Matter

Matter• Stuff that objects are made of• Anything that has mass and volume• 3 Types

– Elements– Compounds– Mixtures

Phases of Matter• Solids• Liquids• Gases

• Animation

Solids• Definite Shape and Volume• Strong Intermolecular Forces• Particles are close together• Particles are arranged in neat,

orderly lines• Particles do move – shake, vibrate

– Animation

• High melting and boiling points• Designated by (s)

Examples: – Au(s), Fe(s) , H2O(s)

Liquids• Indefinite Shape• Definite Volume• Midrange Intermolecular

Forces• Particles are somewhat close

together• Flow freely • Designated by (l)

Examples: – Br(l), Hg(l), H2O(l)

Gases• NO definite Shape or Volume

– Particles will spread out to fill the shape and volume of a container

• Weak Intermolecular Forces• Particles are far apart• Particles are very disorganized• Particles quickly move all over• Low melting and boiling points• Designated by (g)

Examples: – Ne(g), O2(g) , H2O(g)

Melting and Boiling Points• Use Reference Table S to find the melting and

boiling points of a solid, a liquid, and a gas

Element Melting Point Boiling Point

Solid

Liquid

Gas

• Write a general statement about how boiling point relates to phase.

Physical Properties– Characteristics that can be observed without

changing the identity of the substance (no new substance is formed)

• Examples: Color, Hardness, melting point

Physical Changes– Changes that occur without changing the

identity of the substance• Examples: Cutting, Ripping, Phase Changes

Chemical Properties– Characteristics that canNOT be observed

without changing the identity of the substance (a new substance is formed)

• Examples: Reactivity, Flammability

Chemical Changes– A change that results in a new substance

• Examples: Burning, Rusting

• Physical/Chemical Change Song

Physical/Chemical Physical/Chemical ExamplesExamplesIndicate if each of the following is physical or Indicate if each of the following is physical or

chemicalchemical

1.1. The boiling point of water is 100The boiling point of water is 100ooC.C.2.2. Antacids will neutralize stomach acid.Antacids will neutralize stomach acid.3.3. Diamonds will cut glass.Diamonds will cut glass.4.4. Most metals conduct electricity.Most metals conduct electricity.

5.5. The density of NHThe density of NH33 is 0.77g/L. is 0.77g/L. 6.6. Solution A and B are reacted together and Solution A and B are reacted together and

a precipitate (solid) is formed. a precipitate (solid) is formed.

7.7. 2 H2 H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g) → 2 H(g) → 2 H22O(l)O(l)

8.8. HH22O(l) → HO(l) → H22O(g)O(g)

Classification of MatterClassification of Matter All matter can be classified as one of All matter can be classified as one of

the following: the following: – ElementsElements

– Compounds Compounds

– MixturesMixtures

All matter can be described as: All matter can be described as: – Homogeneous Homogeneous – uniform throughout– uniform throughout– HeterogeneousHeterogeneous – different throughout – different throughout

Classify the following as homogeneous or Classify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneousheterogeneous

1.1. A glass of waterA glass of water

2.2. Italian salad dressingItalian salad dressing

3.3. Turkey and gravyTurkey and gravy

4.4. MilkMilk

5.5. Orange juice with pulpOrange juice with pulp

6.6. Orange juice without pulpOrange juice without pulp

SubstancesSubstances

Type of Matter – Element, CompoundType of Matter – Element, Compound All samples have identical properties and All samples have identical properties and

composition composition They are homogeneousThey are homogeneous

ElementsElements

Composed entirely of atoms with the Composed entirely of atoms with the same atomic numbersame atomic number

Cannot be decomposedCannot be decomposed Found on the Periodic TableFound on the Periodic Table Begin with a capital letterBegin with a capital letter HomogeneousHomogeneous Examples: Cu, Fe, OExamples: Cu, Fe, O22, Ne, Ne

– Diatomic Element = contains two of the Diatomic Element = contains two of the same atoms (Osame atoms (O22, H, H22))

CompoundsCompounds

Composed of at least 2 different Composed of at least 2 different elementselements

Elements are chemically combined Elements are chemically combined (bonded) (bonded)

HomogeneousHomogeneous

CompoundsCompounds

Can be decomposed (by chemical means) Can be decomposed (by chemical means) into 2 or more elementsinto 2 or more elements– Electrolysis, Reactions Electrolysis, Reactions

The properties of the component elements The properties of the component elements are usually very different from the properties are usually very different from the properties of the compoundof the compound

Combined in a definite ratioCombined in a definite ratio– In Sodium Chloride (NaCl) the Na and Cl must In Sodium Chloride (NaCl) the Na and Cl must

combine in a 1:1 ratiocombine in a 1:1 ratio

Examples: MgO, HExamples: MgO, H22O, NaClO, NaCl– Binary Compound = contains 2 different elementsBinary Compound = contains 2 different elements

• Compare and contrast elements and compounds.

Elements Compounds

Both

MixturesMixtures

Combination of 2 or more Combination of 2 or more substancessubstances

No chemical change occurs (No No chemical change occurs (No bond is formed)bond is formed)

MixturesMixtures

Parts retain their individual Parts retain their individual propertiesproperties

Can be separated by physical means Can be separated by physical means – Filtering, Magnetism, Distillation, Filtering, Magnetism, Distillation,

Density Density Can combine in varying ratiosCan combine in varying ratios

– The amount of salt in salt water can The amount of salt in salt water can varyvary

MixturesMixtures

Can be heterogeneous Can be heterogeneous – Concrete, Dirt, Chocolate Chip Concrete, Dirt, Chocolate Chip

CookieCookie Can be homogeneousCan be homogeneous

– Gases (Air)Gases (Air)– Aqueous Solutions – a solution made Aqueous Solutions – a solution made

with waterwith water NaCl(aq) = salt is dissolved in waterNaCl(aq) = salt is dissolved in water

Law of Conservation of Matter

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Mass cannot be created or destroyed

• The mass before a reaction must be equal to the mass after the reaction

Law of Conservation of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed• The amount of energy remains constant, however it may

transfer forms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyN9y0BEMqc

Exothermic Reactions

•Heat is released• Heat is a product

• Surroundings will feel warm

Endothermic Reactions

•Heat is absorbed• Heat is a reactant

• Surroundings will feel cold