Materials science

Dr. Guiseppe Nardoni

Eng. Nasim Fallahi1

Contents

• Materials science

• Raw Materials

• Classes of materials

• Materials information Metals and Alloys

• Polymers symbol

• Mechanical Properties of Metals

• Compare between ductile and brittle steel

• Ductility and malleability

• Hardness

• Class level

• Metals and alloys

• Iron ore beneficiation & crushing processing plant

• Metal Processing

• Steel Production

• The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids

• Iron/Carbon Alloy phase

• Microstructure of iron-carbon

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Materials science

Material Science is an interdisciplinary subject, spanning the physics and chemistry of matter, engineering applications and industrial manufacturing processes. (University of Oxford 2015)

What Properties we are searching in a material ?

1. Strength , Hardness , flexibility.

2.Thermal ,magnetic and electrical Properties.

3. Stability.

4. Catalyst (Acidic or basic)

5. Reusability and eco friendly .

6. Low Cost.

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Raw MaterialsRaw materials are materials or substances used in the primary production or manufacturing of goods. Raw materials are often referred to as commodities, which are bought and sold on commodities exchanges around the world. Raw materials are sold in what is called the factor market, because raw materials are factors of productionalong with labor and capital.

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rawmaterials.asp4

CLASSES OF MATERIALS

University of Cambridge (DoITPoMS) 5

Table below gives a rough guideline to the kinds of properties you would expect from each class, and a few examples

class Common Properties Examples

Metal Hard, ductile and conduct heat and electricity

Copper (wires), stainless steel (cutlery)

Polymer Widely variable, often soft and flexible

Polystyrene (cups), polycarbonate (CDs), polyethylene (plastic bag)

Ceramic Hard, brittle, resistant to corrosion,electrically non-conductive

Concrete (buildings), PZT (piezoelectric used in lighters and ultrasonic transducers),porcelain (vases, teacups)

University of Cambridge (DoITPoMS) 6

Metal Properties

Tough material

Magnetic properties

Easily recyclable material

Ductile, Malleable material

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FerrousNon-

Ferrous

Metals

http://anzmetals.co.za/products/ferrous-metals/ 8

Materials informationMetals and Alloys

Ferrous metals Properties

Mild Steel Carbon content of 0.1 to 0.3% and Iron content of 99.7 – 99.9%. Used for engineering purposes and in general, none specialised metal products.

Carbon steel Carbon content of 0.6 to 1.4% and Iron content of 98.6 to 99.4 %. Used to make cutting tools such as drill bits.

Stainless steel Made up of Iron, nickel and chromium. Resists staining and corrosion and is therefore used for the likes of cutlery and surgical instrumentation. See our infographic celebrating 100 years of stainless steel usage in buildings or the different types of stainless steel.

Cast Iron carbon 2 – 6% and Iron at 94 to 98%. Very strong but brittle. Used to manufacture items such as engine blocks and manhole covers.

Wrought Iron Composed of almost 100% iron. Used to make items such as ornamental gates and fencing. Has fallen out of use somewhat.

http://www.castlemetalseurope.com/blog/ferrous-nonferrous-metals-uses/

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Non-Ferrous Properties

Aluminum An alloy of aluminum, copper and manganese. Very lightweight and easily worked. Used in aircraft manufacture, window frames and some kitchen ware.

Copper Copper is a natural occurring substance. The fact that it conducts heat and electricity means that it is used for wiring, tubing and pipe work.

Brass A combination of copper and zinc, usually in the proportions of 65% to 35% respectively. Is used for ornamental purposes and within electrical fittings.

Silver Mainly a natural substance, but mixing with copper creates sterling silver. Used for decorative impact in jewelry and ornaments, and also to solder different metals together.

Lead Lead is a naturally occurring substance. It is heavy and very soft and is often used in roofing, in batteries and to make pipes.

Materials informationMetals and Alloys

http://www.castlemetalseurope.com/blog/ferrous-nonferrous-metals-uses/ 10

Polymers symbol

http://www.quantumbooks.com/technology/can-you-recognise-the-markings-on-your-plastic-water-bottle/ 11

Mechanical Properties of Metals

Chemical Physical

Mechanical Dimensional

Material properties

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Mechanical Properties of Metals

http://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/08/mechanical-properties-of-materials.html 13

Mechanical Properties of Materials in Tabular Form

No. Mechanical Property Definition of the Mechanical Property1. Strength Capacity of material to withstand load without

destruction.

2. Elasticity The ability of the material to return to its original condition after deformation on removal of external load.

3. Stiffness Resistance to elastic deformation or deflection

4. Flexibility The ability of the material to be bend.

5. Plasticity The ability of a material to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without rupture or failure.

6. Ductility The ability of the material to be drawn into thin wires.

7. Malleability The ability of the material to be hammered into thin sheets.

8. Toughness The ability of a material to withstand both the elastic and plastic deformation.

http://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/08/mechanical-properties-of-materials.html 14

Mechanical Properties of Materials in Tabular Form

No. Mechanical Property Definition of the Mechanical Property

9. Resilience The capacity or ability of a material to absorb energy elastically.

10. Hardness The ability of a material to resist to scratching, cutting, abrasion, indentation or penetration.

11. Brittleness The property of breaking of materials without much permanent distortion.

12. Machinability It is the ability of the material to be cut easily

13. Creep The slow and progressive deformation of a material with the passage of time when it is subjected to constant stress.

14. Fatigue The phenomena of weakening of material when it is subjected to repeated or fluctuating stress

http://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/08/mechanical-properties-of-materials.html 15

Elasticity and flexibility

http://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/09/what-is-elasticity-elastic-limit-youngs-modulus-modulus-of-rigidity.html

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Stress- strain diagram for different materials

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Compare between ductile and brittle steel

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http://slideplayer.com/slide/4062647/ 18

Ductility and malleability

http://www.valvemagazine.com/magazine/sections/actuators-controls/4367-pneumatic-valve-actuators-in-sub-arctic-climates.html

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Hardness

http://slideplayer.com/slide/4062647/ 20

Class levelStrength - Toughness

http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/strength-toughness/basic.html 21

Metals and alloys

http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/strength-toughness/basic.html 22

Metals and alloys

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Iron ore beneficiation & crushing processing plant

http://www.mineselect.com/news/beneficiation-plant-process-equipments-iron-ore.html 24

Metal Processing

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Metal Processing

http://www.minxing.us/category/project/page/3/ 26

Steel Production

http://www.minxing.us/category/project/page/3/ 27

The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids

http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-of-general-chemistry-v1.0/s16-02-the-arrangement-of-atoms-in-cr.html

For the three kinds of cubic unit cells, simple cubic (a), body-centered cubic (b), and face-centered cubic (c), there are three representations for each: a ball-and-stick model, aspace-filling cutaway model that shows the portion of each atom that lies within the unitcell, and an aggregate of several unit cells.

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Iron/Carbon Alloy phase

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Microstructure of iron-carbon

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Microstructure of iron-carbon

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Microstructure of iron-carbon

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Thank you for your attention

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