masterpresentation - pultrusion · pultrusion 39 47 51 47 47 ∑ continuous processing 95 119 128...
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![Page 1: Masterpresentation - Pultrusion · Pultrusion 39 47 51 47 47 ∑ Continuous processing 95 119 128 125 131 Filament winding 69 82 86 80 78 Centrifugal casting 55 66 69 67 66 ∑ Pipes](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042910/5f3eef6652c75a04ee3b250b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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- Masterpresentation -
09/2017
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Overview
1. The Pultrusion Process
2. Reinforcements
3. Resin Systems
4. Profiles & Applications
6. Sustainability
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Overview
1. The Pultrusion Process
2. Reinforcements
3. Resin Systems
4. Profiles & Applications
6. Sustainability
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Pultrusion Process
Rovings & Mats are being impregnated, formed and cured
continuously
Source: Strongwell
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Storing of the rovings
Avoiding contact between
the rovings
Breaking up the sizing of
the rovings (necessary for
impregnation)
Source: Blaurock (literature)
Bobbin Creels with Breaker Bars
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Positioning and guiding of
the rovings
Minimizing friction
inbetween the rovings
Impregnating rovings and
mats
Resin supply via pump
Source: Blaurock (literature)
Guide Plates, Resin Bath
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Profile forming by shape
of the die
Curing through heated die
Heating
Source: Blaurock (literature)
Forming & Curing Die
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Pulling the profil with
caterpillar or reciprocating
pullers
Cutting profiles to desired
length
Source: Blaurock (literature)
Pulling System, Cut-Off Saw
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Initiation of an
exothermic
reaction in the die
Source: Trevor (literature)
Curing inside the die
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Three steps of curing: liquid, gel, solid
Source: Trevor (literature)
Curing in three steps
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Overview
1. The Pultrusion Process
2. Reinforcements
3. Resin Systems
4. Profiles & Applications
6. Sustainability
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Types of Fibers
Glass fibers
most common
Carbon fibers
high
performance
Aramid fibers
special
application
Source: R&G Handbuch Faserverbundwerkstoffe, Niederstadt (literature)
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Glass Fiber Advantages
Lightweight
Most cost-efficient
Excellent chemical and biological resistance
Electrical insulation
Very high tensile strength
Fire-Proof
Optical transparency
Linear elasticity with high elongation at break
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Glass Fiber Types
E-Glass R-Glass S-Glass C-Glass D-Glass
Young's Modulus
[N/mm²] 73.000 86.000 86.810 71.000 55.000
Tensile Strength
[N/mm²] 2.400 3.600 4.500 2.400 1.650
Thermal Expansion
[10^-6/°C] 5,1 4,1 5,58 7,2 3,5
Density [g/cm³] 2,54 2,55 2,49 2,51 2,14
Shear Modulus
[N/mm²] 29.920 35.578
Source: Konstruieren mit Faser-Kunstoff-Verbunden, Schürmann (literature)
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Carbon Fiber Advantages
Best mechanical properties
Excellent stiffness and tensile strength
Very low density
Outstanding fatigue behaviour
Good chemical resistance
Negative thermal expansion
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Carbon Fiber Types
HT ST IM HM UHM
Young's Modulus
[N/mm²] 230.000 245.000 294.000 392.000 450.000
Tensile Strength
[N/mm²] 3.430 4.510 4.210 2.450 2.150
Thermal Expansion
long. [10^-6/°C] -0,455 -0,108
Thermal Expansion
trans. [10^-6/°C] 12,5 31
Density [g/cm³] 1,74 1,8 1,74 1,81 1,9
Shear Modulus
[N/mm²] 50.000 28.600
Source: Konstruieren mit Faser-Kunstoff-Verbunden, Schürmann (literature)
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Types Of Rovings
Source: OCV
Single-End Rovings (default)
300 – 9600 tex (g/km)
Sizing promotes fiber-matrix
adhesion
Bulky Rovings
Additional transversal strength
Improved impregnation
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Types Of Mats
CSM = Chopped Strand Mat + Thermoplastic Binder
CFM = Continuous Filament Mat + Thermoplastic Binder
Properties: Area weight (e.g. 300 g/m²),
Basic Strand Diameter (e.g. 25 tex)
Source: Konstruieren mit Faser-Kunstoff-Verbunden, Schürmann (literature)
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Types Of Mats
Strands in various directions
Stitched oder needled with CSM or CFM
Gives additional strength and stiffness
Source: Konstruieren mit Faser-Kunstoff-Verbunden, Schürmann (literature)
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Typical Fiber Package
Rovings for
unidirectional
reinforcement
Mats for
transversal
strentgh
Veil for surface
quality Source: Fraunhofer ICT
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Overview
1. The Pultrusion Process
2. Reinforcements
3. Resin Systems
4. Profiles & Applications
6. Sustainability
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Resin Types
• UP Resin (iso-, ortho-, terephthalic, DCPD)
• Vinyl Ester, Epoxy Resin for special applications
Resin
Tensile
Strength
[N/mm²]
Young‘s
Mod.
[N/mm²]
Break.
Elong.
[%]
TG
[°C]
Density
[g/cm³]
UP (Ortho) 60 4.800 2 125 1,22
Vinyl Ester 83 4.000 6 130 1,14
Epoxy 90 3.400 5 140 1,2
Polyurethane 75-85 2.700-3.000 6-12 100-160 1.18-1.23
Source: Konstruieren mit Faser-Kunstoff-Verbunden, Schürmann (literature)
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Overview
1. The Pultrusion Process
2. Reinforcements
3. Resin Systems
4. Profiles & Applications
6. Sustainability
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Profiles - Advantages
Light weight
Corrosion free
Applicable in chemical, alkaline or acid environment
Electrical insulation
Thermal insulation
Transparent for radio and radar waves
Material properties adjustable in a wide range
Very low life-cycle cost
Heat resistance (dependant on matrix)
Fatigue endurability
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Profiles - Shapes
Default shapes:
Rods
Round Tubes
Square tubes
Rectangular tubes
Flat bar
U-channels
Angles
Source: Pultrex
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Profiles - Shapes
I-Beams
L-Beams
C-Beams
T-Beams
Z-Beams
Source: Pultrex
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Profiles - Shapes
Almost any 2 dimensional shape possible:
Source: lHandbuch FVW
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Profiles – Radius Shapes
Profiles with constant
radius
Variable shapes
Source: Thomas Technik
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Profiles – Radius Shapes
Utilize the transluzent material for optical effects
In combination with the mechanical strengh
Source: Thomas Technik
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2009 (kt) 2010 (kt) 2011 (kt) 2012 (kt) 2013* (kt)
SMC 160 198 198 188 184
BMC 56 69 69 70 71
∑ SMC/BMC 216 267 267 258 255
Hand lay-up 123 160 160 145 142
Spray-up 74 92 98 90 90
∑ Open mould 197 252 258 235 232
RTM 94 113 120 120 126
Sheets 56 72 77 78 84
Pultrusion 39 47 51 47 47
∑ Continuous processing 95 119 128 125 131
Filament winding 69 82 86 80 78
Centrifugal casting 55 66 69 67 66
∑ Pipes and Tanks 124 148 155 147 144
GMT/LFT 75 100 105 108 114
Others 14 16 16 17 18
Sum: 815 1.015 1.049 1.010 1.020
Market Share
Share of the pultrusion technology (GRP production Europe)
2013* = estimated
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Applications
Construction & Infrastructure
Sports & Leisure, Household
Electric & Electronic
Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Transportation
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Applications
Construction & Infrastructure
Sports & Leisure, Household
Electric & Electronic
Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Transportation
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Construction & Infrastructure
Roof trusses
A-frames
Source: Pultrex Source: Pultrex
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Construction & Infrastructure
Space Frames
Handrails
Source: Pultrex
Source: ATP
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Construction & Infrastructure
Bridges
Source: Pultrex
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Construction & Infrastructure
Fencing
Handrails
Source: ATP
Source: Pultrex Source: Pultrex
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Construction & Infrastructure
Gratings
Source: Pultrex
Source: Pultrex
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Construction & Infrastructure
Cable Trays
Source: Röchling Source: Pultrex
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Construction & Infrastructure
Cable Trays in
various locations
Source: Röchling
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Construction & Infrastructure
Cable Trays in
various shapes
Source: TC Domine
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Construction & Infrastructure
Housing with seven
doors
Source: TC Domine
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Construction & Infrastructure
Single storey building
made with jute fibers
Source: Pultrex
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Construction & Infrastructure
Rail joints
Source: Exel
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Construction & Infrastructure
Anchoring bolts
Source: ATP
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Applications
Construction & Infrastructure
Sports & Leisure, Household
Electric & Electronic
Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Transportation
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Sports & Leisure, Household
Sail battens
Fishing rods
Source: EPTA Group
Source: EPTA Group
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Sports & Leisure, Household
Stadium seating
Source: Pultrex
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Sports & Leisure, Household
Tool handles
Source: Exel
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Applications
Construction & Infrastructure
Sports & Leisure, Household
Electric & Electronic
Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Transportation
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Electric & Electronic
Radio & telephone antennas
Source: Pultrex
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Electric & Electronic
Foundation and spacers for
current transformers
Source: Röchling
Source: Röchling
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Electric & Electronic
Insulating and ingition proof
ladder systems
Source: Pultrex
Source: Pultrex
Source: Pultrex
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Applications
Construction & Infrastructure
Sports & Leisure, Household
Electric & Electronic
Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Transportation
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Structures for solar panels
Source: EPTA Group
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Wind turbine blades
Source: Röchling
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Gratings and handrails for
chemical plant and oil
platforms
Source: Pultrex
Source: Pultrex
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Gratings and
handrails for
cooling towers
Source: Pultrex
Source: TC Domine
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Stairways for water
and sewage treatment
plants
Source: Alto
Source: TC Domine
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Platforms for sewage
treatment plants
Source: Alto
Source: TC Domine
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Bridges for sewage
treatment plants
Span length: 6m
Incl. mounts for
agitators
Source: TC Domine
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Caged ladder
systems for tanks
Scaffolding towers
Platform ladders
Source: Pultrex Source: Pultrex Source: Pultrex
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Stair towers for
cooling towers
Source: TC Domine
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Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Frameworks and handrails for
tanks
Source: TC Domine
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Applications
Construction & Infrastructure
Sports & Leisure, Household
Electric & Electronic
Energy, Oil & Gas, Chemical
Transportation
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Transportation
External paneling for
busses
Source: Röchling
Source: Röchling
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Transportation
Internal paneling for busses
Source: TC Domine
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Transportation
Internal paneling
for trains
Source: TC Domine
Source: TC Domine
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Transportation
Internal train panel
in detail
Pultruded, milled
and drilled
Source: TC Domine
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Transportation
Internal train panel
in detail
Pultruded cut and
milled
Source: TC Domine
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Transportation
Bus parts
Source: Pultrex
Source: Pultrex
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Transportation
External paneling for trains
and trams
Coated surfaces of
excellent quality
Source: Röchling
Source: Röchling
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Transportation
Body panels for trams
Source: EPTA Group
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Transportation
Springs
Source: Thomas Technik Source: Thomas Technik
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Overview
1. The Pultrusion Process
2. Reinforcements
3. Resin Systems
4. Profiles & Applications
6. Sustainability
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Pultrusion is one of the most energy efficient processes
Sustainability
05
1015202530354045
MJ/k
g
Energy intensities of manufacturing processes