MatterMatter:

Physical & Chemical Physical & Chemical Properties & Properties &

ChangesChanges

Matter is composed of Matter is composed of two broad categories: two broad categories:

A.A. MIXTURESMIXTURES & &

B.B. PURE SUBSTANCESPURE SUBSTANCES

A.) MIXTURESA.) MIXTURES composed of two or more composed of two or more substances and substances and can be can be separatedseparated through physical through physical means.means.

Ex: sulfur & iron filings, NaCl & HEx: sulfur & iron filings, NaCl & H22O, Kool-Aid, O, Kool-Aid, muddy muddy water, a bin of recyclable materials, water, a bin of recyclable materials, whipped creamwhipped cream

Separation methods includeSeparation methods include – – sifting, separating using hands or sifting, separating using hands or specialized equipment, distilling, specialized equipment, distilling, heating, filtering, cooling etc. heating, filtering, cooling etc.

Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures1.1. HeterogeneousHeterogeneous –(different)- –(different)-the the

two or more parts of the mixture two or more parts of the mixture

can visibly be distinguishedcan visibly be distinguished..Special Type of Heterogeneous MixtureSpecial Type of Heterogeneous Mixture: : • SuspensionSuspension – – Heterogeneous fluid Heterogeneous fluid

containing solid particles that are sufficiently containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. large for sedimentation. Examples ofExamples of SUSPENSIONSSUSPENSIONS:: Muddy water, oil & Muddy water, oil & vinegarvinegar dressing, Milk of Magnesia, dressing, Milk of Magnesia, toothpastetoothpaste

2. 2. Homogeneous Homogeneous – (same)– (same)Homogeneous Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures – – cannot visibly cannot visibly

distinguish the two or more parts of distinguish the two or more parts of the mixture. the mixture.

SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS a uniform mixture consisting of only one a uniform mixture consisting of only one phase.phase.Examples ofExamples of SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS : Saline solution (salt water), tears, : Saline solution (salt water), tears, coffee, blood, Kool-aid, Windex, air with no clouds, syrup, coffee, blood, Kool-aid, Windex, air with no clouds, syrup, iced/hot tea etc.iced/hot tea etc.COLLOIDSCOLLOIDS – –Homogeneous solution with intermediate Homogeneous solution with intermediate

particle size between a solution and a suspension. particle size between a solution and a suspension. Colloid particles may be seen in a beam of light such as Colloid particles may be seen in a beam of light such as dust in air in a "shaft" of sunlight.dust in air in a "shaft" of sunlight.

Examples of Examples of COLLOIDSCOLLOIDS: : Milk, Mayonnaise, Fog, Jell-O, Milk, Mayonnaise, Fog, Jell-O, Smoke, Whipped Cream and Shaving CreamSmoke, Whipped Cream and Shaving Cream

B.) PURE SUBSTANCESB.) PURE SUBSTANCES – –

•are composed of one or more are composed of one or more atoms and atoms and cannot be separatedcannot be separated through physical means.through physical means.

Ex: sulfur, iron, NaCl, CEx: sulfur, iron, NaCl, C66HH1212OO6 6

(glucose), (glucose), H H22O, COO, CO22

Types of Pure Types of Pure SUBSTANCESSUBSTANCES: :

1.) 1.) COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS or or MOLECULESMOLECULES – – (atoms are different) Sodium (atoms are different) Sodium Chloride, Glucose, or WaterChloride, Glucose, or Water

2.) 2.) ELEMENTSELEMENTS – (atoms are the – (atoms are the same) Sulfur, Gold, Silver, same) Sulfur, Gold, Silver, Mercury, Tin, Hydrogen, OxygenMercury, Tin, Hydrogen, Oxygen

PHYSICAL AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHEMICAL

PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

Properties help us to Properties help us to identify substances & identify substances &

characteristicscharacteristics

PHYSICAL PROPERTIESPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

– – Quality or condition of a Quality or condition of a substance that can be substance that can be observed or measured observed or measured without changing the without changing the substance’s composition.substance’s composition.

The Elements on the Periodic Table can be broken down into three basic categories…

Metals

Non-Metals

Metalloids

Let’s examine their physical properties…

Periodic Table of the ELEMENTS

Metals – light blueNonmetals – dark blue Metalloids

Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals

1.1.lusterluster (shininess) (shininess)2.2.good good conductorsconductors of heat and of heat and

electricityelectricity3.3.high melting pointshigh melting points4.4.ductileductile (capable of being (capable of being

drawn into thin wires) drawn into thin wires) 5.5.malleablemalleable (most metals can be (most metals can be

hammered into thin sheets)hammered into thin sheets)

Properties of NonmetalsProperties of Nonmetals

1.1.dulldull appearance (not shiny) appearance (not shiny)2.2.poor conductor of heat & poor conductor of heat &

electricity (electricity (insulatorsinsulators))3.3.brittlebrittle (breaks easily) (breaks easily)4.4.low densitylow density5.5.low melting pointslow melting points6.6.not ductile and not malleable.not ductile and not malleable.

Found along the “Found along the “stair step stair step lineline” of the Periodic Table” of the Periodic Table

Metalloids include: boron, Metalloids include: boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium, antimony, tellurium, polonium, and astatine and astatine

Aluminum is Aluminum is NOTNOT a metalloid—it a metalloid—it is a metalis a metal

MetalloidsMetalloids

MetalloidsMetalloids

1.1. SolidsSolids

2.2. Can be shiny or dullCan be shiny or dull

3.3. Semi-ductileSemi-ductile

4.4. Semi-malleableSemi-malleable

5.5. Semi-Conductors of heat and Semi-Conductors of heat and electricity.electricity.

EXTENSIVE PROPERTYEXTENSIVE PROPERTY Depends on the amount of Depends on the amount of matter.matter.Example – Length, mass, volume, Example – Length, mass, volume, weightweight

INTENSIVE PROPERTYINTENSIVE PROPERTY – – Does not depend on the amount of Does not depend on the amount of matter.matter.Example – Color, density, hardness, Example – Color, density, hardness, ductility, malleability, odor, melting ductility, malleability, odor, melting pointpoint

Additional Physical Additional Physical Properties…Properties…

The ability of a substance to The ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and undergo chemical reactions and form NEW substances form NEW substances

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties describedescribe CHEMICAL CHANGESCHEMICAL CHANGES

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

NonmetalsNonmetals – tend to gain (e-) – tend to gain (e-) (since (since metals tend to lose (e-)metals tend to lose (e-) and nonmetals and nonmetals tend to gain (e-)tend to gain (e-) , metals and nonmetals , metals and nonmetals like to form compounds with each other. like to form compounds with each other. These compounds are called These compounds are called ionic ionic compoundscompounds. .

When two or more nonmetals bond with When two or more nonmetals bond with each other, they form a each other, they form a covalent covalent compoundcompound..

MetalsMetals – easily lose (e-), corrode easily – easily lose (e-), corrode easily (corrosion is a gradual wearing away). (corrosion is a gradual wearing away). Example: silver tarnishing and iron Example: silver tarnishing and iron rusting.rusting.

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGESCHANGES

PHYSICAL CHANGESPHYSICAL CHANGES alter a substance alter a substance

without changing its without changing its composition.composition.

Examples – cut, grind, boil, Examples – cut, grind, boil, freeze, melt, condense, break, freeze, melt, condense, break, separate,chop, split, mix, tear, separate,chop, split, mix, tear,

crush and blend.crush and blend.

Let’s illustrate Let’s illustrate this…this…

Ex.3: Ex.3: Refining crude oilRefining crude oil--separates oil --separates oil into it’s component parts.into it’s component parts.

Ex. 1: Ex. 1: When water boilsWhen water boils, it changes , it changes state (liquid to gas). This is a physical state (liquid to gas). This is a physical change.change. The water is still composed of HThe water is still composed of H22O O regardless of the state of matter it is regardless of the state of matter it is in.in.Ex. 2: Ex. 2: Fractional distillationFractional distillation is a is a process of separation based on process of separation based on boiling points.boiling points.

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL CHANGESCHANGES

A substance or substances A substance or substances are changed into are changed into NEWNEW

substancessubstances..

1.) 1.) A gas is produced (bubbles)A gas is produced (bubbles) Ex: Ex: 2 HCl + Fe 2 HCl + Fe FeCl FeCl22 + +

HH22 OR Alka seltzer + HOR Alka seltzer + H22O O CO CO22

Evidence of Chemical Evidence of Chemical ChangeChange

2.)2.) HEAT is producedHEAT is produced Ex: Paper burning OR Ex: Paper burning OR EXOthermic EXOthermic RXNRXN

3.) 3.) Light is given off…Light is given off… EX. Magnesium (Mg) EX. Magnesium (Mg) burningburning

4.) C4.) Cololor cor chahangenge

5.) Odor produced

6.) 6.) Formation of aFormation of a precipitate (solid)precipitate (solid)