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Grammaire et phonologie – Master 1 et Master 2 1 / 60

Table des matièresTable des matières

Ask / Speak / Talk..................................................................................................................................... 4Ask................................................................................................................................................................................ 4Speak, spoke, spoken............................................................................................................................................. 4Talk............................................................................................................................................................................... 4Exercices..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Say / Tell....................................................................................................................................................... 7Say / said / said: dire, réciter............................................................................................................................. 7Tell / told / told: dire, raconter, informer, donner un ordre..................................................................7Exercices..................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Penser / Think............................................................................................................................................ 9Expressions............................................................................................................................................................... 9Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Connaître / Savoir : Know.................................................................................................................... 11Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 11

Reported Speech .................................................................................................................................... 13Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Past Habit – used to/would/past simple......................................................................................... 16Used to...................................................................................................................................................................... 16Would........................................................................................................................................................................ 16Past simple.............................................................................................................................................................. 16Other Uses of 'Use To'......................................................................................................................................... 16Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 17

Expressing wishes (and regrets)........................................................................................................ 19Wishes about the present (and the future)............................................................................................... 19Wishes about the future (and the present)............................................................................................... 19Wishes about the past: regrets....................................................................................................................... 19Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 20

Giving advice............................................................................................................................................. 22Should....................................................................................................................................................................... 22Had better .............................................................................................................................................................. 22If I were you ........................................................................................................................................................... 22Ought ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22Memento.................................................................................................................................................................. 22Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 23

Exclamatory and emphatic structures............................................................................................. 25Exclamatory Structures.................................................................................................................................... 25Emphatic structures............................................................................................................................................ 25Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 26

Infinitives and gerunds......................................................................................................................... 29Their noun roles................................................................................................................................................... 29Gerund or infinitive?........................................................................................................................................... 30Exercises.................................................................................................................................................................. 32

Modals........................................................................................................................................................ 35Introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 35Modals of Permission......................................................................................................................................... 36Modals of Probability.......................................................................................................................................... 37Modals of Ability................................................................................................................................................... 39Exercices.................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Capitalisation et ponctuation............................................................................................................. 43


Capitalisation......................................................................................................................................................... 43Ponctuation............................................................................................................................................................. 44

(se) rappeler / se souvenir.................................................................................................................. 46Remind..................................................................................................................................................................... 46Remember............................................................................................................................................................... 46Recall......................................................................................................................................................................... 47Recollect................................................................................................................................................................... 47Exercice.................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Rester.......................................................................................................................................................... 48Exercice.................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Irregular verbs......................................................................................................................................... 53Phonetics................................................................................................................................................... 58Ressources................................................................................................................................................ 59


AASKSK / S / SPEAKPEAK / T / TALKALK

D'après English Academy: Les 50 fautes d'usages les plus fréquentes en anglais ; Florent GUSDORF, Ellipses, 2008.

AskAsk

ask + COD: demander qqch, exiger (to ask patience), poser une question (to ask a question)– ask a price (demander un prix)– ask for something: demander qqch, réclamer qqch ; ask for favours / advice: demander

un service / des conseils ; you asked for it! : tu l'as cherché!– ask for somebody: demander à parler à qqun– ask somebody for something: demander qqch à qqun– ask somebody a question– ask somebody to a party: inviter quelqu'un– ask somebody to do something: demander à qqun de faire qqch– ask somebody if / whether: demander à qqun si– ask + proposition relative

Speak, spoke, spokenSpeak, spoke, spoken

– speak to / with somebody about something: parler avec qqun de qqch– speak + COD: to speak English, to speak the truth– speak in a … voice: parler d'une voix …– so to speak: pour ainsi dire– generally speaking : en général– politically speaking: politiquement parlant– this speaks volumes for: cela en dit long sur...– to speak up: parler plus fort

SPEAK peut aussi se mettre au passif: English spoken: on parle anglais

TalkTalk

– talk about something = discuss, speak about something: discuter, parler de– talk about V-ING: envisager de– talk to somebody: parler à qqun– talk somebody into doing something: convaincre qqun de– talk somebody out of V-ING: dissuader de– talk over a problem: discuter d'un pb– talk business: parler affaires– talk shop: parler boutique– talk nonsense: dire des bêtises– talk of the devil: quand on parle du loup


ExercicesExercices

1) Complétez à l'aide du verbe à la forme qui convient.

1. What price (they) …............................................................... for the house?

2. Actions …...............................................................louder than words.

3. English …............................................................... all over the world.

4. She …............................................................... and it was hard to understand.

5. After a long interrogation, the spy finally consented to ….............................................................. .

6. I …............................................................... but he hasn't answered yet.

7. I …............................................................... with your doctor.

8. They …............................................................... English together for practice.

9. This isn't a question of a few dollars – we ….......................................................... serious money.

10. I went up to the policeman and …...............................................................my way to the station.

2) Complétez à l'aide de la préposition qui convient ou Ø.

1. If you need some advice, ask …................ your doctor.

2. Michael's on the phone. He wants to speak …................ you.

3. Woody Allen's latest film has been so much talked …................ .

4. Did you speak …................ anybody on the way home?

5. I'd like to speak …................ you about your latest test results.

6. Talk …................ the devil! It's John!

7. Even though you speak …................ a gentle voice, you can still insult someone.

8. For years, they've talked …................ moving to Charleston.

3) Traduisez.

1. Il m'a demandé de lui prêter de l'argent.

…....................................................................................................................................................................

2. Combien de langues parles-tu?

…....................................................................................................................................................................

3. Je lui ai parlé au téléphone hier soir.

…....................................................................................................................................................................

4. Si tu as des problèmes, tu n'as qu'à me demander.

…....................................................................................................................................................................


4) Faites correspondre les verbes à particules à leur synonyme.

1 Speak out a Consider and discuss

2 Talk down b Speak without fear or hesitation

3 Talk over c Persuade

4 Talk up d Discuss enthusiastically

5 Speak for e Express one's opinion openly

6 Speak up f Speak on behalf of

7 Talk around g Belittle


SSAYAY / T / TELLELL


Say / said / said: dire, réciterSay / said / said: dire, réciter

say COD (to someone)

He said good bye (to me)

– On peut supprimer le complément d'objet indirect : He said hello.– On emploie say pour rapporter un ordre : “Turn left,” she said.

say Relative en that ; discours direct

She saidShe said

(that) she was 18.(that) she would call back.

– On emploie say pour rapporter des propos.– Ne jamais employer say avec a story / a joke / a lie / the time / the truth. (voir TELL)

Tell / told / told: dire, raconter, informer, donner un ordre.Tell / told / told: dire, raconter, informer, donner un ordre.

tell someone something

He told me the whole truth.

The father told his daughter a story.

Tell him that I won't come. / to come at once.

Tell a deux compléments directs.– Le 1er représente la personne à qui on s'adresse, il ne peut pas être supprimé. Dans ce

cas, tell est directement suivi du nom ou du pronom.– Le 2nd est un COD, une subordonnée ou une infinitive.

On trouve également: tell + a story / a joke / a lie / the time / the truth.

Au passif : ne pas confondre : to be said (on dit) avec to be told (on m'a dit)→ He is said to be a good doctor. (= He is reputed to be a good doctor.): On dit que c'est un bon

médecin.→ I was told of your success. (= I was informed of your success.): On m'a appris ton succès.


Exercices.Exercices.

1) Insérez say ou tell au temps et à la forme qui convient.a) What this woman …....................................................... is not true.b) What he …........................................................ is quite different from what he

…...................................................... previously.c) What he …........................................................was that he hadn't been out of the house all night.d) …........................................................ what you like, you are free to speak your mind.e) The principal …..............................................: “Don't ...................................................... that word again!”f) Can you …........................................................the difference? Can you …........................................................

which is which?g) What he …........................................................ his employer resulted in his dismissal.h) Can you …........................................................ me the time, please?i) He …....................................................... the police about the incident.j) He …........................................................ he was sorry.

2) Mettez les phrases au style indirect en utilisant l'amorce entre guillemets.a) “Hold the line,” said the operator to David.→ He told ….......................................................................................................................................................................b) “Mind the steps,” said the guide to the visitors.→ He told ….......................................................................................................................................................................c) “Open your books,” the teacher said to the students.→ He told ….......................................................................................................................................................................

3) Traduisez.a) Parle moi de ton enfance.…............................................................................................................................................................................................b) On m'a dit que c'était le meilleur chirurgien.…............................................................................................................................................................................................c) Elle m'a dit qu'elle était pressée.…............................................................................................................................................................................................d) Il m'a dit “Ne conduis pas trop vite, la vitesse est limitée.”…............................................................................................................................................................................................


PPENSERENSER / T / THINKHINK


To think about = to consider somethingI have been offered a new job, but I haven't had time to think about it yet.

To think of sthg– penser à qqchose / une idée qui vous vient à l'esprit

I've had an idea: why don't we knock this wall down? It'll make the room bigger!– quand on demande ou donne son avis

What did you think of the novel?I don't think much of your idea...

– pour concevoir un nouveau projetI've thought of a new plan.

To think of / about somebody : penser à qqu'unI hardly think of / about her anymore.

To think of / about + V-ING : envisagerI'm thinking of / about transferring my company to Britain.

Think sthg over : réfléchir à qqchThe manager told me he would think my suggestion over.

ExpressionsExpressions

To think highly of : avoir une haute estime deTo think the world of : adorerTo think better of : se raviserTo think nothing of : considérer qqch comme sans importanceTo think nothing of it! N'y pensez plus! / Je vous en prie! / Ce n'est pas grave!To think twice about doing sthg : y réfléchir à deux foisAnd to think he never consulted a doctor! Quand je pense qu'il n'est jamais allé voir un

médecin!To think a problem out: analyser un problèmeTo think up (a plan / a solution / a scheme) : avoir l'idée deTo think through (a plan / a proposal) : examiner en détail


ExercicesExercices

1) Insérez la préposition qui convient (about / from / of / over / Ø )

a) The only way I can think ….................... to fight against this scourge is to legalize soft drugs.b) You must give me some time to think it ….................... .c) You are not alone in thinking ….................... that investing in Eurotunnel shares is really an

act of faith.d) Peggy looks very much like her mother, don't you think ….................... ?e) He wouldn't be pushed into making a decision sand said he would need some time to

think it ….................... .f) I don't think much ….................... English wines though they have improved recently.g) I don't feel like going to the theater tonight. I'll have to think ….................... an excuse.h) What did you think ….................... the book I lent you?i) You'll think ….................... me when you wear this tie.j) Barnes and Noble1 are thinking ….................... expanding their business to Britain.

2) Traduisez.a) I can't think of his name, but he was a blond guy with glasses.…............................................................................................................................................................................................b) He's a bit aloof and doesn't think much of his colleagues.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................c) Think of a number, double it and subtract your age.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................d) He thought nothing of spending thousands of dollars on a fur coat for his wife.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................

1 American franchised bookstore


CCONNAÎTREONNAÎTRE / S / SAVOIRAVOIR : K : KNOWNOW


Le verbe “connaître” ne se traduit pas systématiquement par know en anglais. I've known him for a long time.I know the city like the back of my hand.He knows a lot of poetry.I know this voice!

Mais le champ sémantique de “connaître” est plus large.– Est-ce qu'il connaît la nouvelle? Has he heard the news?– Je l'ai connu à l'université. I met him at university.– Je ne connais pas bien les coutumes japonaises. I'm not familiar with Japanese

customs. / I'm not well up on Japanes customs.– Le pays connaît de tristes heures. The country is going through sad times.– Le pays connaît une crise économique grave. The country is experiencing (is going

through) a serious economic crisis.– Elle a connu deux divorces. She has lived through two divorces.– Connaissez-vous l'Irlande? Have you visited Ireland?– La pièce a connu un grand succès à Broadway. The play has enjoyed (has had) a great

success on Broadway.– Il m'a fait connaître les joies de la pêche. He introduced me (initiated me) to the joys of

fishing.– Le centre-ville a connu de nombreux changements. (The) downtown has undergone

many changes.

Exercices.Exercices.

1) Trouvez les synonymes de know pour les phrases suivantes.learn and remember ; acknowledge ; be aware of ; be friendly with ;

be acquainted with ; recognize / identify ; be familiar witha) I know Mrs Robinson, she lives near me.b) He knows Greek and Latin.c) You would hardly know him. He has lost a lot of weight.d) Prince William is known as the true heir to the throne.e) I used to know him under a different name.f) I know that the president lied to people about nuclear weapons.g) Here are five things first-time crusaders need to know.h) It takes a crook to know a crook.i) He knows the Mayor; he'll look after your problem.j) He knows the rope better than anyone else in American politics.


2) Traduisez.

a) L'entreprise a récemment connu de sérieuses difficultés.…............................................................................................................................................................................................b) Le restaurant a connu son 2ème changement de propriétaire en 2 ans.

…...............................................................................................................................................................................................c) La téléphonie mobile a connu de grandes transformations au cours des dernières années.…............................................................................................................................................................................................d) La plupart des pays occidentaux connaissent le terrorisme.…............................................................................................................................................................................................e) Simon et Garfunkel se connaissent depuis leur enfance.…............................................................................................................................................................................................


RREPORTEDEPORTED S SPEECHPEECH

When we report someone’s words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with quotation marks (“I work in a bank”), or we can use reported speech (He said he worked in a bank.)

In reported speech the tenses, word-order and pronouns may be different from those in the original sentence.

Present simple and present continuous tenses• Direct speech: “I travel a lot in my job” → Reported speech: He said that he travelled a lot in

his job.The present simple tense (I travel) usually changes to the past simple (he travelled) in

reported speech.• Direct speech: “Be quiet. The baby’s sleeping.” → Reported speech: She told me to be quiet

because the baby was sleeping.The present continuous usually changes to the past continuous.

NB:• Direct speech: “I work in Italy” → Reported speech: He told me that he works in Italy.It isn’t always necessary to change the tense. If something is still true now – he still works in

Italy – we can use the present simple in the reported sentence.

Past simple and past continuous tenses• Direct speech: “We lived in China for 5 years.” → Reported speech: She told me they had lived

in China for 5 years.The past simple tense (we lived) usually changes to the past perfect (they had lived) in

reported speech.• Direct speech: “I was walking down the road when I saw the accident.” Reported speech: He

told me he’d been walking down the road when he’d seen the accident.The past continuous usually changes to the past perfect continuous.

Perfect tenses• Direct speech: “They’ve always been very kind to me”. → Reported speech: She said they’d

always been very kind to her.The present perfect tense (have always been) usually changes to the past perfect tense (had

always been).• Direct speech: “They had already eaten when I arrived” → Reported speech: He said they’d

already eaten when he’d arrived.The past perfect tense does not change in reported speech.

Here are some other points to consider.

‘Can’ and ‘will’• Direct speech: “I can’t remember his name.” → Reported speech: She said she couldn’t

remember his name.CAN and CAN'T in direct speech change to COULD and COULDN'T in reported speech.• Direct speech: “I’ll be there for 3 weeks.” → Reported speech: He told me he’d be there for 3

weeks.


WILL and WON'T in direct speech change to WOULD and WOULDN'T in reported speech.

Other modal verbs•Direct speech: “You could be right.” → Reported speech: I said that he could be right.•Direct speech: “You must call me.” → Reported speech: She said that I must call her.Other modal verbs don’t change in reported speech.

Reporting orders, requests and advice•Direct speech: “Sit down and shut up!” → Reported speech: The captain told me to sit down

and shut up.•Direct speech: “Can you hold this for me please?” → Reported speech: He asked me to hold it.•Direct speech: “You should do more exercise.” → Reported speech: He advised me to do more

exercise.Orders, requests and advice can be reported using an infinitive.

Reporting verbsThere are a number of verbs that we use to report statements. These can make your speech and writing more interesting than simply reporting every word of the direct speech.•Direct speech: “It wasn’t me who broke the window.” → Reported speech: He denied breaking

the window.•Direct speech: “I’ll help you if you want” → Reported speech: She offered to help.There are a number of verbs that can be used to report. They include: promise, claim,

suggest, advise, refuse, argue, confirm and others.

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-and-vocabulary

Question forms and Reported speech

1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':• Direct speech: "Where does Peter live?" → Reported speech: She asked him where Peter

lived.

2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:• Direct speech: "Do you speak English?" → He asked me if I spoke English.• Direct speech: "Are you British or American?" → Reported speech: He asked me whether I

was British or American.• Direct speech: "Is it raining?" → Reported speech: She asked if it was raining.

3. Question words: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.• Direct speech: "What is your name?" he asked me. → Reported speech: He asked me what my

name was.• Direct speech: "How old is your mother?", he asked. → Reported speech: He asked how old

her mother was.• Direct speech: The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" → Reported speech: The

policeman asked the boy where he lived.http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/reported_speech_questions_forms.php


ExercicesExercices

1. Put the following sentences into reported speech. Replace the verb SAID by a suitable reporting verb from the list. The first sentence has been completed for you as an example.

announced ; explained ; protested ; ordered ; admitted ; suggested ; promised ; insisteda) “Yes, I broke that window with my ball”, said the boy.

The boy admitted that he had broken the window with his ball.

b) “Let´s go to the cinema this evening,” said David.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................

c) “Stop crying Anne, or you´ll stay in your bedroom the whole afternoon,” said my father.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................

d) “You can´t take me to prison. I know my rights,” the man said to the police officer.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................

e) “You must come to Sarah´s party with me on Sunday,” said Tom.…...........................................................................................................................................................................................

f) “Well, I´d like you all to know Emma and I are getting married next summer,” James said to his friends.

…...........................................................................................................................................................................................g) “Don´t worry, son, I´ll fix your bike this weekend,” said Mr Turner.

…...........................................................................................................................................................................................h) “The delay occurred because of a mechanical problem,” said the information officer.

…...........................................................................................................................................................................................

2) Change these questions into reported ones.1. Were you in time for the conference, Tom?

I ….........................................................................................................................................................................................2. When does the next train leave?

The traveller …................................................................................................................................................................3. Have you ever eaten insects, Terry?

Mary …................................................................................................................................................................................4. How many brothers have you got, Anne?

I …........................................................................................................................................................................................5. Did you see Peter yesterday, Tom?

Martha …...........................................................................................................................................................................6. Is there anything I can do to help you, Tim?

Dad …...................................................................................................................................................................................


PPASTAST H HABITABIT – – USEDUSED TOTO//WOULDWOULD//PASTPAST SIMPLESIMPLE

When we talk about things that happened in the past but don’t happen anymore in the current time frame, we can do it in different ways.

Used toUsed to

•We used to live in New York when I was a kid.•There didn’t use to be a gas station there. When was it built?We can use ‘used to’ to talk about past states ….•I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.•I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.Remember that ‘used to’ is only for past states/actions that don’t happen now – we can’t use

it for things that still happen now. Also, ‘used to + infinitive’ should not be confused with ‘be/get used to + ‘ing’ form’ – this is covered in a separate section.

WouldWould

•Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.•My boot camp coaches would always say “Sit down and shut up!”We can use ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.

Often either ‘would’ or ‘used to’ is possible. Both of these sentences are possible.•Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.•Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.However, only ‘used to’ is possible when we talk about past states.•We used to live in New York when I was a kid.•We would live in New York when I was a kid. (incorrect!)

Past simplePast simple

•We went/used to go/would go to the same beach every summer.We can use the past simple in the same way as ‘used to’ and ‘would’ to talk about repeated

past actions.•I had/used to have a dog called Charlie.We can also use the past simple for past states.•I went to Egypt in 1988.However, if something happened only once we can’t use ‘used to’ or ‘would’ – we must use

the past simple.

Other Uses of 'Use To'Other Uses of 'Use To'

'Used to' goes together with a number of verbs to express how a person feels about a current status or habit.

Become Used To / Get Used To Use these forms to express that a person is in the process of making something 'normal'.

They are often used with the present continuous form. (+V-ING)Examples:

He's becoming used to living in San Francisco.Mary's slowly getting used to her new job.


We're not getting used to the weather here in Seattle. We want to go home!Note:When used with the present perfect, these two forms can imply that something that was

difficult in the past has become normal.Examples:

They've become used to working overtime.She's got used to living alone.

To Be Used ToThis form indicates that a situation has become normal for a person.Examples:

Sally is used to spending hours in front of the computer every day.I'm used to eating out for lunch.

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/g_usedto.htm

ExercicesExercices

1) Read the conversation and fill in the table. Who prefers/ used to prefer what?Rajiv: Hey, Naomi, how about sushi on Friday?Naomi: Hm, I’m not sure sushi is such a good idea…Rajiv: But you used to love sushi?! What happened?Naomi: I still do. But yesterday we had some with Tina, and …Rajiv: OK, I see. Well, then I have a better idea. Call Tina and let’s have a potluck party. I will prepare some spinach soup. It’s amazing. I used to like it a lot when I was a kid.Naomi: Really? I used to hate spinach when I was a child. Tina still does, though. Maybe I can prepare some Neapolitan spaghetti. You like them, don’t you?Rajiv: Sure, just skip the bacon. I am vegetarian, remember?Naomi: For you I will make some without the bacon. And Tina will probably bring some of her delicious whole-wheat cookies.Rajiv: Oh, I would eat piles of those when Tina and I were room-mates last semester.

Tina Rajiv Naomi

Past Now Past Now Past Now


2) Underline the correct word/ phrase.1. When I was in kindergarten, I would pretend/ would to pretend to be sleeping in the

afternoon.2. When Tammy was in high- school, she used to/ would to go to drama club.3. In my forties, I used/ used to be much more organized, and motivated than in my

twenties.4. When my father was a boy, they would walk/ used to walk for miles, just to get to the

school.5. After college, I used to be/ would be unemployed for very long time.6. When I was little I used to like/ used like their steak well done.

3) Make negative sentences from the examples below.1. I used to like fruit when I was a kid.

…................................................................................................................................................................................................2. Ornella used to fry noodles in a special pan I gave her as a present.

…................................................................................................................................................................................................3. Jay would practice the piano every day for at least three hours.

…................................................................................................................................................................................................4. Ever since he was a child, his family would encourage him to become an artist.

…................................................................................................................................................................................................5. They used to play soccer every Thursday.

…................................................................................................................................................................................................6. This restaurant used to be very popular with its Japanese style noodles.

…................................................................................................................................................................................................


EEXPRESSINGXPRESSING WISHESWISHES ( (ANDAND REGRETSREGRETS))

Use the verb WISH to refer to how you would like things to be in the present or to talk about how you would like things to be in the future.

It can also be used to talk about the way things were in the past, but obviously the past can't be changed.

The general concept is sometimes known as 'wishful thinking' and often coincides with the use in Spanish of 'ojalá'.

Wishes about the present (and the future)Wishes about the present (and the future)

If you want to talk about your present situation, you can use the structure wish + past simple or continuous. For example:I haven't got any money. I wish I had some money.I don't earn much money. I wish I earned a lot of money.

The same form can be used to talk about someone else's situation. However, there is another structure that you use to talk about actions that take place in the present, but you want them to change in the future. This structure is used to talk about another person, and generally about things you don't like. The structure is wish + would/could + infinitive.

For example: Your friend is always borrowing money from you because he never seems to have his bank card with him. You could say to him:

I wish you wouldn't keep borrowing money from me.I wish you would remember to go to the bank from time to time.Perhaps the same friend does lots of things that irritate you. Maybe he phones you early in

the morning when you're still in bed. He might arrange to meet you and then turn up late. You could say to him:

I wish you wouldn't phone me so early in the morning.I wish you would wait until later.I wish you would tell me when you're going to be late.

Wishes about the future (and the present)Wishes about the future (and the present)

When you talk about the future, you use the same structure as you use to talk about present states. Some examples:

I have to go to the dentist tomorrow. I wish I didn't have to go to the dentist tomorrow.I'll have to do some extra work over the weekend. I wish I didn't have to do any extra work over

the weekend.My brother is coming to stay with me next week. I wish my brother wasn't coming next week.The future in these cases can't be changed (in theory), and so the situation is seen as unreal

and has to be referred to using past tenses.

Wishes about the past: regretsWishes about the past: regrets

When you think about a situation in the past, naturally you can't do anything to change it. Therefore this is a way of expressing regret. The structure you use is wish + past perfect.

For example:You were too slow getting ready to go out. I wish you hadn't been so slow getting ready.

Now we've missed the train. I wish we hadn't missed the train.


I promised our friends we'd arrive on time. I wish I hadn't promised we'd arrive on time, because now they'll be waiting for us.

NotesAs mentioned above, the structure wish + would can't be used to talk about yourself. It is

used to refer to actions, and you should be able to stop any action you're doing.Therefore when you talk about yourself, you're talking about states you have no control over

(I'm poor, I wish I was rich) or other people's actions that you have no control over either (I haven't got any money. I wish you'd give me some).

If your wish might come true, you should use a different type of verb.For example:I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.I'd like to go to the Caribbean for my holiday next year.I hope you get well soon.

You don't need to repeat all the verbs all the time:My flat is cold. I wish it wasn't.You smoke. I wish you wouldn't.She told him! I wish she hadn't.

http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/wishcl.html

ExercicesExercices

1) Richard's regrets.Richard failed an important English test, and now he’s worried that he won’t get into a good

university. He wasted a lot of time playing video games instead of preparing for the test. He read comic books instead of textbooks. He went to his friends’ houses instead of going to classes. He didn’t bother to watch any English movies or read any English newspapers. And he stayed up late the night before the test!

Hindsight is 20/20! Richard has a lot of regrets. What should he have done differently? Imagine you are Richard, and write a list of your regrets. Make 5 sentences.

2) Read the following sentences and decide which form of the verbs in bold is correct.1. Suzy failed most of her exams and now she wishes she would work / had worked

harder.2. The weather is terrible today. I wish it was / is a bit warmer.3. It really annoys me that you never do anything around the house. I wish you did /

would do something from time to time.4. We went to a new restaurant for lunch and I´ve been feeling sick all afternoon. I

wish we hadn´t gone / didn´t go there.5. The sky is cloudy. I wish the sun shone / was shining now.6. Now that Peter is in Japan on a business trip, he wishes he understood / had

understood Japanese.7. I wish I hadn´t been / wasn´t out of the office when the director called me

yesterday8. Jeremy wishes it had stopped / would stop raining, so he can play basketball with

his friends.


3) Mary is 16 and feels a bit miserable about her physical appearance, her family and her friends. She wishes things were quite different. Write what she is thinking, beginning each sentence with I wish…

Example: My hair looks shiny with grease! - I wish my hair didn´t look so greasy!

a) My mum is always complaining about my messy bedroom

….................................................................................................................................................................................

b) I´ve got dimples in my checks!

….................................................................................................................................................................................

c) I am too fat!

….................................................................................................................................................................................

d) My daddy didn´t give me enough money to go to the disco!

….................................................................................................................................................................................

e) I don´t know why my best friend Jane is annoyed with me.

….................................................................................................................................................................................

f) Peter didn´t remember to send me a Valentine!

….................................................................................................................................................................................


GGIVINGIVING ADVICEADVICE

There are several different structures that you can use when giving advice.

ShouldShould

This is probably the most common of the structures for giving advice. After SHOULD, and its negative - SHOULDN'T - we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb:

You should wise up.We shouldn’t cheat.

It is common to use 'I think' and 'I don’t think' with SHOULD:I think you should put the answers back.She doesn't think they should use them.

Had better Had better

This structure is common in spoken English and it is usually used in the contracted form. After HAD BETTER, and its negative - HAD BETTER NOT, we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb.

You'd better return the answers to the lecturer.You'd better not tell anyone that you found them.

If I were youIf I were you

This version of the second conditional is often used when giving advice, especially in spoken English. Note the use of WERE with “I” in the first clause. In the second clause, we use WOULD - contracted to “'d” - and WOULDN’T.

After WOULD and WOULDN’T, we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb: If I were you, I’d give them back to the lecturer.f I were you, I wouldn’t use the answers.

Ought Ought

This is the most formal of the structures used for giving advice, and so it isn't so common.After OUGHT, and its negative - OUGHT NOT (OUGHTN'T), we use the full infinitive of the verb:

You ought to contact the police.You ought not to cheat on exams.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode31/languagepoint.shtml

MementoMemento

1. "Advise" is a verb.Example: "I advise you to learn English. You will undoubtedly need it in your professional life."

2. "Advice" is an uncountable noun.Example: "My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up!"


ExercicesExercices

1) Nuts and crosses.Work in pairs. Each time you have given a piece of advice using a correct sentence, write over

the problem with a cross or a nut. You have 1 point each time you have five items in a row (vertically, horizontally or diagonally).

I have aheadache

I don’t have any money

I have no friends

I’m tired I’m hungry

I’m wet from the

rainI’m sad

My clothes

are dirty

I got a bad grade

I hit my friend

I’m bored I feel sick

I’m always late for school

I can’t read well

I can’t speak

English well

I want a good job when I’m

older

I lost my USB drive I’m fat I’m thirsty

I made my sister cry

I lost my money

My cell phone is broken

I want to go to the

UK

My friend hit me

I’m lost I’m thirsty


I can’t speak

English well

I lost my soccer

ballI feel sick


I hit my friend

I’m sad I’m lostI don’t

have any money

I hit my friend

I’m boredMy cell

phone is broken

I’m hungry

My friend hit me

I got a bad grade

I’m tired

I can’t speak

English well

I want to go to the

UK

I can’t read well

I want a good job when I’m

older

My clothes

are dirty

I lost my money


I lost my USB drive

I have no friends

I feel sick I’m fatI’m wet

from the rain


I have aheadache

2) Travel Advice Write the name of a country, city or region you know well in the space below. Then, complete the sentences with travel advice for visitors. Give advice for things like climate, public transportation, food and drink, taxis, shopping,

crime, health, going out alone, customs, etc. Don't let your classmates see what you are writing. Keep it secret!

1. If you visit …........................................... for the first time ... 2. You ought to …...........................................…...........................................…........................................... 3. Don’t …...........................................…...........................................….......................................................... 4. You’d better…...........................................…...........................................…..............................................


5. Be careful …...........................................…...........................................…............................................….......6. Make sure you …...........................................…...........................................…............................................. 7. Watch out for …...........................................…...........................................…............................................... 8. You need to …...........................................…...........................................…............................................…....9. You could try …...........................................…...........................................…............................................…10. Don’t forget to…...........................................…...........................................…............................................... 11. The most important thing is to …...........................................…...........................................…............12. …...........................................…...........................................…............................................…............................

Now, read your travel advice to your group members. Can they guess the country, city or region you are describing?


EEXCLAMATORYXCLAMATORY ANDAND EMPHATICEMPHATIC STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

Exclamatory StructuresExclamatory Structures

These structures help us to emphasize different parts of the sentence. In speech, intonation and pronunciation also identify the emphasis.

1. What (a, an)+ (adjective)+ noun...!What a beautiful dress that is! (not: is that)What nice weather! (not: a nice weather)What a relief!What cute puppies!

2. How+ adjective/ adverb…!How beautifully she sings!How entertaining this show is! (not: is this show)

NOTE: When we use the structures above, the sentence must be in the affirmative form and attention should be paid to the noun (whether it is singular or plural, countable or uncountable).

3. The negative- interrogative formIsn’t it a lovely baby!Wasn’t the film interesting!Doesn’t Alex draw well!Didn’t he give a brilliant speech!

4. Here/ There+ present simple (usually with the verbs come and go)Here comes Mary! (not: is coming) or Here she comes!There goes our bus! or There it goes!

NOTE: When we use a pronoun, we put it right before the verb, but when we use a noun its position is after the verb.

5. So+ adjective/ adverb! 6. Such+ (a, an)+ (adjective)+ noun!

Nick is so talented! or Nick is such a talented boy!The babies are so cute! or They are such cute babies! (not: so cute babies)She sings so well!! or She is such a good singer!It’s such a shame!They’re such idiots!

Emphatic structuresEmphatic structures

We use these structures to emphasise a specific word or phrase in a sentence.

1. It is/was+ word or phrase we want to put emphasis on+ who/thatGraham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.It was Graham Bell who/that invented the telephone in 1876.


It was the telephone that Graham Bell invented in 1876.It was in 1876 that Graham Bell invented the telephone.

2. In interrogative and negative sentencesWho was it that invented the telephone?Is it Mary who is an architect or her sister?What is it that you wanted to tell her?Isn’t he a famous actor?Was it Bill who broke the window?Why is it that he’s not talking to us?

3. That’s what/ why/ where/ whoThat’s why I didn’t come to the party.That’s what I meant.That’s how I got this job.That’s where I hid the money.In interrogative sentences:Is that why you didn’t come to the party?Is that what you meant?Is that how you got this job?Is that where you hid the money?

4. WhatI need some time off.What I need is some time off. or Some time off is what I need.

5. Do, does or did to emphasise a verbImperative: Do stand up!Simple present: I do care about you. He does play the violin.Simple past: She did apologize for her mistake.

ExercicesExercices

1) Rewrite the sentences using DO, DOES and DID.

a. Open the window!….................................................................................................................................................................................

b. I want to come with you.….................................................................................................................................................................................

c. Let me know if you need anything.….................................................................................................................................................................................

d. He paid for the flowers yesterday.….................................................................................................................................................................................

e. Linda loves surprises!….................................................................................................................................................................................


2) Choose the correct answer.

Here…………the train!a. is going

b. goes

What…………furniture!a. comfortable

b. a comfortable

How difficult……………..!a. is this exercise

b. this exercise is

What…………dress!a. beautiful

b. a beautiful

There……………….!a. goes Joan

b. Joan goes

3) Tick the correct sentences and correct the wrong ones.

a. How sweet of you to offer your help!b. There our bus goes!c. Who was it that invented the vacuum cleaner?d. How beautiful she sings!e. What lovely flowers!f. Britney Spears is such beautiful!g. They are such good children!h. This is such brilliant idea!


IINFINITIVESNFINITIVES ANDAND GERUNDSGERUNDS

Their noun rolesTheir noun roles

Both gerunds (V-ing) and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns, they normally name activities rather than people or objects. Here are five noun-uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective complement, that we throw in here, free of charge ).

Gerunds and infintives can both function as the subject of a sentence:a.Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.b.To play basketball for UConn is her favorite fantasy.

It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the subject (as in 1b), but it is more common for an infinitive to appear as a Subject Complement:

a.Her favorite fantasy is to play basketball for UConn2.The gerund can also play this role:

b.Her favorite fantasy is playing basketball for UConn.

Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the role of Noun Complement and Appositive:

a.Her desire to play basketball for UConn became an obsession.b.I could never understand her desire to play basketball for UConn.c.Her one burning desire in life, playing basketball for UConn, seemed a goal within

reach.The infinitive is often a complement used to help define an abstract noun. Here is a very

partial list of abstract nouns, enough to suggest their nature. Try following these adjectives with an infinitive phrase (their desire to play in the championship game, a motivation to pass all their courses, her permission to stay up late, a gentle reminder to do your work) to see how the phrase modifies and focuses the noun.

adviceappealcommanddecisiondesirefactinstructionmotivation

opportunityorderpermissionplanpossibilitypreparationproposalrecommendation

refusalreminderrequestrequirementsuggestiontendencywish

Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the infinitive is said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)

a.She was hesitant to tell the coach of her plan.b.She was reluctant to tell her parents, also.

2 University of Connecticut


c.But she would not have been content to play high school ball forever.Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions:

aheadamazedanxiousaptashamedboundcarefulcertaincontentdelighted

determineddisappointedeagereligiblefortunategladhappyhesitantliablelikely

luckypleasedproudreadyreluctantsadshockedsorrysurprisedupset

Although we do not find many infinitives in this next category, it is not uncommon to find gerunds taking on the role of Object of a Preposition:

a. She wrote a newspaper article about dealing with college recruiters.b.She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the pressure.

Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.a.The committee had no choice except to elect Frogbellow chairperson.b.What is left for us but to pack up our belongings and leave?

Finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these decisions

will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object.

Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a word that means to link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop eating between meals."

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm

Gerund or infinitive?Gerund or infinitive?

When a verb is complemented by another verb, the second one can be:• a gerund: I enjoy listening to classical music.• a to-infinitive: He wants to stay, but I want him to go.• a bare infinitive (that is, without to): Let me go.

In order to know which verbs are followed by a gerund or an infinitive (with or without to) you have to learn it by heart. However, there is something that can be of help: most verbs are followed by the to-infinitive, so if you learn the verbs followed by the gerund and those followed by the infinitive without to (which are just a few), you can be pretty sure that the rest of the verbs will be followed by a to-infinitive.

To make matters more complicated, there is a small group of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive. Some of them show a change of meaning when taking one or


the other, while others don't change their meanings at all. Let's see them:

Same meaning: attempt, can't bear, begin, continue, intend, propose, start. Examples: We start working at 8 in the morning. We start to work at 8 in the morning .

Love, hate and prefer are followed by the to-infinitive or the gerund without much difference in meaning. However, the infinitive is preferably used when we refer to one particular occasion. When would precedes these verbs, the to-infinitive is always used: I'd love to go, but unfortunately I can't, as to-infinitive is more prospective than a gerund.

Same meaning but different use:• Allow, advise, forbid and permit are followed by a gerund when there is no personal

object. Otherwise, they are followed by a to-infinitive: I advised seeing a doctor. I advised him to see a doctor.

Different meaning:• With remember and forget, the gerund refers to things that happened earlier, whereas the

infinitive refers to what must be done: I remember posting the letter (that is, "I can remember that I have posted the letter")Please, remember to post the letter (that is, "you have to post the letter")

• Stop + gerund means "to stop the activity you are doing" or "to break a habit": She stopped eating chocolate last year. Stop + to-infinitive means "to make a pause in order to do something else": She stopped to eat some chocolate. (meaning that she stopped what she was doing in order to do something else).

• Regret + gerund means "to be sorry for what has happened": I regret telling her my secret. Regret + to-infinitive means "to be sorry for what is going to be said": I regret to tell you that we have offered the job to somebody else.

• Like + gerund means "to enjoy": I like reading adventure books. Like +to-infinitive means "to have a preference for" : I like to know the facts before forming an opinion , or even "want": I didn't like to say no. Please, note that the infinitive must be used after would like: I'd like to tell you that...

• Try + gerund means "to make an experiment": I tried using the new method, but it didn't work. Try + to-infinitive means "to make an effort":He tried to pass his university entry exam.

• Go on + gerund means "to continue with the same action": Mary went on reading the letter. Go on + to-infinitive means "to start something new": He first talked about the problem, then went on to discuss the solution".

• See, watch and hear followed by the gerund imply that we observe part of the action, but when they are followed by the bare infinitive they suggest that the action is observed completely, from beginning to end: When I looked out of the window I saw him crossing the street. I saw him get out of the car, cross the street and go into the supermarket . Notice that in the second example we mean that the actions that are seen are complete.

http://inmadom-myenglishclass.blogspot.fr/2014/01/gerund-or-infinitive.html


ExercisesExercises

1) Choose the correct option: 1. You need a key FOR / TO open the door. 2. I am learning English FOR / TO get a better job. 3. Why do hens cross the road? FOR / TO go to the other side. 4. FOR / TO answer this question, we must look more closely at the facts. 5. I scolded him FOR / TO using such language. 6. The mug had been used FOR / TO mixing flour and butter. 7. They locked the door to STOPPING / STOP us from getting in. 8. You need to ask permission FOR GOING / TO GO to the toilets. 9. She apologised FOR LOSING / TO LOSE the book. 10. People have a duty FOR VOTING / TO VOTE. 11. The bus stopped FOR / TO LET some passengers off. 12. Forgive me FOR NOT PAYING attention / NOT TO PAY attention. 13. It would have been easier FOR FINDING our way / TO FIND our way if we had brought a

map. 14. Did you join the army FOR SERVING / TO SERVE your country or to COMPLAINING /

COMPLAIN about the food? 15. Their aim is FOR helping / TO help people buy new houses.

2) Gerund or Infinitive ? – Fill in with the correct form.

1. Mary enjoys ….......................................................... to music. (listen) 2. I don’t mind …..........................................................the washing up. (do) 3. Irregular verbs are not easy ….......................................................... . (remember) 4. Mathew is really good at ….......................................................... . (cook) 5. She waited ….......................................................... a movie ticket. (buy) 6. The doctor encouraged his patients ….......................................................... healthy food. (eat) 7. My flat is easy ….......................................................... . (find) 8. She is interested in ….......................................................... a doctor. (become) 9. He is saving money ….......................................................... a new car. (buy) 10. When I met her I couldn’t help ….......................................................... her. (hug) 11. My favorite hobby is ….......................................................... . (cook) 12. My father helped me ….......................................................... my homework. (do) 13. I’m sick of ….......................................................... hamburgers every day. (eat) 14. It is important ….......................................................... the net for more information. (surf) 15. She advised me ….......................................................... a doctor as soon as possible. (see) 16. I don’t feel like ….......................................................... English today. (study) 17. Isabel got Mike ….......................................................... her car (wash) 18. ….......................................................... sport every day is good for your health. (do) 19. At last they decided ….......................................................... the apartment. (rent) 20. I pretended ….......................................................... asleep. (be) 21. Sheila stopped ….......................................................... hello to her friends. (say)


22. It’s no use ….......................................................... over spilt milk. (cry) 23. The following questions are easy ….......................................................... . (answer) 24. She told us where ….......................................................... the necessary material. (find) 25. Would you mind ….......................................................... this letter for me? (post) 26. They suggested ….......................................................... by bus. (travel) 27. We plan ….......................................................... to Europe this summer(go) 28. It was hard for her ….......................................................... smoking. (quit) 29. We were all happy about ….......................................................... the New Year in Vienna.

(celebrate) 30. It seems difficult ….......................................................... everything about the topic. (know) 31. Just avoid …..........................................................unnecessary mistakes. (make) 32. Can you imagine ….......................................................... my car before we leave? (finish) 33. We are used ….......................................................... up early in the morning. (get) 34. She enjoys ….......................................................... . (paint) 35. I forgot ….......................................................... the door when I left. (lock) 36. I regret ….......................................................... you that your application was rejected. (inform) 37. We intend ….......................................................... you next spring. (visit) 38. I decided ….......................................................... more often. (exercise) 39. Mary keeps ….......................................................... about her problems. (talk) 40. Ireland doesn’t allow ….......................................................... in bars. (smoke) 41. Nancy seemed ….......................................................... disappointed. (be) 42. I can’t bear ….......................................................... so much responsibility. (have) 43. She is fond of ….......................................................... picnics. (have) 44. She promised ….......................................................... smoking. (stop) 45. They urge their citizens ….......................................................... more waste. (recycle) 46. John is thinking about ….......................................................... abroad. (study) 47. She considered ….......................................................... to New York. (move) 48. The aquarium needs ….......................................................... . (clean) 49. Tom agrees ….......................................................... me. (help) 50. She warned him ….......................................................... late. (not be)


MMODALSODALS

IntroductionIntroduction

The English modal verbs are often challenging for learners of English. This happens for many reasons, including both grammar and meaning.The English modal verbs are auxiliary verbs.Modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings.

There are both single-word modals and phrasal modals.The single-word modals are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, wouldPhrasal modals include the following: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to, used to

All the single-word modals above are followed by the simple form of verbs:He may Ø know the answer.

Most of the phrasal modals include to: be able to, be going to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, ought to, used to

With these phrasal modals, the simple form of a verb follows to:He's able to help us. He's going to help us. He's supposed to help us. He has to help us. He's got to help us. He ought to help us. He used to help us.

One of the phrasal modals, HAD BETTER, does not include TO. Use the simple formof a verb after HAD BETTER: He'd better help us.

All of the modal verbs show meaning.When they are used with a verb, they show someone's feeling or attitude toward the action or situation that the verb shows.

Every modal verb has more than one use and/or meaning.

Special Note:In some grammar books, DARE and NEED are included in lists of modals because their

"behavior," in some situations, is similar to the "behavior" of modals:DARE can be used with or without TO and a simple verb in negative statements and in

questions:He didn't dare (to) leave early. / Do I dare (to) leave early?NEED can be used with NOT and a simple verb:He need not leave early.In other situations, the "behavior" of DARE and NEED is not like the "behavior" of one-word

modals.

http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/understanding_and_using_modal_verbs01.html


Modals of PermissionModals of Permission

A) General points • There cannot be more than one 'real' modal verb in a single clause or verb group. • Real modal verbs have fewer forms than other verbs. If we need a form that is not available,

we use phrases such as BE ALLOWED TO. • MAY NOT is practically never contracted. • Formality: CAN < COULD < MAY. • To ask about general rules, rather than particular permission, we cannot use MAY (see

below).

Future with WILL, combinations with other modals, Perfect Tenses, all uses of the -ing form, To-infinitive. → BE ALLOWED TO

Examples: If I move in, will I be allowed to bring my dog? She might be allowed to bring her dog. I'd never been allowed to stay up as late as that day. Being allowed to smoke doesn't mean you have to. I'd like to be allowed to do things my way.

B) Asking Permission: Can, Could, May • All of these can be used to ask permission. The difference is in politeness and formality.

COULD tends to sound more polite than CAN, and MAY is more formal. Examples: Can I borrow your pen for a moment? - Sorry, I need it. Is the pencil OK? Could I take a look at your notes? - Yeah, sure. May I go to the toilet, sir? - It's only ten minutes to go. You'll have to wait.

C) Granting and Refusing Permission: Can/May and Can't/May Not COULD/COULDN'T cannot be used to give or refuse permission - only to ask it and to talk

about permission in the past. • MAY is much less common than can in both granting and refusing permission orally, as it is

more formal. MAY NOT, in particular, conveys authority. • To express prohibition, must not may also be used Examples: You can wait in the living room if you want. Could I borrow your rubber? - Sure you can. You may leave as soon as you finish the exam. Could we have a barbecue up in the park? - I'm afraid you can't -it's too dangerous. Candidates may not bring dictionaries. You mustn't leave your bags around on the airport.

D) Talking about Permission: Can/Could, Be Allowed To If we want to talk about permissions and rules made by third parties, by someone else, we

cannot use MAY. CAN/COULD can only be used in the simple tenses (past and present). The other possible

time forms (Future, Perfect) require BE ALLOWED TO. If we talk about permission, politeness is irrelevant: we are just stating facts. Thus, CAN and COULD are just different time forms, nothing more. If a specific past permission led to a specific past action, we have to use BE ALLOWED TO.


Else, COULD and BE ALLOWED TO are synonymous. For past non-permission, WASN'T/WEREN'T ALLOWED TO is more common than

COULDN'T: it is less ambiguous. Consider: ➔

I could go home early yesterday. = I finished early, so I was able to... ▪ I was allowed to go home early yesterday. = The boss said it was OK for me to... ▪ I was allowed to / could stay up till ten when I was a kid. ▪ Sometimes, she can / is allowed to take home some food from the restaurant she ▪

works in. Can you take photos in here? ▪ Could you enter the crypt? - No, visitors weren't allowed there back then. ▪

Modals of ProbabilityModals of Probability

We can use these modal verbs (also called modals of deduction, speculation or certainty) when we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we are.

1) Talking about the present: must / might / could / may / can't•must + infinitive•might / might not + infinitive•could / could not + infinitive•may / may not + infinitive•can't + infinitive

For example:I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David. I ask: 'Where is Julie?' and David guesses:

•She must be on the bus. (I'm fairly sure this is a good guess)•She might come soon. (maybe)•She could be lost. (maybe)•She may be in the wrong room. (maybe)•She can't be at home. (I'm fairly sure this isn't true)

Notice that the opposite of 'must' is 'can't in this case.

Will / won'tWe use will and won't when we are very sure:

•She'll be at work now.

Should / shouldn'tShould and shouldn't are used to make an assumption about what is probably true, if

everything is as we expect:•They should be there by now.•It shouldn't take long to drive here.

This use of should isn't usually used for negative events. Instead, it's a better idea to use will :

•The underground will be very busy now (not: 'should be').


CanCan is used for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes

happens:•Prices can be high in London.

Can is not used to talk about specific possibilities:•He could be on the bus (not: 'can be').

2) Using modal verbs to talk about the past: must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle

•must have + past participle•might / might not have + past participle•could / couldn't have + past participle•may / may not have + past participle•can't have + past participle

For example:You: Where was Julie last night? → David:

•She must have forgotten about our date.•She might have worked late.•She could have taken the wrong bus.•She may have felt ill.•She can't have stayed at home.

Will / won't + have + past participleWill and won't / will not + have + past participle are used for past certainty (compare

with present use of 'will' above):•The parcel will have arrived by now.

Should + have + past participleShould + have + past participle can be used to make an assumption about something that

has probably happened, if everything is as we expect (compare with present use of 'should' above):

•The train should have left by now.

CouldWe can use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the past (compare with

the use of 'can' above):•Prices could be high in the sixteenth century.

This is not used to talk about specific possibilites in the past (instead we use could + have + past participle ):

•He could have been working late (not: 'could be'. As this is a specific possiblity, 'could be' is present tense)

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-probability.html


Modals of AbilityModals of Ability

When we talk about ability, we mean two things.

First, we mean general ability. This is something that once you have learned you can do any time you want, like being able to read or swim or speak a language, for example.

The other kind of ability is specific ability. This mean something that you can or can't do in one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something heavy, or find somewhere you are looking for.

Present:CAN / CAN'T (for both general and specific ability)

•I can play the piano.•She can speak English.•He can't drive – he's too tired.•We can't come now.

Past:COULD / COULDN'T (for general ability)

•I could read when I was four.•She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.•He couldn't dance at all until he took lessons.•My grandfather couldn't swim.

WAS ABLE TO / COULDN'T (for specific ability)•When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it.(not 'I could fix it')•She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much.(not 'she could

pass')•He called us because he couldn't find the house.•I couldn't open the window.

COULD + HAVE + past participle (an ability someone had in the past, but didn't use)•I could have played the piano well but I didn't practise enough.•We could have come earlier.•She could have studied law, but she preferred to become a secretary.

Future:WILL / WON'T BE ABLE TO (general ability)

•At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.•He won't be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.

CAN / CAN'T (specific ability)•I can help you tomorrow.•I can't come to the party.

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-ability.html


ExercicesExercices

1.) Choose the correct answer.

1. You broke my necklace! You ... been more careful!

a. should have

b. must have

2. It’s beautiful. You ... given me a nicer present.

a. wouldn’t have

b. couldn’t have

3. I think James ... got lost. He’s never late.

a. might have

b. should have

4. I ... bought milk, but I didn’t know we needed more.

a. may have

b. would have

2) Complete the sentences using a suitable modal and the correct form of the verb in brackets. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. It was wrong of Glen to be so rude. He ......................................... (not behave) that way.

2. Maggie ......................................... (write) sooner, but she didn’t find an Internet café until yesterday.

3. I can’t remember for sure, but I ......................................... (not lock) the front door.

4. Something ......................................... (happen) to Steve. He always calls when he’s late.

3) Complete the passages using the modals and modal perfects below and the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use each modal or modal perfect once only.

TEENS IN THE NEWS

can could couldn’t have ■ ■

.............. you ................. (1. use) some assistance organising your desk, your cupboard and your room? Tidy Teens ............... (2. help). This student-run group raises money for charity by cleaning up. "We didn’t realise it when we started, but we ..............(3. think) of a better way to raise money," says 17-year-old Brian Mason, who helped establish the group.

must have be able to shouldn’t have should have have to ■ ■ ■ ■

Carol Dahl ......................................... (4. think) she was dreaming when she heard that she’d won the national secondary- school essay contest. “I didn’t believe it,” she explains. “I just laughed at first, which I probably ......................................... (5. do).” The prize, a cheque for £1,000, will be awarded to Carol at a ceremony in March. “I ......................................... (6. guess) that there would be a price to pay for the award – and there is.


I ......................................... (7. write) a speech to give at the ceremony,” Carol says. “I’m pretty nervous but I hope I ......................................... (8. do) a good job.”

4) Complete the sentences with the modal perfects below and the correct form of the verb in brackets.

should have couldn’t have must not have would have could have ■ ■ ■ ■must have might have shouldn’t have ■ ■

1. I’m not sure where Don went. He ............................................ (go) to buy bread.

2. I’m sorry I’m so late. You ............................................ (think) I wasn’t coming.

3. You ............................................ (bring) the new world music CD. I wanted to listen to it while we studied.

4. She ............................................ (buy) three T-shirts, but she only had enough money for one.

5. I really upset Shari. I ............................................ (tell) her the terrible news about Jim.

6. They decided to stay at a hotel, although they ............................................ (stay) at our house. We insisted that they were welcome.

7. That cake was incredibly delicious. It ............................................ (be) better.

8. My swimming suit’s not in the suitcase. I ............................................ (pack) it.

5) Rewrite the sentences with suitable modals or modal perfects. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. It was a bad idea to eat in this restaurant.

........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................

2. There’s a chance that we’ll have a test today.

........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................

3. I’m sure I left my sunglasses at the café.

........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................

4. You have got no reason to be concerned about Ted.

........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................

5. It’s a shame you didn’t ask me earlier.

........................................................................................................................ .....................................................................

6. Donella doesn’t know how to speak English very well.

........................................................................................................................ ......................................................................


6) Complete the passage with suitable modals or modal perfects, and the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some answers may vary.

Teens in the news

Tom Brinks was supposed to have stayed in school all morning but he ............................................ (1. leave) because he had forgotten his maths book, so he went home to get it. However, he ended up catching a burglar instead. “When I got to my house, I saw that the front door was open. Then, through a window, I saw a man,” the 15-year-old student explained.

“I ............................................ (2. confront) him myself, but I decided to call the police from my mobile phone instead. They came at once.” According to Officer Mike Smith, “Without Tom’s help, we ............................................ never ............................................ (3. catch) the burglar, who we now know was responsible for many recent burglaries in the north London area.”

Sixteen-year-old Kelly Jones’ application ............................................ (4. impress) the administrators of the new Learn Abroad student exchange programme, because out of over 1,000 applicants, only ten were accepted – including Kelly. “When I got the news, I ........................................... (5. be) happier!” says London-born Kelly, who decided to request a placement in Athens. “I ............................................ (6. choose) to go to any of 16 countries, but I eventually decided on Greece,” says Kelly, who will be living with a family in Athens. To Kelly’s relief, everyone in the family ............................................ (7. speak) English. And although exchange students ............................................ (8. know) the language of their host country prior to going, they all ............................................ (9. study) it while abroad. “The language classes are mandatory, but I don’t mind,” says Kelly. “I think that knowing Greek will make it easier for me to socialise and understand the culture.” Is she nervous about going? Kelly smiles and says, “Maybe I ............................................ (10. be) nervous, but I’m not. In fact, I ............................................ (11. wait) to go.”


CCAPITALISATIONAPITALISATION ETET PONCTUATIONPONCTUATION

CapitalisationCapitalisation

rubriques anglais français

Nationalités : noms The French and the Chinese Les Français et les Chinois

Nationalités: adjectifs He is French Il est français

Langues He teaches French and Chinese

Il enseigne le français et le chinois

Termes relatifs à la géographie, l'histoire et la politique

The United StatesBaker Streetin the Vectorian periodthe Olympic Games

Les Etats-Unisrue des rosiersà l'époque victorienneles Jeux olympiques

Jours / mois The 4th Thursday of November

Le 4ème jeudi de novembre

Titres professionnels, politiques, honorifiques

Doctor WatsonQueen Elisabeththe Chancellor of the Exchequer (= the Minister of Finance)

Le docteur Watsonla reine Elisabtehle ministre des finances

Titres d'ouvragesAs You Like ItGone With the Wind

Comme il vous plairaAutant en emporte le vent


PonctuationPonctuation

Voici tout d’abord un petit rappel des principaux signes de ponctuation :

Apostrophe ‘

Capital letters A, B…

Colon :

Comma ,

Dash - (tiret)

Exclamation mark !

Full stop .

Hyphen - (trait d’union)

Question mark ?

Quotation marks (also called quotes or inverted

commas)

"… "

Semi-colon ;

La ponctuation répond à des règles précises, qui ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes dans les deux langues.

FRANÇAIS ANGLAIS

VIRGULE pour « lier » 2 phrases VIRGULE avant mot de liaison VIRGULE séparant une séquence d’adjectifs ou une énumération de nom VIRGULE dans les chiffres

POINT VIRGULE - phrases liées par le sens POINT VIRGULE VIRGULE toutefois possible avant AND, BUT, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, THEREFORE, sauf si le sujet est identique dans les 2 propositions AND, la virgule sépare les adjectifs, et and n'arrive que devant le dernier de la série POINT mais VIRGULE pour séparer groupes de 3 chiffres ex. : 7, 691, 328 VIRGULE après un adverbe


DEUX POINTS (usage courant) DEUX POINTS introduisant des exemples ex. : certains étudiants avaient plus de facilité pour parler anglais : ceux issus de milieu aisé, les enfants de diplomates DEUX POINTS introduisant une conclusion ou un résumé ex. : il changea de tactique : c’était inévitable

formels en anglais périphrases : FOR EXAMPLE THAT IS TO SAY NAMELY to WIT SUCH AS e.g. (exempli gratia : par exemple) i.e. (id est : c'est-à-dire) for a number of students, namely those from upper classes or diplomats’ sons, it was easier to speak… tiret (familier) POINT VIRGULE (plus littéraire) ex. : he changed tactics - it was inevitable

TIRET introduit souvent le discours direct GUILLEMETS (simples en GB, doubles aux US, en hauteur). N.B. : la virgule peut aussi introduire le discours direct

POINTS de SUSPENSION qui signalent la suppression d’une partie du texte (…) POINTS de SUSPENSION qui signalent une énumération non terminée ex. : tant de bonnes choses chez Ladurée : macarons, mille-feuilles,… POINTS de SUSPENSION

ex. : c’était si inattendu… tout le monde se tut

POINTS de SUSPENSION (même usage) SUCH AS ex. : so many good things at Ladurée’s, such as macarons or mille-feuilles POINTS de SUSPENSION TIRET

ex. : it was so unexpected - everyone kept silent


((SESE) ) RAPPELERRAPPELER / / SESE SOUVENIRSOUVENIR

RemindRemind

Remind and remember are not the same. If you remind somebody about something, you make them remember it. Thus, REMIND is a transitive verb (i.e. it always has an object which may be followed by to + infinitive or a that-clause). Compare the following:Remind me to send Denny an email about the change of dates.I reminded them that the dress rehearsal had been brought forward to Wednesday.I shouldn't need to remind you to wash your hands before you sit down to eat.

When you say that somebody or something reminds you of something, you associate it with a memory from your past:She reminds me of The Princess Royal. They are so alike in looks and appearance.Doesn't this countryside remind you of Cornwall? It does me.I think I know which one it is, but remind me of your house number.

RememberRemember

If you remember something, you recall people or events to your mind.Remember can be used transitively with an object orintransitively without an object. It is often used with to + infinitive and with when- where- or that-clauses. Compare the following:Do you remember the first time we sat under the stars, listening to Beethoven's Ninth?Do you remember when we first ate wild mushrooms? ~ Yes, I remember.I can't remember where I've put the spare set of car keys. Have you seen them?Will you remember to collect your suit from the dry-cleaners or shall I do it?She remembered that she was going clubbing that evening and cheered up.

Remember + infinitive or remember + verb-ing?A lot of readers ask about verbs that are followed by verb-ing forms or to + infinitive. Some,

like want, decide, agree, are always followed by to + infinitive. Some, like look forward to, enjoy, finish, are always followed by verb-ing forms.

I decided to turn off the computer and go home. I would finish writing the report tomorrow.Some verbs can be followed by either verb-ing forms or to + infinitive, sometimes with

some difference in meaning. REMEMBER and FORGET are two such verbs. REMEMBER and FORGET with an infinitive always refer forward in time. REMEMBER and FORGET + verb-ing forms always refer back in time. Compare the following:I don't remember talking to you about Terry's divorce. I don't even remember you asking me about that.I shall always remember flying to America on Concorde.Remember to close all the windows and lock all the doors before you leave the house.I forgot to warn him about the dangerous dog and he was bitten.I shall never forget sharing a bottle of iced water with you beside the Pyramids in Egypt.


RecallRecall

When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it:The Prime Minister recalled his visits to France and the six meetings he had had with the

French President.We often say: as far as I can recall or as I recall or I seem to recall to refer back to something

that you have been talking about:I seem to recall that you were against the idea of Henry joining the Board of Directors. As far as I can recall, you were warned three times that you would lose your job if you persisted in being late. I distinctly recall warning you about this.

If a company recalls a product, it asks for it to be returned because it has found to be defective:

The pharmaceutical company is going to recall one of its drugs because of possibly dangerous side effects.

If a player is recalled to a team, s/he is included in the team again after being left out:Many people in Ireland still hope that Roy Keane might berecalled to the Irish squad in time

for the World Cup.

RecollectRecollect

If you recollect something, you remember it and usually talk about it. There is little difference between recollect and recall in this context. We could also use remember here as the most common of the three verbs, although remember would not imply that the experience was talked about.

She recollected / recalled that she had been living in Paris when Picasso and Matisse were both working there.

ExerciceExercice

Fill in the blank with REMIND, REMEMBER, RECOLLECT or RECALL as appropriate.1. I can't ___________________________ how the street looked before this skyscraper was built.

2. Can you _______________________ me to feed the birds? 3. Some people _____________________________ (negative) so many things from their childhood. 4. These paintings ____________________________ me of my old house. 5. I'm terribly embarrassed but I'm afraid I don't ___________________________ your name. 6. The president would like _______________________ to the facts to all those present. 7. Don't you ________________________________ falling down that hole? 8. No, but you just _____________________________ me of it. 9. I would like to ________________________ you of our agreement. 10. I would like to ___________________________ our agreement.


RRESTERESTER

Principal Translations/Principales traductionsrester⇒ vi (subsister) be remaining vi + adj be left vi + adj Il reste le seul élève du collège en compétition. He is the only remaining pupil from the school in the competition.rester vi (ne pas changer de place) remain, stay vi be left v aux + v pp La casserole est restée sur le feu. The saucepan was left on the heat.rester vi (se maintenir) remain, stay vi Je suis restée debout pendant toute la cérémonie. I remained standing throughout the ceremony.rester vi (s'attarder à faire qch) stay vi formal remain (behind) vi Je reste étudier avec toi cet après-midi. I'll stay and study with you this afternoon.rester vi (continuer de ressentir un effet) remain, stay vi continue vi still have, still feel adv + vtr Je reste sur un mauvais pressentiment. * Her cruel words stayed with me. * He continued to experience negative emotions long after the accident. I still have a bad feeling.rester vi (continuer à séjourner) stay vi go on living in v expr Je reste en France pour être auprès de mon ami. I'm staying in France to be near my boyfriend.

Additional Translations/Traductions supplémentairesrester vi (ne pas tomber dans l'oubli) stay, remain vi Cette magnifique actrice restera dans nos mémoires. This amazing actress will remain in our memories.rester vi (être encore à faire) remain vi be still vtr + adv Dans ce domaine, tout reste encore à faire. In this field, everything is still to do.rester vi familier (habiter) live vi temporary stay vi Il reste dans le même village que moi. He lives in the same village as me.


http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=rester

rester vi (ne pas disparaître en parlant d'une marque) remain, stay vi

not go adv + vi Je lave le pull mais la tâche reste. I wash the jumper, but the stain won't go.rester vtr (maths : subsister) remainder n remaining, left over adj 10 divisé par 3 égal 3 et il reste 1. Ten divided by three gives 3 with remainder 1. Ten divided by three gives 3 with 1 left over.

Compound Forms/Formes composées

en rester baba vi familier (colloquial)

stand there flabbergasted, stand there dumbfounded, stand there astounded

en rester comme deux ronds de flan vi

familier (colloquial)

stand there flabbergasted, stand there dumbfounded, stand there astounded

en rester là vi (colloquial) call it quits, leave iten rester le cul par

terre⇒ vi (colloquial) stand there flabbergasted, stand there dumbfounded, stand there astounded

pour rester poli to put it mildly, to put it politely expr Ce film est ennuyeux, pour rester poli. The film is dull, to put it mildly.rester à disposition vi (formal) remain at [someone's] disposal virester à distance vi stay away, keep your distance virester à l'écart v keep your distancerester à l'écoute vi stay in tune (with) vrester à sa place vi stay in your place vi

Je n'aime pas du tout les commentaires de cette fille : je préférerais qu'elle reste à sa place !

rester amis vi stay friends virester assis v remain seatedrester assis à ne rien

faire v sit around doing nothing

rester au lit vi stay in bed virester bouche bée vi stand there gaping virester calme v keep calmrester calme v keep coolrester calme v keep quietrester chez soi vi stay at home virester couché v lie inrester dans la course vi stay in the race virester dans les annalesvi go down in history virester dans les cartonsvi never see the light of day vi


http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=en+rester+le+cul+par+terre

rester dans les clous vi keep within the framework virester dans son coin vi keep to yourself virester de glace remain unmoved vrester de marbre remain impassive vrester digne vi remain dignified, retain your dignity virester dîner⇒ vi stay for dinner virester égal à soi-mêmevi remain true to form vi

rester en arrière v (rester en arrière) hang back

rester en arrière v (se retenir) hold back

rester en arrière v (se retenir) (be)

holding back

rester en carafe vi be stranded virester en contact vi stay in touch virester en ligne vi hold the line, stay on the line virester en place vi stay in one place virester en rade vi familier be left stranded, be stuck virester en retrait vi stay in the background virester en suspens vi remain unanswered/unresolved virester en travers de la

gorge vi figuré stick in your throat vi

Ses propos méprisants me sont restés en travers de la gorge.rester en vie v stay aliverester enfermé dans sa

chambre⇒ vistay shut up in your bedroom vi

rester fidèle à soi-même vi stay true to yourself vi

rester gravé dans les mémoires vi

remain etched/engraved in people's memories vi

rester gravé dans sa mémoire⇒ vi remain etched/engraved in your memory vi

rester incognito vi remain incognito vi

rester là à ne rien fairev (rester debout)

stand idly by

rester les bras croisés cross your arms and wait v stand idly by vrester lettre morte vi go unheeded, be/remain a dead letter virester maître de la

décision vibe the final decision-maker, have the final

say virester maître de soi vi remain in control of yourself virester manger⇒ vi stay for something to eat virester planté comme un

piquet vifamilier stand rooted to the spot vi


http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=rester+manger

http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=rester+grav%C3%A9+dans+sa+m%C3%A9moire

http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=rester+enferm%C3%A9+dans+sa+chambre

http://www.wordreference.com/conj/FrVerbs.aspx?v=rester+d%C3%AEner

Mais allez, ne reste pas planté là comme un piquet, viens m'aider !

rester poli vi not be rude, stay courteous, mind your manners

Monsieur, vous êtes une personne méprisable et malhonnête ! Et encore, je reste poli.

rester prostré vi remain motionless, remain fixed to the spot virester prudent vi remain cautious virester sans réponse vi remain unanswered virester sans suite vi not be pursued, not be followed up vi be discontinued vrester sans voix vi be speechless virester simple vi keep [sth] simple virester soi-même vi remain yourself virester sur la touche vi stay on the sidelines virester sur le carreau vi fall by the wayside virester sur le qui-vive vi be on the alert, be on the lookout virester sur sa faim figuré leave a bit disappointed, dissatisfied v figurative leave a bit hungry for more vrester sur ses gardes v keep alertrester sur ses gardes v keep postedrester sur ses gardes v keep stillrester sur ses

positionsvi (figurative) stand your ground, stick to your guns vi

rester sur un échec vi dwell on a failure virester sur une bonne

impression vi be left with a good impression vi

rester tranquille vi keep quiet, keep still virester vivant vi stay alive viy rester (slang) kick the bucket, buy it, check out v When the plane crashed we almost bought it.

http://www.wordreference.com/fren/rester


ExerciceExercice

Translate selecting the appropriate form of RESTER in English.

1) Catherine restera chez sa grand-mère cet été.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Restons vigilants lors de la traversée.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Je suis restée fidèle à moi-même en n’assistant pas au pot de départ de Jérôme.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Tommy & Jason restèrent seuls sur le banc à attendre un taxi.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5) Mon grand-père restera à jamais dans ma mémoire.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6) Pour rester poli, je lui ai demandé de partir immédiatement.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7) Les anglais sont réputés pour rester calmes en toute situation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8) Nos cousins sont finalement restés manger hier soir.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9) Après l’entretien de Nicole, le comité est resté sur une bonne impression.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10) Il ne restait que trois olives sur le buffet quand Philippe est arrivé.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


IIRREGULARRREGULAR VERBSVERBS

Base verbale (to...)

Prétérit Participe passé (I have...)

Traduction

arise arose arisen survenir

awake awoke awoken se réveiller

be was, were been être

bear bore borne/born porter / supporter/ naître

beat beat beaten battre

become became become devenir

begin began begun commencer

bend bent bent plier / se courber

beseech besought / beseeched

besought / beseeched

supplier / demander

bet bet bet parier

bid bade / bid bidden / bid offrir / faire une enchère / demander

bind bound bound engager, lier

bite bit bitten mordre

bleed bled bled saigner.

blow blew blown souffler, gonfler

broadcast broadcast broadcast diffuser, émettre

break broke broken casser

bring brought brought apporter

build built built construire

burn burnt / burned burnt / burned brûler

burst burst burst éclater

buy bought bought acheter

can could could pouvoir

cast cast cast jeter / distribuer (rôles)

catch caught caught attraper

choose chose chosen choisir

cling clung clung s'accrocher

come came come venir

cost cost cost coûter

creep crept crept ramper

crow crew / crowed crowed chanter (coq)


cut cut cut couper

deal dealt dealt distribuer

dig dug dug creuser

do did done faire

draw drew drawn dessiner / tirer

dream dreamed / dreamt

dreamed / dreamt rêver

drink drank drunk boire

drive drove driven conduire

dwell dwelt dwelled / dwelt habiter

eat ate eaten manger

fall fell fallen tomber

feed fed fed nourrir

feel felt felt se sentir / ressentir

fight fought fought se battre

find found found trouver

flee fled fled s'enfuir

fling flung flung lancer

fly flew flown voler (avion ..)

forbid forbade forbidden interdire

forget forgot forgot / forgotten oublier

forgive forgave forgiven pardonner

forsake forsook forsaken abandonner

freeze froze frozen geler

get got got / gotten obtenir

give gave given donner

go went gone aller

grind ground ground moudre / opprimer

grow grew grown pousser / grandir

hang hung hung tenir / pendre

have had had avoir

hear heard heard entendre

hide hid hidden cacher

hit hit hit taper / appuyer

hold held held tenir

hurt hurt hurt blesser


keep kept kept garder

kneel kneeled / knelt kneeled / knelt s'agenouiller

knit knit / knitted knit / knitted tricoter

know knew known connaître / savoir

lay laid laid poser (à plat-étendre)

lead led led mener/guider

lean leant / leaned

leant / leaned s'incliner / se pencher

leap leapt / leaped

leapt / leaped sauter / bondir

learn learnt learnt apprendre

leave left left Laisser / partir / quitter

lend lent lent prêter

let let let permettre, louer

lie lay lain s'allonger

light lit lit allumer

lose lost lost perdre

make made made fabriquer

mean meant meant signifier

meet met met rencontrer

melt melted melted fondre

pay paid paid payer

plead pleaded / pled

pleaded / pled supplier / plaider

prove proved proved / proven prouver

put put put mettre

quit quit quit quitter

read read read lire

rid rid rid débarrasser

ride rode ridden faire du cheval, voyager à bicyclette

ring rang rung sonner / téléphoner

rise rose risen lever

run ran run courir


saw sawed / saw sawed / sawn scier

say said said dire

see saw seen voir

seek sought sought chercher

sell sold sold vendre

send sent sent envoyer

set set set fixer

sew sewed sewn coudre

shake shook shaken secouer

shed shed shed répandre

shine shone shone briller

shoe shod shod chausser

shoot shot shot tirer / fusilier

show showed shown montrer

shut shut shut fermer

sing sang sung chanter

sink sank / sunk sunk / sunken couler

sit sat sat s'asseoir

sleep slept slept dormir

slide slid slid glisser

slit slit slit fendre

smell smelt smelt sentir

sow sowed sowed/ sown semer

speak spoke spoken parler

speed sped sped aller vite

spell spelt spelt épeler

spend spent spent dépenser / passer du temps

spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt renverser

spin spun spun tourner / faire tourner

spit spat / spit spat / spit crâcher

split split split fendre

spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt gâcher / gâter

spread spread spread répandre

spring sprang sprung surgir / jaillir / bondir


stand stood stood être debout

steal stole stolen voler / dérober

stick stuck stuck coller

stink stank stunk puer

strike struck stricken / struck frapper

string strung strung ficeler / enfiler des perles

swear swore sworn jurer

sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated suer

sweep swept swept balayer

swell swelled swelled / swollen gonfler / enfler

swim swam swum nager

take took taken prendre

teach taught taught enseigner

tell told told dire / raconter

think thought thought penser

throw threw thrown jeter

undergo underwent undergone subir

understand understood understood comprendre

undertake undertook undertaken se charger de / entreprendre

wake waked / woke waked / woken veiller ; être éveillé

wear wore worn porter (avoir sur soi)

weep wept wept pleurer

wet wet / wetted wet / wetted mouiller

win won won gagner

wind wound wound enrouler/remonter

withdraw withdrew withdrawn se retirer

withstand withstood withstood résister à

write wrote written écrire


PPHONETICSHONETICS


RRESSOURCESESSOURCES

(liste non exhaustive )

L'institut Média-Langueshttps://bu.univ-lorraine.fr/saulcy/sinformer/institut-media-languesOuverture du lundi au vendredi de 10h à 17h03.87.54.75.06Bibliothèque du Saulcy (mezzanine gauche)

Le service de relations internationales de l'Université de Lorrainehttp://www.univ-lorraine.fr/content/partir-etudier-letrangerhttp://www.univ-lorraine.fr/content/direction-des-relations-internationales-et-européennesMaison Alfred Grosser - Ile du SaulcyTél 00 33 3 87 54 77 77

En françaisAnglais 3ème, Bordas, les basiques. (3,80€)English Academy, les 50 fautes d'usage les plus fréquentes en anglais, Ellipses, Bloc Notes, F. Gusdorf

En anglaishttps://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-and-vocabularyhttp://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, R. Murphyhttp://www.myenglishpages.com/http://www.usingenglish.com/http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/http://www.eslcafe.com/students/http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/grammar-exercises.html

Divershttp://clichesite.com/search.asp

permet de trouver le sens de beaucoup d’expressions idiomatiques anglaises et américaines http://www.ted.com/talks/browsehttp://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/human-history-in-essence-is-the-history-of-ideas--66634.kjsp?RH=CDL_ANG030200&RF=CDL_ANG100000https://www.couchsurfing.org/http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/index_en.htm (Erasmus)


Dictionarieshttp://www.etymonline.com/ dictionnaire étymologique de la langue anglaisehttp://dictionary.reference.com/

permet la consultation de multiples dictionnaires (étymologie, prononciation… ) http://www.wordreference.com/http://dictionnaire.reverso.net/

Newshttp://www.theguardian.com/http://www.nytimes.com/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/http://www.huffingtonpost.com


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