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Basic ChemistryMatter, Elements and Atoms

Companion Text:

Herlihy, B, & Maebius, N, The Human Body in Health and Illness, 2nd Edition, 2003, Saunders, United States of America

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Chemistry is the study of matter

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Matter is …“Anything that occupies space and has weight.

Anything that you see when you look around is matter.”

Herlihy, B & Maebius, N, 2003, P.17

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Matter exists in three (3) states:

• Solid• Liquid• Gas

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Solid Matter …Has definite shape and volume

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Liquid Matter …Becomes the shape of, or conforms to the container it is in

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Gaseous Matter (a gas)Has not got either shape or volume

Volcanoes.usgs.gov/…Pglossary/volcGas.html

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Matter can undergo both physical and chemical changes …

A good example of this is chopping up wood and burning it

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A log of wood experiences a physical change when it is chopped up …

Even though it is cut into smaller pieces, it is still smaller pieces of thesame wood

The matter that makes up that wood has not changed – it is still chemically the same

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When the logs are burned they undergo a chemical change …

The burnt wood is no longer wood because it has become ash

Ash is chemically different to wood

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Elements …

All matter, whether it is dead or alive is made up of elements

“An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions”

Herlihy, B & Maebius, N, 2003, P.17

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Even the smallest amount of an element contains millions and millions of the identical atoms

Simple.wikpedia.org.wik.Molecules

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See the list of elements that are most abundant in our body on page 18 of the companion text …

But the four elements that make up 96% of our body weight are:

CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen

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Trace Elements ..These occur in our body in small amounts but they are still essential to life

Each element is represented by a symbol … Na for sodium, for example

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Atoms …

Elements are made up of atoms.

An atom is:

“the smallest unit of an element with that element’s chemical characteristics”

Herlihy, B & Maebius, N, 2003, P.18

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An atom is composed of three (3) subatomic particles:

- protons- neutrons- electrons

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An atom has a nucleus and shells

www.es.uusc.edu/.../lectures/Lect.03html

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The protons and the neutrons are found in the nucleus …

Untitled

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Protons carry a positive electrical charge (+VE)

Neutrons do not carry an electrical charge

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Electrons …These are found in the shells that surround the nucleus

Electrons carry a negative charge (-ve)

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In every atom the number of protons (+ve) is equal to the number of electrons (-ve)

An atom is electrically neutral so it does not carry an electrical charge

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All protons are alike

All electrons are alike

All neutrons are alike

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What makes one atom different from another atom?

The difference is due primarily to the numbers of protons and electrons found in each atom …

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Two terms are used to describe individual atoms …

Atomic NumberAtomic Weight

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Atomic NumberThe number of protons in the nucleus

Hydrogen, for example, has only one proton, so it has an atomic number of 1

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Atomic WeightThis is found by adding the number of protons and the neutrons found in the nucleus together

Hydrogen has an atomic weight of 1 because it only has one proton and no neutrons in its nucleus

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Helium has an atomic weight of 4 because there are two protons and two neutrons in its nucleus

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IsotopesThese are different forms of the same atom.For example, there are different forms of Hydrogen …Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1(it has one proton and no neutron in its nucleus)

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Isotopes … cont.Hydrogen also comes in a heavier, less common form and this form has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus … so it has an atomic weight of 2But it still has an atomic number of 1 and that means it is still a hydrogen atom

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Isotopes … cont.So, an isotope has the same atomic number but a different atomic weight

An isotope is different because of the number of neutrons found in the nucleus

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Why is this relevant to nursing?Heavier isotopes of atoms are often unstable and their nuclei break down(decay)

When this happens they give off particles, or energy waves, and these unstable nuclei become more stable

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Unstable isotopes are called radioisotopes and the process of decay is called radioactivity

Radioisotopes damage tissue

They are used clinically to destroy cells

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Radioactive Iodine is used to destroy excess thyroid tissue

Other radioisotopes are used to destroy cancer cells

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Electron ShellsElectrons are found surrounding the nucleus in orbits that are called energy levels, or electron shells

The number of electron shells vary between atoms

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Electron Shells … cont.Hydrogen has only one electron shell, where sodium has three shells

Each shell can hold a specific number of electrons

The inner shell (closest to the nucleus) can only accommodate two electrons

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Electron Shells … cont.The second and third shells can hold eight electrons …

The only electrons that are important in chemical bonding are the electrons found in the outer shell

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Electron Shells … cont.If it does not contain the proper number of electrons, the outer shell becomes unstable

It attempts to either give up electrons and empty the shell, or pick up electrons to fill the shell

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Electron Shells … contThis is the basis of chemical bonding

Chemical bonds are formed because the outer electron shell has a tendency to seek stability

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Herlihy, B, The Human Body in Health and Illness, 5th Edition, 2014, Elsevier,

Reference

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