matriculation chemistry introduction to organic compound part 1.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction To Organic
Chemistry
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Lecture 1
12.1 IntroductionLearning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to :
1. List the elements that made up organic compounds C, ,O, !, ", # and halogens.
2. #tate the ability of carbon to form $ co%alent bonds &ithother carbons or elements.
'. (ifferentiate bet&een saturated and unsaturated organic
compounds.$. )i%e e*amples of organic compounds used in medicine,
engineering, biotechnology and agriculture.
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WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.
Organic compounds contain as &ell as C, &hile othercommon elements are O, !, the halogens, # and ".
There are many %arieties of organic compounds+ more than 1 millions---
They may e*ist as simple or comple* molecules/ as gases,li0uids or solid and coloured or colourless.
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*amples:
C$
methane +a component of natural gas
methyl salicylic acid +aspirina drug
OCOCH3
COOH
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CH2 C
O
NH
O
S
N
COOH
penicillin (an antibiotic)
Cl CH Cl
CCl3
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane
(DDT- a pesticide component)
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All organic componds consist o! carbon atom"
#roperties o! carbon atom$
-has % &alence electrons"
-can !orm % co&alent bonds"
C C
Single bond
C C C C
Doble bond Triple bond
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Hydrocarbons
saturated unsaturated
Contains only singlebonds ( -C-C- )
Examples: alkanes,
cycloalkanes
Contains at leastone carbon-carbon
double bond (-C=C-)or triple bond (-CC-).
Examples: alkenes,
alkynes.
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Uses of organic compounds
3edicine Antibiotics are used to fightbacterial and fungalinfections
ngineering )asolineas a fuel forinternal combustionengines.
4iotechnology )enetic information li5e
(!A
Agriculture ((Tas insectisides to 5illharmful insects.
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Lecture 2:
12.2 3olecular and #tructural 6ormulae
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students should
be able to :(efine structural formula.
(ra& structural formula in the form of e*panded,condensed and s5eletal structures based on themolecular formula.
*plain primary +17, secondary +27, tertiary +'7 and0uaternary +$7 carbon.
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Structural formulasho's ho' the
atoms in a molecle are bonded to
each other"
3 types o! strctral !ormla$8 condensed structure
8 e*panded structure
8 s5eletal structure
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2- Dimensional formula
Condensed StructureDoes not sho' single bonds bet'een carbon andhydrogen atoms bt doble and triple bonds aresho'n"
All atoms that are attached to a carbon are'ritten immediately a!ter that carbon"
C%H
)Cl CH
3CHCH
2CH
3
(Condensed structure)
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H2C
CH2
CH2
CH2
H2C
H2C
*+amples$
ii) Cyclohexane, C6H12 iii) Aldehyde, CH3CH
CH3CH
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!x"anded Structure
*+panded strctres indicate ho' atoms are
attached to each other bt are not representations
o! the actal shapes o! the molecles"
C%H)Cl
#olecular
$ormula
!x"anded structure
C C C C
Cl
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*amples:
i Alcohol +C29O
ii Carbo*ylic acid +C'
9O
2
C
C
O
C
C
C
O
O
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Skeletal Structure
Sho's only the carbon s,eleton"Hydrogen atoms are not 'ritten"
Other atoms sch as O Cl N etc" are sho'n"
i) CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3
Cl
ii) 2C C2
2C C2
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3- Dimensional formula
% &ed'e ( dashed &ed'e ( line formula )
Describes ho' the atoms o! a molecle
are arranged in space"
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*+ample $ .romoethane
or or
ndication *-
*bonds that lie in the "lane
*bonds that lie behind the "lane
*bonds that "ro+ect out of the "lane
C
4r
C
.r
HH
H
C
H
.rH
H
C
H
H.r
H
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A carbon atom can be classified as
primary carbon(1o) bonded to 1 C
secondary carbon(2o) bonded to 2 C
tertiary carbon(3o) bonded to 3 C
quarternary carbon(4o) bonded to $ C
Classification of C atoms*
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C
CH3
H
/0 carbon/0 carbon
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C C'
CH3
CH3
30 carbon
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11
1
11H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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2
2H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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3H C C C CH2 C CH3
H
H
H
H H
CH3 CH3
CH3
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C'+C2CCl+C'2
1estion
CondensedStructure
!x"andedStructure
SeletalStructure
C
H
HH
C CH
H
H
CH3
CH3