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Mastering the Fundamentals of Lean Sigma Principles Cheryl GastWhitaker, BS, Certified MBTI Practitioner, CPhT, Customer Services Manager, Infusion Therapy, Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, MD

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Page 1: Mastering the Fundamentals of Lean Sigma Principles - … · Mastering the Fundamentals of Lean Sigma Principles Cheryl Gast ... DMAIC is the improvement framework used in lean

Mastering the Fundamentals of Lean Sigma Principles

Cheryl Gast‐Whitaker, BS, Certified MBTI Practitioner, CPhT, Customer Services Manager, Infusion Therapy, Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Baltimore, MD

Page 2: Mastering the Fundamentals of Lean Sigma Principles - … · Mastering the Fundamentals of Lean Sigma Principles Cheryl Gast ... DMAIC is the improvement framework used in lean

CE Credit in Five Easy Steps!1. Scan your badge as you enter each session.2. Carry your Evaluation Packet to every session so you can add session evaluation forms to it.3. Track your hours on the “Statement of Session Attendance Form” as you go.4. At your last session, total the hours and sign both pages of your Statement of Session 

Attendance Form. Keep the PINK copy for your records. Put the YELLOW and WHITE copies in your Evaluation Packet. Make sure a completed Session Evaluation Form is in your Evaluation Packet for each session 

you attended.• Missing one? Extras are in a file near Registration.

5. Complete the General Attendance Evaluation Form located in your Evaluation Packet—and place it back in your envelope. Write your name on the outside of your Evaluation Packet envelope, seal it, and drop it in the 

box near Registration. Applying for Pharmacy CPE? If you have not yet registered for an NABP e‐Profile ID, please 

visit www.MyCPEmonitor.net to do so before submitting your packet. You must enter your NABP e‐Profile ID in order to receive CE credit this year!

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• Speaker declares no conflicts of interest or financial interest in any service or product mentioned in this program.

• Clinical trials and off-label/investigational uses will not be discussed during this presentation.

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Objectives

• Overview of Lean Sigma– Lean – Six Sigma

• Using the DMAIC Methodology• Provide frame of reference for next workshop session 

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Overview

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Lean is…

• A process improvement methodology• A mindset• A set of tools• A visual, efficient way of doing work

Lean is the relentless pursuit of the elimination/reduction of waste in a process

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Six Sigma is…

• A process improvement methodology• A statistical measure of quality• A set of tools• A virtually defect free process

Six Sigma is the relentless pursuit to eliminate/reduce defects and variation in a 

process

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Lean Sigma is…

Lean + Six Sigma = Lean Sigma• A process improvement methodology that combines both lean and six sigma tools and methodology– Fewer defects (mistakes)– More predictable process due to less variation– Less waste, more efficient, saves time– Improved patient and staff satisfaction

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A Deeper Dive into Lean• Remember ‐ Lean is the relentless pursuit of the elimination/reduction of  wastefrom a process

• The customer determines what is waste (non‐value added)

• There are 7 “Wastes” or non‐value added categories that exist in most processes

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A Deeper Dive into Six SigmaRemember ‐ Six Sigma is the relentless pursuit to eliminate/reduce defects and variation in a process

• Some defects have greater consequences than others but ALLare bad

• Defects contribute to variation• Variation is what patients experience – few experience the 

“average” value• Less variation leads to a predictable/reliable  process

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Lean Sigma Framework“DMAIC”

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Define

Measure

Analyze

Improve

Control

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DMAIC  (Duh‐may‐ ick)

1. Define – the problem, goal, current state2. Measure – the key indicators of the process3. Analyze – the data and what it means4. Improve – trying interventions & monitoring5. Control – the gains are sustained

DMAIC is the improvement framework used in lean sigma (5‐step process)

Various lean and 6 sigma tools are used in each phase

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Using the DMAIC Methodology

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Define

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Define ‐ Overview

• What process would our organization like to improve?

• Draft and finalize project charter• Creating a SIPOC diagram• Identify and survey your customers• Develop a high‐level value stream map• Identify known waste – quick hits

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True North Exercise

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Define – Project Charter

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Project Name: Champion:

Belt: Master Black Belt:Problem Statement: How often does it occur? How do we know it is a problem? What is the impact?

Project Goal: Usually in SMART goal format

Project Y/Path Y:Y= The key output metric (data point) to be improved. Convert your defect into a metric.

Scope: Boundaries, constraints, restrictions, off-limit areas

Team Members: Detailed on next slide Benefits:

Timeline: Milestones for expected completion by phase

Define Measure Analyze  Improve Control

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DefineProject Team Member Roles• A team, typically 4‐12 people, participate in a lean 

sigma initiative• Typical members:

– Staff ‐ work in the process on a daily basis– A Team Leader ‐ facilitate the process– A Process Owner ‐ responsible for the process

• Others who may/may not attend meetings– Project Champion – leadership  executive to remove 

barriers– Black Belt – Highly proficient in LS tools/techniques– Subject matter expert – ad hoc member

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DefineSIPOC• Suppliers – lists the people or entities that provide inputs to the process

• Inputs – list the things that the process requires to function normally

• Process – high level – 4 to 8 steps• Outputs – list the things the process produces• Customers – list the people that receive outputs from the process

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Define

Voice of the Customer• Obtain the needs and wants of your customers 

• Capture via direct discussion, interviews, patient satisfaction surveys, focus groups, etc.   Baseline and follow‐up.  

• What is critical to quality/your CTQs?  – Characteristics of process or deliverables 

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Define

Value Stream Map (VSM)/Process Map• Use your SIPOC worksheet• Go to the “Gemba” (workplace)

– Observe the process– Note waste

• Specifically wait times/bottlenecks

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DefineThe 7 Wastes of Health Care

• DO MOW IT!    (Handout provided in packet)– Defects– Overproduction– Motion– Over Processing– Waiting– Inventory– Transportation

• Any quick hits? • Look for waste during all phases of your LS project 

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Measure

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Measure ‐ Overview

• Convert output(s) a.k.a.  Y(s)   to data– Establish operational definition

• Develop data collection plan– Use existing data or create method to obtain– Obtain baseline data– Apply statistical data tools*

• Generate list of potential and known Xs– Fishbone Diagram,  Spaghetti Diagram

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Measure

• Convert output(s) a.k.a.  Y(s) to data–Establish operational definition–What you are measuring should be a meaningful indicator of a CTQ (Critical to Quality) element

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Measure• Operational Definition

– What is it?• Tells you how to obtain a value for Y and X• Describes how to obtain the measurement from the data

• Meaningful to your process• Precise, procedural

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Measure• Operational Definition examples

– Example  ‐ % same day delivery tickets• Measured by dividing # of same day tickets by total # of delivery tickets GENERATED/PRINTED in a given day

– Example – New IV referral lead time• Measured in minutes from the time the referral is received via electronic fax through the time the patient signs the initial delivery ticket

– This example’s scope is HUGE  – Break into segments – Intake to Pharmacist, Pharmacist to Clean Room, Clean Room to Warehouse, Warehouse to Patient

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MeasureLead Time: The project “Y” in many projects.  

Lean provides tools to remove waste and variability which in turn reduce Lead Times. 

• Lead Time: Time to complete a product or service from start to finish.  

• Cycle Time: Time to perform elements within a single step of process. 

• Total Process Cycle Time:  Sum of all cycle times, which equals Lead Time.  

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Measure• Develop data collection plan

– Every Y and X measured in a valid, accurate and consistent manner?

– Is there a good operational definition for each?– Who/How many people collect/perform measurement?

– What equipment, calculations, and methods are used?

– Is the process/equipment standardized?

• Obtain/gather your baseline data

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Measure

What affects/influences the current process?What are the Xs?• Process Inputs• Things (nouns) the process needs• Measurable characteristics of the process• Potential sources of variation

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Measure – How do I identify my Xs?• Fishbone Diagram – a.k.a. Cause and Effect Diagram

– Graphical, brainstorming method to identify, logically group and sub‐divide potential root causes of a problem

– “Spine” of the fishbone should be the process problem  or key metric (Project Y).  

– Construct bones using “the 6Ms” • Want to list at least 30 Xs (Roughly 5 for each bone)

1. Personnel (Man)2. Machines (Equipment)3. Materials 4. Methods5. Measurements6. Environment (Mother Nature)  

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Fishbone Diagram Example

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Measure • Spaghetti Diagram

– Layout (approximately to scale) including physical flow and movement of operations

– Includes travel paths and distances ‐Measure Master – Serves as a baseline to improve flow and reduce speed– Graphical representation of your current state

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Measure

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Analyze ‐ Overview

• Filter down Xs• Generate theories to explain potential root causes using specific tools– Fault tree diagram, 5 Whys

• Hypothesis testing*

• Workplace organization– 5S methodology

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Analyze ‐ Narrowing the field of Xs  Cause and Effect Matrix • Helps eliminate trivial many to vital fewSteps • List the CTQs (Ys) across the top of a matrix• Rank and assign scores to each CTQ according to its importance to 

the customer• List the causes(Xs) on the left side of the matrix • Determine correlation scores between each cause and CTQ based on 

the strength of their relationship (E.g. 1 – weak, 3 – some, 9 – strong) • Cross multiply correlation scores with priority scores and add across 

for each cause• Sort high to low and focus on the causes with the higher overall 

scores. 

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Analyze – Example C & E Matrix

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C&E Correlation Rankings:0 = No Correlation1 = Process has a small effect on the Y3 = Process has a moderate effect on the Y9 = Process input has a direct and strong effect on the Y

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Analyze – How do get to the root cause of our failure modes?

• Use the 5 Whys

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Analyze• Fault Tree Analysis

– Used to help prevent failures in the future

– Tool to help visualize combined events that lead to failures

– Commonly used in LS processes

– Alternatively or additionally, you could complete an FMEA (Failure Modes & Effects Analysis) 

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AnalyzeCreating a Fault Tree Diagram• Begin by defining the top event (or failure) or your Ys.

• Identify potential failure modes for each – Use the 5 Whys methodology for each mode– Use as many levels as necessary to get to root cause

• Use your FT to identify ways to eliminate causes of the failure and devise preventive measures

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Fault Tree Diagram Example

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Analyze – Workplace Organization

• 5S – “A place for everything and everything in its place”– An improvement method to eliminate unnecessary downtime, movement and waiting

– 30‐second access rule– Visual management to maintain a controlled environment

– Clean, secure and safe working conditions– Standardization and ongoing control

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Analyze – 5S

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Improve ‐ Overview• Implement and assess root cause interventions(solutions)

• Batch elimination/reduction– One piece flow

• Lean Communication/Visual Flow– Signal for work

• Standard Work• Pilot interventions and collect new data• Revise VSM – are interventions making a difference?  

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Improve ‐ Interventions

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Improve

One‐Piece FlowWhat is it?• The movement of products or “things” through the process one unit at a time rather than batching units in groups of two or more.  

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ImproveOne‐Piece FlowWhy use it?• Helps to organize the process• Enables continuous flow with minimal starts and stops

• Little’s Law – In order to reduce lead time, reduce the # of things in a process

• Waste identification is more visible with less inventory in the process

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One‐Piece Flow Exercise

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Improve

• Lean Communication/Visual Flow– Kanban – Japanese word for signal to perform work

– Home infusion examples• Outlook calendar and color coding• Light switch in office area signals Techs in Clean Room to begin work

• Workflow Manager alerts clinical teams that referrals have been keyed 

• New referrals (electronic faxes) received in a queue

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ImproveStandard Work – Three Components• Work Flow ‐ Performing process the same way, in order

– Identify most efficient method, follow it, reduce variation by individual

• Materials ‐ Standard supplies, equipment, # of “things” in process at any given time– The necessary number of materials to perform tasks and provide 

a smooth flow– Use data to drive par levels

• Timing ‐ Are we meeting the demands of the customer? – Total cycle time must be matched to demand 

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Improve

Last, but not least for this next‐to‐last DMAIC phase…• Post piloting interventions, collect new data

• Compare to baseline data gathered at the beginning of the project

• Celebrate your successes!  

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Control – Overview

• Sustaining the gain!– Institute ongoing metrics – Document standard operating procedures– Create process control plans

• Audits

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Control

• Maintenance– Address variances to plan– Continually measure your Y forever and key Xs– Difference between PDCA and DMAIC is this control phase

– Need a control plan – matrix included • How are we going to handle if we get off track?

– Who, what, where, why, when?

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Final Recap

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The power of Lean Sigma• Decision making is based on data 

– Baseline data, post intervention, control to sustain– Understand root cause and attack at that level

• The people who work the process, fix the process – Who else knows it better?

• The customer (namely our patients) are core to the process – it’s about what they want and say is important

• Attacks the process …not the people

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