Matter & Particles

Matter & ParticlesActivity: Heating IceYou will need:three ice cubeswatera 250 ml beakersmall measuring cylindera heat source (electric hotplate)a thermometer or electronic temperature proberetort stand and clampWhat to do:

Place about 20 ml water into the beaker.

Place three ice cubes into the beaker. Use a thermometer to measure the ice and water mixture over a few minutes until the temperature reaches a minimum.

The beaker can now go onto a warm hot plate (~ 200C). Use the retort stand and clamp to hold the thermometer steady to take readings.

Steam and boiling water can both scald. Take great care when measuring the higher temperatures. If scalded, place the area of skin under cold running water for at least 5 minutes and let your teacher know.Activity: Heating Ice

Activity: Heating IceTime (min)012345678910111213141516Temp. (C)What to observe and record:Take temperature measurements every 1 minute. The first recording is at 0 minutes.

Note the time when the ice begins to melt and when it finishes melting. Continue to take readings until the water begins to boil (take note of the time). Keep taking readings a few minutes after the water has boiled.

Results:Activity: Heating IceWhat to observe and record:Take note of the temperature as the ice melts and the water is heated.

What is the lowest temperature?What is the temperature of the water as the last ice cube melts?What is the highest temperature the water gets to?

Results:Lowest temperatureCTemperature at which ice meltsCHighest temperatureCActivity: Heating IceQuestionsHow do you explain what happens?

Use the idea that all matter is made up of sub-microscopic particles.Matter & ParticlesA model to explain how changes of state occur:

The Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter:All matter is composed of tiny sub-microscopic particles.These particles are in constant motion.Solids, liquids and gases differ in the freedom of motion of their particles and the extent to which the particles interact.The amount of motion (kinetic) is proportional to temperature. Increased temperature means increased motion.Matter & ParticlesWe sometimes use diagrams to help us understand this theory about moving particles. In the diagrams below, which represent the three states of matter, each circle is a particle of matter.

SolidLiquidGasthe particles are close togetherthe particles are held less tightly than those in solidsthe particles can roll over one anotherthe particles are close togetherthe particles are held tightly togetherthe particles are not free to movethe particles simply vibrate in fixed positionsthe particles are much further apartthe particles are not held togetherthe particles can move freelyMatter & Particles