and microbiology forms (where necessary)

The trainees will get priority whenever a suitable cataract patient is available for supervised surgery.

Surgical opportunities will be equalized among trainees as far as possible, but the actual number of

cases each one will get to do will also depend on individual surgical competence.

Trainees must follow up the patients whom they have operated on post-operatively. Trainees should

also keep a record of the cases in their log book (important for training qualifications and examinations)

with specification of the type of surgical participation. Supervised surgery refers to the case that is

essentially done by the trainee under the supervision of a consultant. Assisted surgery denotes the

case is done by the specialist with trainee assistance. Performed alone indicates that the case is done

by the trainee independently.

89

10.9. SPECIALIST VISIT TO HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS, PASIR PUTIH, KELANTAN

This visit is being conducted once in a month (Sunday) by a specialist and a registrar. Hospital Tengku

Anis is located in Pasir Putih which is about 40 km south from Kubang Kerian. We are providing out

patient consultation as well as case referral to USM for further management. It also gives our

registrars/trainees ample opportunity in managing ocular patients at the level of district hospitals/rural

areas.

10.10. COMMUNITY EYE SCREENING PROGRAM

The Community Eye Screening program is conducted on a monthly basis, in which specialists, medical

officers and medical students (ophthalmology posting) are directly involved. This eye screening

programme is usually carried out in several selected rural areas in Kelantan. Patients who require

further ophthalmology attention will be given a special appointment to the Eye Clinic, Hospital USM.

The aim of this program is to introduce medical students to common ocular problems in the community

e.g. glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, refractive error, amblyopia, squint etc. The patients also

benefit for early detection of the above diseases.

90

Ophthalmology Services, Hospital USM (2018)

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Glaucoma Service

Prof Dr. Liza Sharmini AT A/Prof Dr. Azhany Yaakub

Operation Day

Academic and Research Day

Clinic

Clinic

Glaucoma Diagnostic Lab

Visual Field

Orbit

& Oculoplasty Service

A/Prof Dr. Adil Hussein Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min

Clinic

Clinic

Operation Day


Combined Clinic Pathology Meeting

Neuro-Ophthalmology

Prof Dr. Wan Hazabbah


Operation Day

Clinic

Clinic

Neuro-Ophthal Diagnostic Lab

VEP

ERG

Retina Service

A/Prof Datin Dr. Zunaina


Operation Day

Clinic

Clinic

Laser Clinic

Paed-Ophthal & Strabismus Service

Prof Dr. Shatriah Ismail

Clinic

Clinic


Operation Day

Paed Neuro-Ophthal Diagnostic Lab

VEP

Cornea & Ocular Surface

Service

A/Prof Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Dr. Julieana Muhammed

Clinic

Clinic

Operation Day


Cornea Diagnostic Lab

Ocular Trauma & Daycare Services

Dr. Khairy Shamel ST

Prevention of Blindness Clinic


Optometry Services

Refraction

Contact Lens

Refraction

Low Visual Aid

Refraction

Colour Vision

Refraction

Binocular Vision

Refraction

Electrophysiology

11

Dissertation Projects

No Name Research Project Year Publication / Presentation

1.

Dr. Noramazlan Ramli

The use of conjunctival impression cytology to determine the density of goblet cells and presence of mast cells on the conjunctival epithelium in patient with vernal keratoconjunctivitis

May 2001

Conjunctival impression cytology to determine the density of goblet cells and presence of mast cells on the conjunctival epithelium in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis 19th Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Penang, Malaysia, 15-17 June 2001 (Oral Presentation)

2.

Dr. Nik Azlan Nik Zaid

Topical latanoprost (PGF2 analogue) for the prevention of immediate increase in intraocular pressure after cataract extraction

May 2001

-

3.

Dr. Maizan Yaakub

Factors influencing raised intraocular pressure in corneal ulcer

May 2001

Contributing factors for high intraocular pressure (IOP) in corneal ulcers International Medical & Health Congress, USM Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-28 May 2007 (Oral Presentation) Factors influencing raised intraocular pressure in corneal ulcers The Asia-ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 2-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

4.

Dr. Ng Sok Lin

Association between myopia and amplitude of accommodation in young adults

Nov 2001

-

5.

Dr. Tengku Ahmad Kamal Al-riffin b. Tg. Abd. Halim

Comparison in predictability of postoperative refraction between phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction

May 2002

Comparison in predictability of postoperative refraction between phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation)

6.

Dr. Go Eng Soon

Expression of interleukin 4, Interleukin 4 receptor and IL – 4 receptor related GP 200-MR6 molecule in pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva tissue

May 2002

Expression of interleukin 4, Interleukin 4 receptor and IL – 4 receptor related GP 200-MR6 molecule in pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva tissue International Council of Ophthalmology Congress Sydney, Australia, 20 April 2002 (Poster Presentation)

7.

Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin

The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile

May 2002

The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile 8th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 2003 (Oral Presentation) The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile on Asian patients 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Oral Presentation) Topical antiglaucoma drugs: The effects on the conjunctiva cell profile and trabeculectomy outcome 4th Congress of Asian-Oceanic Glaucoma Society, Hong Kong, 1-4 October 2003 (Poster Presentation)

The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctival cell profile of Asian patients Asian Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;9:17-22 (Publication)

8.

Dr. Chew Leong Sun

Morphological differences between the two eyes of patients with asymmetrical cataract : A pilot study

Nov 2002

-

9.

Dr. Zunaina Embong

Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis

Nov 2002

Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis

7th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2002 (Oral Presentation) Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 Best Oral Presentation Detection of fungal pathogen in microbial keratitis by PCR 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation) Detection of fungal keratitis by PCR Medical Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 4 October 2003 Best Oral Presentation Specific detection of fungal pathogens by 18S rRNA gene PCR in microbial keratitis BMC Ophthalmology 2008;8:7 (Publication)

10.

Dr. Ng Gim Leong

A demographic study of glaucoma cases seen in the Eye Clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Nov 2002

-

11.

Dr. Wan Azizan Wan Ab. Kadir

Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)

Nov 2002

Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)

7th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2002 (Oral Presentation)

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2415/8/7/abstract

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2415/8/7/abstract

Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation) Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma International Medical Journal 2004; 2(2): (Publication)

12.

Dr. Chandramalar a/p Santhirathelagan

Association of degree of corneal arcus with fasting lipid profile in individuals aged 30 – 60 years

Nov 2002

-

13.

Dr. Bakiah Shaharuddin

The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits

May 2003

The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts (Stichopus chloronatus) in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts (Stichopus chloronatus) in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits

20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation) Antifungal effects of a sea cucumber (Stichopus chloranatus) on Aspergillus fumigatus International Medical Journal 2006;13(2):135-138 (Publication)

14.

Dr. Rosnita Alias

The modified VF-14 : Study of visual function status in pre and post cataract surgery

May 2003

Evaluation of visual function status pre and post cataract surgery using a modified VF-14 13th MaSIS Meeting 2009 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3-4 October 2009 (Oral Presentation)

Modified VF-14: a visual function status assessment pre and post cataract surgery 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)

15.

Dr. Zamri Noordin

A review of open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over 10 years

May 2003

Open globe eye injury – A 10 years experience of HUSM (1990-1999) 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress 2003 Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Poster Presentation) Open globe eye injury – A 10 years experience of HUSM (1990-1999) 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Poster Presentation)

Open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia - a 10-year review International Journal of Ophthalmology 2014:7(3):486-490 (Publication)

16.

Dr. Shuaibah Ab. Ghani

A study of contrast sensitivity in smokers and non-smokers among army personnel

May 2003

-

17.

Dr. Zabri Kamarudin

The intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis at Hospital Kuala Terengganu

May 2003

Intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis in Hospital Kuala Terengganu 8th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 2003 (Poster Presentation) The intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis

21st Malaysia - Singapore Ophthalmic Congress 2003 Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Poster Presentation)

18.

Dr. Saira Fairma Ismail Mokhtar

A comparative study on the severity of dry eyes between menopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those on HRT in HUSM

Nov 2003

A comparative study on the severity of dry eyes between menopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those on HRT in HUSM 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 Best Oral Presentation Occurrence of dry eye in post-menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy: fake or fact?

International Medical & Health Congress USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-28 May 2007 (Oral Presentation) Dry eye in post-menopausal Asian women on hormone replacement therapy International Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;7(5):1237-1239 (Publication)

19.

Dr. Azma Azalina Ahmad Alwi

Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using polymerase chain reaction – A pilot study

May 2004

Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using polymerase chain reaction – A pilot study

9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using PCR – A pilot study 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation)

20.

Dr. Rosli Mohd Kassim

A comparative study of corneal thickness and endothelial cells changes in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients following cataract surgery

May 2004

-

21.

Dr. Tan Soo Hoi

Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate 0.5% and topical latanoprost 0.005%

May 2004

Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate 0.5% and topical latanoprost 0.005% 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate and topical latanoprost 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation) Conjunctival impression cytology in glaucoma patients treated with topical latanaprost and timolol maleate South East Asia Glaucoma Meeting Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 August 2004 (Oral Presentation) The effects of topical antiglaucoma on conjunctival impression cytology in Malay glaucoma patients International Medical Journal 2010;17(4):271-274 (Publication)

22.

Dr. Mohd Aziz Husni

A study on central corneal thickness and morphology in myopic Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia

May 2004

Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure among Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, USM 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) Central corneal thickness and morphology in myopic Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, USM 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)

23.

Dr. Shatriah Ismail

A randomized comparison on the corneal endothelial morphology after the use of 2 different viscoelastic agents during phacoemulsification surgery

Nov 2004

A randomized comparison on the corneal endothelial morphology after the use of 2 different viscoelastic agents during phacoemulsification surgery 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation) Effect of Healon 5 and Healon GV on corneal endothelium after phacoemulsification surgery

10th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2005 (Oral Presentation) Effect of Healon 5 and Healon GV on corneal endothelial morphology after phacoemulsification surgery. International Medical Journal 2006;13:281-285 (Publication)

24.

Dr. Nor Anita Che Omar

Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits

Nov 2004

Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Best National Paper – International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO)) Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits World Ophthalmology Congress, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 16 February 2006 (Oral Presentation)

Ultrasonographic and pathological features in candida albicans, staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa induced endophthalmitis

International Medical Journal 2010;17(4):275-280 (Publication)

25.

Dr. Afizah Isnin

A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique

Nov 2004

A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation) A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique

20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation)

26.

Dr. Andrew Lim Keat Eu

Prevalence clinical features and risk factors of thyroids associated ophthalmopathy in a multiethnic Malaysian population

May 2005

Prevalence clinical features and risk factors of thyroids associated ophthalmopathy in a multiethnic Malaysian population

20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation) Prevalence, risk factors and clinical features of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy in multiethnic Malaysian patients with Graves Disease Thyroid 2008;18 (12):1297-1300 (Publication)

27.

Dr. Ezanee Mokhtar

An evaluation of digital photography and image analysis software for assessment of corneal ulcer size progression

Nov 2005

-

28.

Dr. Mohd Mansor Shariff

A pilot study of bovine bone for orbital implant in rabbits

May 2006

Bovine bone xenograft as orbital implants in rabbits - A pilot study ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Bovine bone hydroxyapatite orbital implants in rabbits

23rd Malaysia Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation) Bovine bone xenograft as orbital implants in rabbit eyes International Journal of Ophthalmology 2007; 7 (6): 1495-9 (Publication)

29.

Dr. Ong Lieh Bin

The role of beta 2-receptor polymorphisms on pressure lowering effects of topical timolol maleate in glaucomatous patients.

May 2006

The role of -20C and GLN 27 of beta 2-adrenoreceptor polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and their responsiveness to topical timolol 21st Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Singapore, 10-14 June 2006 (Oral Presentation) The possible association of -20C and Gln 27 of beta-2 adrenoreceptor polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and responsiveness of topical timolol Human Genome Meeting, Helsinki, Finland, 31 May-3 June 2006 (Poster Presentation)

30.

Dr. Chieng Lee Ling

Prostanoid receptor polymorphism: The association of novel single nucleotide polymorphism with the responsiveness of glaucoma patients to topical latanoprost

May 2006

The effect of novel mutation of prostanoid receptor gene of pressure lowering effect of latanoprost. A preliminary report 3rd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 16-17 July 2005 Best Oral Presentation

The effect of prostanoid receptor polymorphism in glaucoma patients 21st Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Singapore, 10-14 June 2006 (Oral Presentation) Prostaglandin F2α receptor gene polymorphism and its association with pressure lowering effect of topical latanoprost among Malaysian glaucoma patients

2nd National Colloqium and workshop in Pharmacogenetics Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 26-27 May 2008 2nd Best Oral Presentation

31.

Dr. Selvaraja P. Vengadasalam

The influence of beta 2 – Adrenoreceptor polymorphisms on spirometric changes in glaucoma patients receiving topical timolol –XE

Nov 2006

The influence of beta2-adrenoreceptor polymorphism on spirometric changes in glaucoma patients receiving topical timolol treatment 11th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2006 (Oral Presentation) The role of beta-2 adrenoreceptor in respiratory impairment of glaucoma patients on topical timolol XE 0.5% SEAGIG Chennai: International Glaucoma Convention Chennai, India, 1-3 December 2006 Best Oral Presentation

32.

Dr. Syaratul Emma Hashim

The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Nov 2006

The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 11th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2006 (Oral Presentation)

Prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district Persidangan Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke V USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-26 July 2007 (Oral Presentation)

Prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district 7th MOH-AMM Scientific Meeting Penang, Malaysia, 6-9 September 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Visual impairment among the Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district, Kelantan 18th SNEC Anniversary Meeting, Singapore, 14-17 March 2008 (Poster Presentation) The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in suburban area of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 2008; 37: 940-946 (Publication)

33.

Dr. Asokumaran Thanaraj

Vision screening among preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Nov 2006

Prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment among preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Kota Bharu

World Ophthalmology Congress, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 16 February 2006 (Poster Presentation)

34.

Dr. Wan Norliza Wan Muda

A comparative study of accommodative potential after intraocular lens implantation

May 2007

A comparative study of accommodative potential after intraocular lens implantation

22th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Lahore, Pakistan, 24-28 February 2007 (Oral Presentation)

35.

Dr. Adil Hussein

Cross sectional study to determine visual impairment and anterior segment abnormality among pre-school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

May 2007

Visual impairment and anterior segment abnormality among preschool children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan: A kindergarten based screening

18th SNEC Anniversary Meeting, Singapore, 14-17 March 2008 (Poster Presentation)

36.

Dr. Nor Fadzillah Abd Jalil

A study on the capability of frequency doubling perimetry in the detection of visual field abnormalities in primary open angle glaucoma patients

May 2007

Visual field abnormalities detection by Frequency Doubling Perimetry versus Humphrey Field Analyzer in primary open angle glaucoma 2nd World Glaucoma Congress, Singapore, 18-21 July 2007 (Poster Presentation) The use of Humphrey Matrix FDP versus Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation) Detection of visual field abnormalities using Humphrey Matrix Frequency Doubling Perimetry among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Sensitivity and specificity of Humphrey matrix frequency doubling perimetry in the detection of visual field abnormalities among POAG patients

23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

37.

Dr. Nor’aini Ramlee

A study of single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 153, 104 among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and their parents

May 2007

Nucleotide 153,104 (A toG) RB1 SNP among Malaysian retinoblastoma children and their parents: distribution and association

7th National Congress on Genetics, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 5-7 May 2007 (Oral Presentation) A study of single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 153, 104 among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and their parents ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)

Distribution of nucleotide 153 104 (A to G) RB1 SNP among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and its association with clinical presentation 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics) Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation) Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 153 104 (A to G) of RB1 gene in Malaysian retinoblastoma children and its association with laterality and staging of the disease International Medical Journal 2010:17(2):129-133 (Publication)

38.

Dr. Cheong Min Tet

A study on the expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cell in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy and its association with prostanoid (FP) receptor polymorphisms

May 2007

The expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation) The role of prostanoid receptor (PTGFR) polymorphism in the expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy 2nd World Glaucoma Congress, Singapore, 18-21 July 2007 Glaucoma Societies Top Poster

A study on the possible association of prostaglandin F2α receptor gene polymorphism with expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells of patients on topical latanoprost

7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics), Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation)

39.

Dr. Azhany Yaakub

The prevalence of refractive error among Malay school children, ages 13-16 year old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

May 2007

Refractive error screening among Malay teenagers, aged 13-16 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Oral Presentation) Refractive error screening among Malay teenagers, aged 13-16 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan Persidangan Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke V USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-26 July 2007 (Oral Presentation) Myopia study among Malay teenagers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 4th USM Ophthalmology Symposium (4th USM-UM-UKM Ophthalmology Meeting) Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 26-27 July 2008 (Poster Presentation)

40.

Dr. Tengku Norina Tuan Jaffar

The study of refractive error and ocular biometry in low birth weight children aged 9 to 12 years old in Kota Bharu

Nov 2007

A comparison study of ocular biometry in low versus normal birth weight malay children in kota Bharu, Kelantan 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22 – 23 June 2011 (Poster Presentation)

The refractive error comparison study in normal and low birth weight Malay children aged 9 to 12 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

27th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Penang, Malaysia, 24-26 June 2011 (Poster Presentation)

41.

Dr. Hah Yun Khean

Central corneal thickness and corneal curvature in normal tension glaucoma

Nov 2007

Central corneal thickness in normal tension glaucoma 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)

42.

Dr. Azreen Redzal Anuar

The study of correlation of quality of life assessment with visual function among Malaysian glaucomatous patients

May 2008

The study of correlation of quality of life assessment with visual function among Kelantan glaucomatous patients 13th National Institutes of Health Scientific Meeting and the 4th National Conference for Clinical Research Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2-4 June 2010 (Poster Presentation)

43.

Dr. Che Mahiran Che Daud

An experimental study on intrastromal injection Amphotericin B in Fusarium Solani keratitis in rabbits

May 2008

An experimental study on intrastromal injection of Amphotericin B in rabbits with Fusarium solani keratitis 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 (Oral Presentation)

44.

Dr. Kodiswary Maharajah

The prevalence of prostanaoid receptor gene (PTGFR) polymorphism and its association with anterior segment biometry in primary angle closure

May 2008

The possible role of PTGFR gene polymorphism in predicting acute attack (AAC) of primary angle closure (PAC)

13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 3rd Best Oral Presentation The role of prostanoid receptor gene (PTGFR) polymorphisms and anterior segment biometry in primary angle-closure and acute angle-closure patients

5th Congress of the South East Asia Glaucoma Interest Group (6th Meeting of the Asian Angle-Closure Glaucoma Club) Seoul, Korea, 25-27 September 2008 (Oral Presentation)

45.

Dr. Shawarinin Jusoh

A study on optic disc parameters among Malay students in Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II

May 2008

Optic disc parameters among Malay students of Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II 2nd USM Penang International Postgraduate Convention 2008 (2nd Health & Medical Sciences Conference), Penang, Malaysia, 18-20 June 2008 (Oral Presentation) Optic disc parameters among Malay students of Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2008 (Oral Presentation) Assessment of optic disc parameters among healthy adult Malays by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2011:39(1): 15-22 (Publication)

46.

Dr. Siti Raihan Ishak

A study on Malaysian children with retinoblastoma: Clinical presentation and pocket BE1A domain mutation of RB1 gene

May 2008

Distribution of nucleotide 153 104 (A to G) RB1 SNP among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and Its association with clinical presentation 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics), Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation) RB1 gene mutations at pocket B of E1A domain and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma children in Malaysia 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 2nd Best Oral Presentation

Detection of novel mutations in pocket B E1A domain of Rb1 gene and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma children In Malaysia Asia ARVO Meeting, India, 15-18 January 2009 (Oral Presentation) RB pocket domain B mutation frequency in Malaysia Ophthalmic Genetics. 2010:31(3):159-61 (Publication)

47.

Dr. Amelah Mohamed Abdul Qader Al-Ariqi

A study on the association of serum lipid profile with retinal hard exudates among patients with type II diabetes mellitus in Hospital USM

Nov 2008

The association of serum lipid profile with retinal exudates among type II diabetes mellitus patients International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation) Association of dyslipidemia with retinal hard exudates among type II Diabetes Mellitus patients 24th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 16-19 May 2009 (Poster Presentation) Association of serum lipid profile with retinal hard exudates among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus International Journal of Ophthalmology 2009; 9(4):627-30 (Publication)

48.

Dr. Azlyn Azwa bt Jasman

A preliminary study to compare the prediction error of postoperative refraction in paediatric cataract surgery between two different intraocular lens power calculation formulas

Nov 2008

The predictability of postoperative refraction in paediatric cataract surgery between SRK II® and modified formula for paediatric IOL calculation International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Comparison of the predictive error and the accuracy of predictability of intraocular lens power calculation in paediatric patient between SRK II And modified Formula 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation) Prediction error and accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation in pediatric patient comparing SRK II and Pediatric IOL Calculator BMC Ophthalmology 2010, 10:20 doi:10.1186/1471-2415-10-20 (Publication)

49.

Dr. Norlaili Mustafa

The efficacy of intravitreal triamcenolone versus laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema

Nov 2008

Intravitreal triamcenolone acetonide Injection versus laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)

Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema

24th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 16-19 May 2009 (Poster Presentation) Macula oedema index and visual outcome post intravitreal triamcinolone in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)

Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation as a primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema – a comparative pilot study BMC Ophthalmology 2011; 11:36 (Publication)

50.

Dr. Rohana Ab. Rashid

A study of contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses

Nov 2008

Contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation) Contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses

Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons Congress Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2008 (Poster Presentation)

Vision-related quality of life after phacoemulsification with Akreos Adapt Advanced Optics and Tecnis ZA9003 intraocular lenses

International Medical Journal 2012;19:55-58 (Publication) OPHT

51.

Dr. Wahid Abdullah Salem Wajih

A comparative study on the outcomes of orbital floor reconstruction with autogenous grafts versus porous polyethylene (Medpor®) in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from 2004-2007

Nov 2008

Surgical outcome of orbital floor reconstruction by autogenous grafts versus medpor® International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation) Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Experience in Orbital Floor Reconstruction: Autogenous Graft Versus Medpor Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2011: 69(6):1740-4 (Publication)

52.

Dr. Tan Soo Ken

Cornea endothelial cell morphology in cornea arcus patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

May 2009

A study on corneal endothelial cell morphology of corneal arcus patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia 14th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2009 (Oral Presentation) A study on corneal endothelial cell morphology of corneal arcus patients in Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital NHG Eye Institute 2nd International Ophthalmology Congress, Singapore, 15-17 October 2009 (Poster Presentation)

53.

Dr. Ali Hassan Abdullah Al-Ashwal

An experimental study on the use of fibrin glue in corneal wound repair in rabbits

Nov 2009

Fibrin glue in corneal wound repair in rabbits 14th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2009 Best Oral Presentation

54.

Dr. Omar M.S. Ismaeel

Evaluation of 8-OHdG enzyme and microscopic features in primary and recurrent pterygia

Nov 2009

Detection of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine enzyme (8-OhdG) in recurrent pterygium raising a question on its role on recurrence

The 1st World Congress on Controversies in Ophthalmology, Prague, Czech Republic 4-7 March 2010 (Poster Presentation)

55.

Dr. Lee Kok Foo

A pilot study of ultrasonography of retinopathy of prematurity

May 2010

Ultrasonography findings in retinopathy of prematurity – a pilot study

15th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 July 2010 (Oral Presentation) Ultrasonographic Findings in Eyes with Retinopathy of Prematurity in Malaysia Medical Journal of Malaysia 2013;68:39-43 (Publication)

56.

Dr. Tan Hui Ken

A comparative study of central corneal thickness in primary angle closure glaucoma and narrow angle patients

May 2010

A study on the relationship between central corneal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, mean cup depth and visual field progression in primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma

15th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 July 2010 (Oral Presentation)

57.

Dr. Rasdi Abdul Rashid

Retinopathy and visual outcome in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy

Nov 2010

Prevalence, visual outcome and retinopathy changes in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy 5th Congress of the Asia Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society in conjunction with 26th Singapore-Malaysia Joint Meeting, Singapore, 19-21 November 2010 (Poster Presentation)

Ophthalmic changes in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy Medical Journal of Malaysia 2011;1(66):42-47 (Publication)

58.

Dr. Muzaliha Mohamed Nor

Visual acuity and visual skills among slow learners in primary school In Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Nov 2010

Visual acuity and visual skills among poor readers in primary schools in Malaysia Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Sydney, Australia, 20-24 March 2011 (Oral Presentation)

Visual acuity and visual skills in Malaysian children with learning disabilities Clinical Ophthalmology 2012;6:1527-1533 (Publication)

59.

Dr. Roslinah bt Muji

Clinical and histopathological reaction between porous polyethelene and bovine hydroxyapetite in rabbits

Nov 2010

Clinical and histopathological comparison between bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene implants in rabbit eye Asia ARVO Meeting on research in vision and ophthalmology, Singapore, 20-23 January 2011 (Poster Presentation)

60.

Dr. Bashkaran Karuppannan

Antioxidant status, ascorbic acid level and lipid peroxidation products in aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum of rabbits following oral supplementation of tualang honey

Nov 2010

Antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of tualang honey in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits

Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Sydney, Australia, 20-24 March 2011 (Poster Presentation) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey in alkali injury on the eyes of rabbits: Experimental animal study BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011;11:90 (Publication)

61.

Dr. Gan Eng Hui

Peripapillary RNFL thickness variation in patients with myopia

May 2011

A study on the variation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in myopic patients using Optical Coherence Tomography 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 Jun 2011 2nd Best Oral Presentation

62.

Dr. Chiang Wai Seng

The relationship of lens thickness and anterior chamber

depth with intraocular pressure during hemodialysis

Nov 2011

-

63.

Dr. Yanti Muslikhan

A pilot study of intrastromal injection of amphotericin

0.005% in fungal keratitis

Nov 2011

-

64.

Dr. Khairy Shamel b.

Sonny Teo

Validity and reliability of a micro-acuity chart

Nov 2011

-

65.

Dr. Hayati Abdul Aziz

The correlation of IL4 level in tears and IGE level in serum

between allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis patients

May 2012

The association of total IgE in serum with specific IgE in tears and skin prick test in allergic conjunctivitis patients 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)

66.

Dr. Chua Chui Yin

Evaluation of optic nerve functions and topography after a

unilateral optic neuritis

May 2012

Evaluation of optic nerve functions and optic nerve head parameters after a unilateral optic neuritis 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

67.

Dr. Ng Guan Fook

A prospective cohort study of the percentage of TGF beta

2 on impression cytology of glaucoma patient post

augmented trabeculectomy surgery

May 2012

The role of TGF Beta in the success of augmented primary trabeculectomy in Asians 27th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, Busan, Korea, 13-16 April 2012 (Oral Presentation)

68.

Dr. Juanarita Jaafar

Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted

emmetropia and low myopia group following

phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation

May 2012

Evaluation of visual acuity in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation) Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation

28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

69.

Dr. Suresh

Subramaniam

Association between fundus fluorescein angiography

leaking status with edema features of Heidelberg retina

tomography II and ocular coherence tomography in

diabetic patient with clinically significant macular edema

May 2012

Association between FFA leaking status with edema features of HRT III and OCT in diabetic macula edema patient Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology 3rd Annual Meeting, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 24-25 March 2012 (Oral Presentation)

A study on the sensitivity and specificity of HRT and OCT for the diagnosis of diabetic macular edema 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 3rd Best Oral Presentation Sensitivity and specificity of HRT and OCT to detect diabetic macular edema J Diabetes Metab 2012;S:3 (Publication)

70.

Dr. Krishnalatha a/p Buandasan

Macular thickness measurement post phacoemulsification surgery using Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II and its association with cystoids macular oedema

Nov 2012

Macular thickness measurement post phacoemulsification surgery using Heidelberg Retina tomography III 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)

71.

Dr. Adlina binti Abdul Rahim

An assessment of optic nerve parameters among malay normotensive glaucoma and high tension glaucoma patients

Nov 2012

Comparison of optic nerve head parameters between Malay patients with NTG and POAG 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Poster Presentation) Optic disc topography of normal tension glaucoma patients in Malaysia Medical Journal of Malaysia 2013:68: 339-342 (Publication) Optic disc topography in Malay patients with normal tension glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma Clinical Ophthalmology 2014;8: 2533-2539 (Publication)

72.

Dr. Hemalatha a/p M.Chandrakanthan

A study of the effect of macrovascular arterial stiffness in age related macular degeneration

Nov 2012

Macrovascular arterial stiffness in age related macular degeneration 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 2nd Best Oral Presentation

73.

Dr. Lim Ching Wei

Detection of Epstein Barr virus in primary pterygium

Nov 2012

-

74.

Dr. Normasniwati binti Saidin

Evaluation of visual function, macular thickness and quality of life in pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema

Nov 2012

Evaluation of visual acuity and macular thickness pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Poster Presentation) Evaluation of visual acuity, macular thickness and quality of life pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema 29th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)

75.

Dr. Nor Sharina binti Yusof

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in different types of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and its association with level of diabetic control and serum oxidized LDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nov 2012

Association of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with HbA1c and oxidized LDL among Type 2 DM 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation) Correlation of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with HbA1c and oxidised LDL in NPDR J Diabetes Metab 2013; 4: 298. (Publication)

76.

Dr. Nurhamiza binti Buang

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among children with learning difficulties in primary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Nov 2012

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in children with learning difficulties in primary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)

77.

Dr. Pan Shin Wei

Evaluation of the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% on dry eye post phacoemulsification

Nov 2012

Evaluation of the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% on dry eye post phacoemulsification 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 2nd Best Oral Presentation

78.

Dr. Abdul Salim bin Ismail

Association of NDP gene mutations and environmental risk factors in retinopathy of prematurity among Malay Population

May 2013

NDP gene sequence variants in ROP among Malay population 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Oral Presentation) Association of Systemic and Environmental Risk Factors in Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Malay Population International Conference on Medical & Health Science, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-24 May 2013 (Poster Presentation) Malay premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity: risk factors and screening of NDP gene mutation

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Science 2017:2(1):5-10 (Publication)

79.

Dr. Ch’ng Tun Wang

A prospective cohort study on the effect of inter-visit ocular perfusion pressure on severity and progression on glaucoma

May 2013

Preliminary data on ocular perfusion pressure in glaucoma patients

1st Annual MOH-USM-UKM-UM Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16 -17 July 2011 Best Oral Presentation

Ocular perfusion pressure as a predictor for glaucoma progression: A prospective observational study The 1st Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress Bali, Indonesia, 7 December 2012 (Poster Presentation) Inter-visit ocular perfusion pressure and severity of glaucoma

29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Oral Presentation)

80.

Dr. Nor Idahriani binti Muhd Nor

Ocular manifestations and genetic variations of low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Malay with familial hypercholesterolaemia

May 2013

Ocular manifestations and genetic variations of low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Malays with familial hypercholesterolemia 3rd Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 Sept 2013 3rd Best Oral Presentation

81.

Dr. Norazizah binti Mohd Amin

Optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Malay amblyopic children

May 2013

Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in Malay children with unilateral amblyopia 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM ) Ophthalmology Conference, Kuala Lumpur 14-16 Sept 2012 3rd Best Oral Presentation Optic nerve parameters in Malay amblyopic children 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)

82.

Dr. Nurfahzura bt Mohd Jamil

A study of visual evoked potential in traumatic optic neuropathy patients

May 2013

A study of VEP in traumatic optic neuropathy patients 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)

A study of visual evoked potentials in traumatic optic neuropathy patients International Conference on Medical & Health Science, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-24 May 2013 (Poster Presentation)

83.

Dr. Madhusudhan A/L Paramananda

Levels of cytokines in pre-corneal tear film in allergic rhinitis patients

Nov 2013

-

84.

Dr. Fadzillah Mohd. Tahir

Manifestations of dry eye disease following oral supplement of Omega 3

Nov 2013

The effect of oral Omega 3 on dry eye disease 3rd Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 Sept 2013 Best Oral Presentation

85.

Dr. Chen Chui Yain

A comparative study on pain score, anxiety level and vital signs during phacoemulsification using combination of topical anaesthesia and cryonalgesia versus topical anaesthesia

May 2014

-

86.

Dr. Neoh Yee Ling

Association of triple vessels coronary artery disease on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness

May 2014

Coronary artery disease: Block the heart and bites the eye

5th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology, Perak, Malaysia 8-9 March 2014 (Oral Presentation)

87.

Dr. Jakiyah Daud

A study of optic nerve function and visual evoked potential parameters in patients with optic neuritis

May 2014

-

88.

Dr. Munira Yusoff

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, contrast sensitivity and vision-related quality of life in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy following pan-retinal photocoagulation

Nov 2014

-

89.

Dr. Tan Ee Ling

Evaluation of the effects of topical pressure/lowering medication on ocular surface among Primary Angle Closure Patients

Nov 2014

Evaluation of effects of topical pressure lowering agents on ocular surface among Angle Closure Glaucoma patient 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation) The effects of topical pressure lowering drugs on ocular surface in primary angle closure glaucoma patients 2th Asia Pacific Glaucoma Congress (in conjunction with 10th International Symposium of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong 26-28 September 2014 (Oral presentation) Evaluation of ocular surface disease in Asian patients with Primary Angle Closure The Open Ophthalmology Journal 2017;1131-39 (Publication)

90.

Dr. Siti Hajar Mat Abu

Optic nerve head analysis and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness among different ethnics in Malaysia using Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III

Nov 2014 Optic nerve head topography and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness analysis among different ethnic in Malaysia using Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph 3 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)

91.

Dr. Ahmad Nurfahmi

The correlation between electrophysiological test and mean retinal nerve fiber analysis, and Advance Glaucoma Intervention Study Score In Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients

Nov 2014

The correlation between Visual Electrophysiology Test and glaucoma severity in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)

92.

Dr. Alisa Victoria Koh

Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in Malay children with and without strabismus

Nov 2014

Retinal and macula thicknesses in Malay children with alternating exotropia 12th Annual Meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society, Seoul, Korea 31 Oct-2 Nov 2014 (Oral Presentation)

93.

Dr. Tan Jin Poi

Comparison of two health related quality of life questionnaires in Malay children with exotropia and Their Parents / Guardians

May 2015

New Malay version IXTQ And AS-20 Questionnaires and HRQOL effects of strabismus on Malay children with strabismus 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 18-20 Sept 2016 2nd Best Oral Presentation

94.

Dr. Haslinda Ab Rahim

The effect of 24 hour intraocular pressure fluctuation on glaucoma progression in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients

May 2015

-

95.

Dr. Noor Khairul Rasid

A study of effectiveness and adherence of fixed combination dorzolamide/ timolol meleate and non- fixed dorzolamide and timolol XE in open angle glaucoma

May 2015

Comparison of effectiveness and adherence of fixed combination and non-fixed combination Dorzolamide and Timolol in open angle glaucoma 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Oral Presentation)

96.

Dr. Nor Azimah Abd Aziz

An animal experimental study on the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab as an adjunctive treatment in retinoblastoma

May 2015

An animal experimental study on the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab as an adjunctive treatment in retinoblastoma 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

97.

Dr. Chong Ying Jiun

Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in main Bumiputera adults in Sarawak

May 2015

Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in main Bumiputera adults in Sarawak

6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

98.

Dr. Teh Wee Min

Effect of systemic oxygen therapy on corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic patients after pars plana vitrectomy

May 2015

Effect of systemic oxygen as supplement therapy on corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic patients after pars plana vitrectomy 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

99.

Dr. Chan Jan Bond

Comparison between laser monotherapy and combination of laser and topical nepafenac in the treatment of diabetic macular oedema

May 2015

Evaluation on efficacy of topical Nepafenac as supplement therapy in the treatment of diabetic macular oedema 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

100.

Dr. Ho Hao Chi

Evaluation of clinical, histopathological features and recurrence rate of pterygium following combination of sutureless pterygium surgery and intralesional ranibizumab injection – pilot study

May 2015

-

101.

Dr. Ng Hong Kee

Evaluation of central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure post phacoemulsification for senile cataract in patients with and without primary open angle glaucoma

May 2015

Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure changes post phacoemulsification surgery in glaucoma patients with cataract

28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation) Correlation between ocular pulse amplitude and intraocular pressure post phacoemulsification surgery in glaucoma patients


102.

Dr. Kiu Kwang Yew

The effect of macrovascular arterial stiffness on the severity and progression of primary open angle glaucoma

May 2015

The effect of arterial stiffness on the severity and progression of primary open angle glaucoma in Malay patients 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)

103. Dr. Faridah Mat Min

Evaluation of optic nerve head parameters, retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome

Nov 2015

-

104. Dr. Julieana Muhammed

Evaluation of visual electrophysiology and retina nerve fiber layer analysis in patient with non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy

Nov 2015

-

105. Dr. Norhayati Abdullah

The effect of 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuation on glaucoma progression in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Nov 2015

-

106. Dr. Loo Wan Wei

A randomized controlled trial of effects of contact and non-contact laser photocoagulation therapy on ocular surface in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Nov 2015

Effects of contact and non-contact laser photocoagulation therapy on ocular surface in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy


107.

Dr. Vindhya A/P Prem Kumar

A study on intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in preterm Malay newborns

Nov 2015

Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in preterm Malay newborns 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)

108. Dr. Kogilavaani A/P J.

Raman @ Jayaraman

Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in full-term Malay newborns

Nov 2015

Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in full-term Malay newborns


109. Dr. Premala Devi a/p

Sivagurunathan

Comparison of macula thickness, nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters with and without honey supplement in post-menopausal women

May 2016

-

110.

Dr. Raihan Abd. Rahim

Evaluation of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and macular thickness post focal laser with and without supplementary honey in diabetic macular oedema

May 2016

-

111.

Dr. Praveen A/L Selvarajah

The evaluation of lifestyle as associated factor for primary open angle glaucoma in Malay patients

May 2016

Association of cigarette smoking and physical activity in Malay patients with primary open angle glaucoma 3rd Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress, Chiang Mai, Thailand 14-16 July 2016. (Oral Presentation)

112.

Dr. Khairuddin Othman

Effect of smoking and physical activities on the severity of primary open angle glaucoma in Chinese population

Nov 2016

Cigaratte smoking and severity of primary open

angle glaucoma

32nd APAO Congress, Singapore

1- 5 March 2017

(Oral Presentation)

Association between physical activity and severity of

primary open angle glaucoma in Malaysian Chinese

patients


1- 5 March 2017

(Oral Presentation)

113.

Dr. Sai Dezhao

Comparison of optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in HbE / beta thalassemia and control

Nov 2016

-

114.

Dr. Sangeetha A/P

Tharmathurai

Quality of life and depression in patients with primary open angle glaucoma using malay version of glaucoma quality of life (GLAU-QOL 36) and geriatric depression scale (GDS) questionnaires

Nov 2016

Depression in patients with primary open angle

glaucoma using Malay version of Geriatric

Depression Scale 14 Questionnaire


1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)

Malay version of Glaucoma Quality Of Life 36

Questionnaire: assesing quality of life in patients with

primary open angle glaucoma


1- 5 March 2017

(Oral Presentation)

115.

Dr. Vinuthinee Naidu A/P Munisamy Naidu

Correlation of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness with serum uric acid among Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nov 2016

-

116.

Dr. Fhun Lai Chan

Comparison of oxidative stress level among patients with primary open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure glaucoma

Nov 2016

Comparison of oxidative stress levels among

patients with POAG and PACG


1- 5 March 2017

(Oral Presentation)

117.

Dr. Wong Chee Kuen

Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macula thickness and optic nerve head parameters in opioid dependent and normal adult

Nov 2016

-

118.

Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min

Evaluation of retinal vascular caliber in Malay children

Nov 2016

Effect of axial eye length on retinal vessel

parameters in 6 to 12-year-old Malay girls.

PLoS ONE 2017: DOI:10.1371

(Publication)

119.

Dr. Ameilia Ahmad

Optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in emmetropic Malay Children

Nov 2016

-

120.

Dr. Nurul Laila Salim

The evaluation of lifestyle as associated factor for primary angle closure glaucoma in Malay patients

May 2017

Malay Glaucoma Eye Study (MaGES): Association of cigarette smoking and physical activities with primary angle closure glaucoma 3rd Asean Ophthalmology Society Congress Jakarta, Indonesia 19-21 July 2017 (Oralr Presentation)

121.

Dr. Ng Seok Hui

Evaluation of visual electrophysiological test in obstructive sleep apnoea patients

May 2017

Evaluation of visual electrophysiological test in

obstructive sleep apnoea

International Eye Science 2017: 17(7)

(Publication)

122.

Dr. Punithan A/L S. Rajendran

Clinical and antibacterial effect of tualang honey in pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes

May 2017

Clinical and antibacterial effect of Tualang Honey in

pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes

10th APVRS Congress held in conjunction with the

38th Annual Meeting of the Royal College of

Ophthalmologists of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand

8-10 December 2016

(Poster Presentation)

123.

Dr. Haslinda binti Md. Said

A comparison of the clinical and antibacterial effects between Tualang Honey and Manuka Honey as adjunctive treatments in pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes

May 2017

-

124.

Dr. Niven Teh Chong Seong

The effect of lifestyle on the severity of primary angle closure glaucoma in Malay patients

May 2017

Effect of physical activity on severity of primary angle

closure glaucoma in Malay patients


1- 5 March 2017

(Oral Presentation)

125.

Dr. Jessica Mani A/P Penny Tevaraj

A comparative study on optic nerve function, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and VEP pre and 3 months post treatment with ethambutol in tuberculosis patients

May 2017

Evaluation of anatomical and visual function for early detection of ethambutol toxicity among tuberculosis patients International Eye Science 2016;11:2005-2009

(Publication)

126.

Dr. Tan Chai Lee

Evaluation of optic nerve head parameters and electroretinography among breast cancer patients on tamoxifen

May 2017

-

127.

Dr. Chai Khai Siang

Evalution of retinal vascular caliber in overweight and obese Malay children

Nov 2017

Evalution of retinal vascular caliber in overweight and obese Malay children Asia Pacific Strabismus and Paediatric

Ophthalmology Society Congress, Hong Kong

11-12 Oct 2017

(Oral Presentation)

128.

Dr. Kan Kok Wei

Comparison of central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in gestational diabetic and healthy pregnant women

Nov 2017

129.

Dr. Kiu Kwong Han

Comparison of oxidative stress markers level among patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and its correlation with HbA1c

Nov 2017

130.

Dr. Lathalakshmi Thangavelu

Identification of susceptible genetic markers for progression of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma In Malay patients

Nov 2017

131.

Dr. Nazihatul Fikriah Abd Halim

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea patients

Nov 2017

132.

Dr. Neoh Pei Fang

Evaluation of anterior segment biometry parameters in progress and non-progress Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma among Malays and Chinese

Nov 2017

133.

Dr. Noorlaila Baharuddin

Comparison of dry eyes parameters in postmenopousal women with and without honey supplement

Nov 2017

134.

Dr. Norhayaty Samsudin

A comparison study on Aqueous Humor Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-B1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VGEF) level in Primary Glaucoma and controls

Nov 2017

135.

Dr. Tan Kok Leong

The effect of cigarette smoking and physical activity on the severity of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Malay patients

Nov 2017

136.

Dr. Koh Yi Ni

Evaluation of tears oxidative stress markers in Malay Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients

May 2018

137.

Dr. Tan Chai Keong

Evaluation of optic nerve head and macula parameters pre and post External Beam Radiotherapy in patient with Head and Neck Tumor

May 2018

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