matter change and. chemistry: the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
TRANSCRIPT
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MATTER
CHANGE
AND
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Chemistry:
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Alchemical view of matter
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Matter• Atoms are the building blocks of matter
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Matter
“Space-filling” models of molecules
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Matter
Each element is made of the same kind of atom
Oxygen
Hydrogen
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Each element is made of the same kind of atom with unique set of properties
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Carbon
Graphite
Uncut diamond
Uncut diamond
with impurities
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STATES OF MATTER: Solid, Liquid, Gas
(a) Particles in solid (b) Particles in liquid (c) Particles in gas
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STATES OF MATTER
• SOLIDS– Definite shape and
volume– Particles of a solid
packed tightly together– NOT easily
compressed
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SOLIDS
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STATES OF MATTER
• LIQUIDS– Particles in close
contact but arrangement is not orderly or fixed
– Definite volume– NOT easily
compressed
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Liquid
H2O(l) Water
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 31
In a liquid• molecules are in constant motion
• there are appreciable intermolecular forces
• molecules are close together
• Liquids are almost incompressible
• Liquids do not fill the container
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STATES OF MATTER
• GAS– Particles NOT in close
contact and are constantly moving
– No definite volume
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Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container
Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of the container
Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apartParticles
Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially noneparticles
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How to describe matter…
• Extensive properties– Depends on the
AMOUNT of matter in a sample
• Mass• Volume
• Intensive properties– Depends on the TYPE
of matter in a sample• Color• Temperature• Density
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SUBSTANCE
• Matter that has a uniform and definite composition
• Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition
• Elements CANNOT be broken down into simpler components
• Compounds CAN be broken down into elements
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Examples of pure substances
GOLD ALUMINUM
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Compounds• Made of two or more different kinds of elements
chemically combined in a fixed proportion.– for example:
• Common table salt is a one to one combination of sodium atoms (Na) and chlorine atoms (Cl) = NaCl
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What do we mean by “chemically combined”?
• Elements in compounds are joined by chemical bonds.– Examples of chemical bonds:
• Ionic bond (electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions)
– Usually composed of metal and nonmetal atoms
• Covalent bond (bond that forms by the sharing of electrons between atoms)
– Usually composed of carbon atoms bonded to elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
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Properties of Compounds
• Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means but elements cannot.
• Compounds and the elements from which they are formed have different properties
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Examples of Compounds
• Sugar (sucrose)– Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Sugar a sweet-tasting white solid but carbon is a black, tasteless solid; Hydrogen and oxygen are odorless gasses
Sugar Carbon + Water
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_jtOpAYG70
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Sugar (sucrose)
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Sugar (sucrose)
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Properties of Matter
• Physical properties:– Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, magnetic
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Properties of Matter
• Physical changes– Changes in matter that do NOT change the
composition of a substance• Changes of state (liquid to a gas), temperature
(melting point), volume, crush, grind
• Chemical changes– Changes that result in a new substance
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition
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Mixtures
• Physical blend of two or more components
• Heterogeneous = composition is variable throughout the sample
• Homogeneous = composition is uniform throughout the sample
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Classification of Matter