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Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER Aggregation
Dr. Jeffrey J. CookNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Bioenergy
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Energy Efficiency
Solar
Wind
Water
Geothermal
RenewablePower
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Innovation
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Background
• Increased PV penetration can have impacts on the electric grid
• One method to manage grid impacts is to aggregate distributed energy resources to enable grid‐support functions
• A variety of pilot programs have been adopted by utilities to test this functionality
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What is Distributed Energy Resource Aggregation?
network of decentralized, small to medium‐scale power generating units such as solar PV and battery electricity storage, as well as flexible load, that are centrally coordinated and dispatched
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NREL’s Research Agenda
• How many utilities have adopted DER aggregation programs?– How have DERs performed in these programs?– What lessons learned may be helpful to other cities considering similar programs?
• What policy, regulatory, and technology change is necessary to scale DER aggregation in the United States?
• How can programs be designed to provide maximum value to the grid and end user?
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NREL technical report released in Nov 2018
‐ Scope: utility led programs for distributed energy resource (DER) aggregation in the U.S.
‐ Purpose: survey existing programs and share lessons learned for virtual power plant design, performance, & provision of grid support
‐ Available online at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/71984.pdf
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Research Approach
• NREL conducted interviews with 27 subject‐matter experts to identify programs and build case studies
• NREL selected five case studies for in‐depth analysis– Green Mountain Power – McKnight Lane Redevelopment Project– MECO – JumpSmart Maui Project– Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) – San Jose EPIC Distributed Energy
Resource Demonstration Projects– Southern California Edison (SCE) – Preferred Resources Pilot– Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) – 2500 R Midtown
Project
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NREL Identified 23 Utility‐led DER Aggregation Programs and Pilots in the U.S. in 2018
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DER Aggregation Programs Vary Significantly
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NREL completed case studies for 5 of the 23 utility‐led DER aggregation programs identified owing to inclusion of PV in project and variation in program design
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Summary Comparison of Utility Projects
Green
Mountain Power
MECO PG&E SCE SMUD
Launch Year 2016 2011 2016 2013 2014
Published Performance Data Yes Yes Yes Partial Yes
Geographic Diversity Vermont Hawaii California California California
Utility Type Investor-owned utility
Investor-owned utility
Investor-owned utility
Investor-owned utility
Municipal utility
Technologies Included
Batteries and PV
Batteries, EVs, and
PV
Batteries and PV Batteries and PV
Batteries, home
appliances, and PV
Project PV Capacity (MW) 0.04 0.05* 0.124 51 0.08
Project Battery Capacity (MW) 0.03 0.70 4.4 67 0.20**
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• 3 year demonstration to test new technology for DER fleet control, completed in 2018• funded by the California Electric Program Investment Charge • Key partners: General Electric, Tesla, Engie • 27 homes with PV+storage, 3 commercial storage locations, and utility scale battery
PG&E DERMS Demonstration Project At‐a‐glance
PG&E DERMS Demonstration Assets
NREL | 14Static illustration of PG&E DERMS demonstration software interface
Successful Demonstration of Use Cases• Provide situational awareness with DERs• Manage equipment capacity constraints and reverse power flow• Mitigate voltage issues with real/reactive power output• Economic dispatch of distributed generation and energy storage• Operational flexibility
DERMS demonstration location and 6 aggregation nodes
DERMS‐enabled overload mitigation
PG&E DERMS Demonstration Con’tPG&E DERMS Demonstration Con’t
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• Completed in December 2014• 34 new single‐family homes with PV, battery storage, a programmable communicating thermostat, and remotely switchable outlets.
• 10 homeowners volunteered to participate in a time‐of‐use rate and have DERs controlled directly by SMUD
SMUD 2500 R Midtown project at‐a‐glance
2 story model
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Load shifting: ability of the DERs to shave or shift or load at peak times (bill savings)
Fleet operation in aggregate: coordinate multiple homes with DERs to operate as a group.
Uninterruptible power source: demonstrate PV and battery islanding functionality (backup power to critical load during a grid outage)
Power quality: demonstrate that the PV and battery operate in acceptable voltage, frequency, and harmonic distortion ranges
PV firming: PV and battery mitigate rapid output changes from PV panels
Regulation: PV and battery respond to regulation pulse signal and adjust load delivery
SMUD project successfully demonstrated all six use cases
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DER fleet operation during 12 of the highest peak demand days (“conservation days”)
• SMUD used 10 homes as a fleet to provide load‐shifting services during peak demand days.
• Results:• Average home provided 2.66 kW of demand savings during a peak demand day
• PV and battery provided most of this load shift
on an average conservation day, the 10 homes shifted a maximum of 43.8 kW during the peak period
Source: ADM Associates Inc. 2014
Total household fleet Ioad‐shifting profile for an average conservation day
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What Challenges Did They Face?
Key Challenge MECO SMUD Green Mountain
Power
SCE PG&E
DERMS Development
and Implementation
Software compatibility
Software compatibility
Software compatibility
Customer Acquisition
Securing participants
Securing participants
DER Deployment
Battery uptake and
inverter design
Storage permitting
Storage permitting and interconnection
Communicating with DERs
DER data communication
gaps
Establishing initial
communication
DER data communication
gaps
DER data communication
gaps
DER Performance
EV performance
varied
Home appliance
performance varied
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Key Lessons Learned
• Scaling programs likely requires deploying a DERMS• Utilities/program developers need to identify a strong value
proposition to promote customer participation• Utilities may face challenges deploying new technologies like
energy storage• Interoperable communication between DERs and the utility
will be an ongoing challenge• Once implemented, technology mix, operation protocols, and
consumer behavior may impact individual DER performance.
www.nrel.gov
Thank You!
Jeffrey Cook PhDNational Renewable Energy [email protected]://www.nrel.gov/research/jeff‐cook.html