mauricio martinez guerrero north carolina state university...
TRANSCRIPT
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Hydrodynamization and attractors in rapidly expanding
fluids
Mauricio Martinez GuerreroNorth Carolina State University
Special Theoretical Physics Seminar
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Far-from-equilibrium
Equilibrium
?
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Far-from-equilibrium
Hydrodynamics
?
Today: Attractors in kinetic theory and fluid dynamics out of equilibrium
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Far-from-equilibrium
Hydrodynamics
?
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Water Ketchup
Quark-Gluon Plasma Ultracold atoms
Olive oil Coffee
New discoveries:Nearly
Perfect Fluids
Hydrodynamics:one theory to rule them all
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n 2= n 3= n 4= n 5=
Fluidity in Heavy Ions
vn provides information of the initial spatial geometry of the collision
Weller & Romatschke (2017)
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Fluidity in Cold Atoms
Cao et. al (2010)
Aspect ratio measures pressures anisotropies
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Size of the hydrodynamical gradients
Cold AtomsPressure
anisotropiesare not small
O’Hara et. al. (2002) rT
rz
Heavy Ion CollisionsMartinez et. al. (2012)
Paradox: Hydrodynamics provides a good description despite large gradients…. Why?
Introductory textbook: Hydrodynamics works as far as there is a hierarchy of scales
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Coarse-grained procedure reduces # of degrees of freedom
Hydro as an effective theory
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Hydro as an effective theoryHow does hydrodynamical limit emerges from an underlying
microscopic theory?
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Kinetic theory: Boltzmann equation
Microscopic dynamics is encoded in the distribution function f(t,x,p)
Gain Lose
Particle imbalanceExternal ForceDiffusion
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Asymptotics in the Boltzmann equation
O(Kn ): IS, etc2
Usually the distribution function is expanded as series in Kn, i.e.,
Macroscopic quantities are simply averages , e.g.,
Ideal fluid O(Kn )0
O(Kn): Navier-Stokes
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Warning
Laminar
Turbulent
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Attractor in hydrodynamics
- Different IC- NS- IS- Attractor
Same late time behavior independent of the IC!!!Heller and Spalinski (2015)
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Divergence of the late-time perturbative expansion
Heller & Spalinski:
O (Kn): 1st. order
Large anisotropiesKn ~ 1
O (Kn ): 2nd . order
-0.75
2
Far from equilibrium
Close to equilibrium
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Divergence of perturbative series
Perturbative asymptotic expansion is divergent!!!!
Heller and Spalinski (2015)
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Resurgence and transseries
O (Kn): 1st. order O (Kn ): 2nd . order2 O (Kn ): 2nd . order2
Ren. O (Kn ): 2nd . order2
Ren. O (Kn ): 1st. order
Non-perturbativeNon-perturbative
Perturbative
Transseries solutionsCostin (1998)
Asymptotic expansion
‘Instanton’Non-hydro modes
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Message to take I
● arbitrarily far from equilibrium initial conditions used to solve hydro - -equations merge towards a unique line attractor( ).
● Independent of the coupling regime .● Attractors can be determined from very few terms of the gradient expansion
● At the time when hydrodynamical gradient expansion merges to the attractor ,the system is far from equilibrium i e large pressure anisotropies are - - , . .present in the system PL≠PT
Romatschke (2017)
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Message to take I
Existence of a new theory for far from- -equilibrium fluids
● What are their properties ?
Romatschke (2017)
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Do we have experimental evidence?
Flow-like behavior has been measured in collisions of small systems Hydrodynamical models seem to work in p-Au and d-Au collisions
Nagle, Zajc (2018)
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Physical meaning: Transient non-newtonian behavior
Behtash, Martinez, Kamata, Shi, Cruz-Camacho
Each function Fk satisfies:
k
Dynamical RG flow structure!!!
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Physical meaning: Transient non-newtonian behavior
Behtash, Martinez, Kamata, Shi, Cruz-Camacho; Yan & Blaizot
k
Generalizes the concept of transport coefficient for far-from-equilibrium!!!It depends on the story of the fluid and thus, its rheologyIt presents shear thinning and shear thickening
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Non-hydrodynamic transportHydro vs. Non-hydro modes
Hydro breaks down around pT ~ 2.5 GeVNon-hydro modes are dominant at pT 2≳ .5 GeV
Romatschke 2016( )
Fou
rier
coef
ficie
nt v
n
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Non-hydrodynamic transportBreaking of hydrodynamics
δf measures deviations fromequilibrium of the full distribution function
Including only one mode (hydro)
Including two modes (non-hydro)
Martinez et. al., (2018, 2019)
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Non-hydrodynamic transport
For intermediate scales of momentum δf(t,x,p) requires the two slowest non-hydro modes in the soft and semi-hard momentum sectorsNon-hydrodynamic transport: dynamics of non-hydro modes and hydro modes ⇛ Cold atoms : pressure anisotropies as non-hydrodynamic degrees of freedom (Bluhm & Schaefer, 2015-2017)
Breaking of hydrodynamics
δf measures deviations fromequilibrium of the full distribution function
Including only one mode (hydro)
Including two modes (non-hydro)
Martinez et. al., (2018, 2019)
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Non-hydrodynamic transport
For intermediate scales of momentum δf(t,x,p) requires the two slowest non-hydro modes in the soft and semi-hard momentum sectorsNon-hydrodynamic transport: dynamics of non-hydro modes and hydro modes The asymptotic late time attractor of the distribution function depends not only on the shear but also on other slowest non-hydro modes!!!
Breaking of hydrodynamics
δf measures deviations fromequilibrium of the full distribution function
Including only one mode (hydro)
Including two modes (non-hydro)
Martinez et. al., (2018, 2019)
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Attractors in higher dimensions: Gubser flow for IS theory
A Behtash CN Cruz M Martinez. , , .arXiv 1711 01745: .PRD in press
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Late time asymptotic attractor
No universal line during intermediate stages
A Behtash CN Cruz M Martinez. , , .arXiv 1711 01745: .PRD in press
Attractors in higher dimensions: Gubser flow for IS theory
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Attractors in higher dimensions: Gubser flow for IS theory
Attractor is a 1-d non planar manifoldIn Bjorken you see a unique line cause the attractor is a 1d planar curve
A Behtash CN Cruz M Martinez. , , .arXiv 1711 01745: .PRD in press
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Attractors in higher dimensions: Gubser flow for IS theory
Asymptotic behavior of temperature is not determined by the Knudsen numberBreaking of asymptotic gradient expansion (see also Denicol & Noronha)
A Behtash CN Cruz M Martinez. , , .arXiv 1711 01745: .PRD in press
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Research directions and opportunities
Emergence of liquid-like behavior in systems at extreme conditions Neutron star mergers, cosmology, chiral effects in nuclear and condensed matter systemsEarly time behavior of attractors Behtash et. al., Wiedemann et. al., Heinz et. al.Entropy production & experiments Giacalone et. al.Higher dimensional attractors via machine learningHeller et. al.Understanding scaling behavior Mazeliauskas and Berges, Venugopalan et. al., Gelis & others
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Conclusions
Hydrodynamics is a beautiful 200 year old theory which remains as one of the most active research subjects in physics, chemistry, biology, etc. The emergence of liquid-like behavior has been observed in a large variety of systems subject to extreme conditions
We need new ideas to formulate an universal Fluid dynamics for equilibrium and non-equilibrium
Need to test these ideas with experiments
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Backup slides
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Comparing Gubser flow attractors
vs.
Anisotropic hydrodynamics matches the exact attractor to higher numerical accuracy !!! Anisotropic hydro is an effective theory which resumes the largest
anisotropies of the system in the leading order term
A Behtash CN Cruz M Martinez. , , .arXiv 1711 01745: .PRD in press
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Gubser flow
Boost invariance
Special Conformal transformations + rotation along the beam line
Reflections along the beam line
● Gubser flow is a boost-invariant longitudinal and azimuthally symmetric transverse flow (Gubser 2010, Gubser & Yarom 2010)
● This flow velocity profile is better understood in the dS3⨂R curved space
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In polar Milne Coordinates (τ,r,ϕ η, )
q is a scale parameter
Gubser flow● Gubser flow is a boost-invariant longitudinal and azimuthally symmetric transverse flow (Gubser 2010, Gubser & Yarom 2010)
● This flow velocity profile is better understood in the dS3⨂R curved space
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Gubser flow
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Exact Gubser solution ● In dS3 R the dependence of the distribution function is ⨂
restricted by the symmetries of the Gubser flow
● The RTA Boltzmann equation gets reduced to
Total momentum in the (θ ϕ, plane)
Momentum along the η direction
● The exact solution to this equation is
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Boltzmann equation
The macroscopic quantities of the system are simply averages weighted by the solution for the distribution function
Solving exactly the Boltzmann eqn. is extremely hard so one needs some method to construct approximate solutions
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Fluid models for the Gubser flow
E M -conservation law
IS theory
DNMR theory
Anisotropic hydrodynamics
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Statistical field theory method
Dominated by the diffusive heat wave
Mix of sound anddiffusive modes
In the Gaussian approximation (white random noise)
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Statistical field theory method
After a long algebra plus pole analysis of propagators
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Resurgence and transseries
A new time-dependent resummation scheme is needed
Asymptotic expansion
Transseriessolution
A new time-dependent resummation scheme is needed
ResurgenceCostin (1998)
Transseries:
At a given order of the perturbative expansion, transseries resumes the non-perturbative contributions of small perturbations around the asymptotic late time fixed point
Instantons
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Size of the hydrodynamical gradients
Cold AtomsGradients
are not small
O’Hara et. al. (2002)
y
x
LARGE UNCERTAINTY
Bass et. al. (2017)
Schaefer (2007)
Martinez et. al. (2012) Heavy Ion Collision
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Universality of hydrodynamicsFluid dynamical equations of motion are universal
⇛ In general fluid dynamics is not a particular limit of a weakly (e.g. kinetic theory) or strongly coupled (e.g. AdS/CFT) theory
Transport coefficients (e.g. shear viscosity) and other thermodynamical properties depend on microscopic details of the system
Hydrodynamical approach also describes heat conduction, volume expansion, etc.
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Non-newtonian fluids and rheology
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Non-newtonian fluids and rheology
Shear viscosity Becomes a function of the gradient of the flow velocitycan increase (shear thickening) or decrease (shear thinning) depending on the size of the gradient of the flow velocity
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Non-newtonian fluids and rheology
Does the QGP behave like a non-newtonian fluid?
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Our idea Develop a new truncation scheme which captures some of the main features of far-from-equilibrium fluids (e.g. non-hydrodynamical modes) while being simple enough to perform concrete calculations
Keep track of the deformation history of the fluid⇛ Study its rheological properties
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Effective η/s as a non-hydrodynamical series
A Behtash et al Forthcoming. . ,
At O(w ) the dominant term of the trans-series is
On the other hand, Chapman-Enskog expansion gives the asymptotic behavior of c
1
Effective η/s is the asymptotic limit of a trans-seriesWe can study its rheology by following the ‘history’ of the corresponding trans-series
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Effective η/s as a non-hydrodynamic series
A Behtash et al Forthcoming. . ,
Thus effective η/s is
Its RG flow evolution is one of the differential recursive relation of the corresponding trans-series
Late time asymptotic value-Non hydrodynamic -modeDecay determined by Lyapunov exponent