material
TRANSCRIPT
MATERIAL
MAF 220 – COST ACCOUNTING I
MATERIAL
Are the things needed to produce output/ products
Major part of total cost & is one of the most important assets
MATERIAL CONTROL
Is a system to ensure that material is purchase at the right quality for the right quantity at the right time & price
Needed to:-› Prevent wastage, production delay &
obsolescene
MATERIAL CONTROL CYCLE
PRODUCTION DEPT
PURCHASING DEPT
RECEIVING DEPT
INSPECTION DEPT
STORE DEPT
SUPPLIER
MRNPRN
QuotationPurchase
orderInvoiceDelivery
order
GRNIN
MIN
STOREKEEPING
Handling and keeping records of materials in store
Centralized store = HQ buys n handles material
Decentralized store= BRANCH buys n handles material
Objectives:› Speedy receipts & issue of materials› Labelling material for identification› Maintain correct level of stock› Efficient use of storage space
STOCK CONTROL
To maintain optimum level of stock in hand
To control investment in stock Method:
› ABC analysis› Stock levels› EOQ› Stock recording› Stock taking
ABC analysis
Stocks are analyzed according to their value
Category Type of value Control
A Highest value Maximum
B Medium value Medium
C Lowest value minimum
STOCK LEVELS
Control & monitoring can be done by using the formulas:› Re-order level› MAX stock level› MIN stock level› R-order qtty› Ave. stock level› Stock turnover ratio
ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ)
Enables an org to control investments in materials
Is used to determine how much material should be order
Minimizes the total cost of stock
EOQ Equation
2DO C
Tabulation› Consists of several order size, where
the min total cost is EOQ Graph
O
C
TC
EOQ
EOQ = √ 2DO⁄C D= total demandO = ordering costC = carrying cost
At reorder level, stock will be ‘0’ and when replenished the stock will be the maximum level, Q.
At constant demand, average stock is Q/2.
If the total annual demand is D and the order quantity is Q, then the number of orders for stock in a year will be D/Q.
If the cost per order is O, then the total ordering costs will be D/Q xO
TOTAL COST = (Q/2)C +(D/Q)O
You are required to determine the EOQ based on the following data:
Forecasted demand = 2,000 units per month
Ordering cost = RM450.00Unit costs = RM10.00Carrying cost = RM15% per annum
STOCK RECORDING
Perpetual inventory system› Reflect physical movement of stock & the
balance at all times› Is checked against continuos stock taking
Periodic inventory system› Recording are done by doing stock taking
at a given time
STOCK VALUATION
To charge to production on a consistent and realistic basis of the cost of materials used and also to provide a satisfactory basis of valuation for inventory on hand
STOCK VALUATION
3 methods to value stock in hand › LIFO› FIFO› WAM
FIRST IN FIRST OUT (FIFO)
Materials are used in chronological order
Ensures materials are issued at actual cost
Closing stock valuation is higher
LAST IN FIRST OUT (LIFO)
The latest materials received are used first.
Ensures materials are issued at actual cost
Lower valuation for closing stock
Weighted Average
Average price is used Price is calculated by dividing the total
cost of material in stock by the total quantity of material in stock.
A new price needs to be calculated each time new material are received
Calculate the value of 30 units of material A closing stock using:
a) FIFO methodb) LIFO methodc) Weighted Average method
1 july opening stock 20 units @rm144 july receipts 40 units @rm1514 july receipts 50 units @rm1810 july issues 40 units17 july issues 40 units
JUST-IN-TIME PURCHASING
Attempts to overcome EOQ. It affects the way purchasing is carried out.
It requires:› The buyer to identify the suppliers› The buyer enter into a contract with the
suppliers to supply materials move frequently› Buyer give a copy of production schedule to
supplier› Supplier carries out quality control› Supplier delivers just in time› Materials used in production immediately
Reducing waste and increasing efficiency of the material usage
Reduce or eliminate inventories at every stage of production
Key features:› Smooth, uniform production rate› Pull method of production› Purchase in small lot size› Quick inexpensive setups› High quality of materials› Effective preventive maintenance› Teamwork› Multi skilled workers