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Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER Aggregation Dr. Jeffrey J. Cook National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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Page 1: Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER · Energy Efficiency Solar Wind Water Geothermal Renewable Power Bioenergy Vehicle Technologies Hydrogen Sustainable Transportation Buildings

Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER Aggregation

Dr. Jeffrey J. CookNational Renewable Energy Laboratory

Page 2: Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER · Energy Efficiency Solar Wind Water Geothermal Renewable Power Bioenergy Vehicle Technologies Hydrogen Sustainable Transportation Buildings

NREL    |    2

National economic impact

facilities, renowned technology experts

World‐classwith industry, academia, and government

Partnershipsoperates as a 

living laboratory

Campus National economic impact

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

$872Mannually1,800

Employees,

early‐career researchers and visiting scientists

\

nearly750National economic impact

plus more than 

400

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Messaging + Blue Infographic Content

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Bioenergy

Vehicle Technologies

Hydrogen

Sustainable Transportation

Buildings

Advanced Manufacturing

Government  Energy Management

Energy Efficiency

Solar

Wind 

Water

Geothermal

RenewablePower

Bioenergy

Vehicle Technologies

Hydrogen

Sustainable Transportation

Buildings

Advanced Manufacturing

Government Energy Management

Energy Efficiency

High‐Performance Computing 

Data and Visualizations

Energy SystemsIntegration

NREL’s Science Drives 

Innovation

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Background

• Increased PV penetration can have impacts on the electric grid

• One method to manage grid impacts is to aggregate distributed energy resources to enable grid‐support functions

• A variety of pilot programs have been adopted by utilities to test this functionality

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What is Distributed Energy Resource Aggregation?

network of decentralized, small to medium‐scale power generating units such as solar PV and battery electricity storage, as well as flexible load, that are centrally coordinated and dispatched

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NREL’s Research Agenda

• How many utilities have adopted DER aggregation programs?– How have DERs performed in these programs?– What lessons learned may be helpful to other cities considering similar programs?

• What policy, regulatory, and technology change is necessary to scale DER aggregation in the United States?

• How can programs be designed to provide maximum value to the grid and end user?

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NREL technical report released in Nov 2018

‐ Scope: utility led programs for  distributed energy resource (DER) aggregation in the U.S.

‐ Purpose: survey existing programs and share lessons learned for virtual power plant design, performance, & provision of grid support

‐ Available online at: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/71984.pdf

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Research Approach

• NREL conducted interviews with 27 subject‐matter experts to identify programs and build case studies

• NREL selected five case studies for in‐depth analysis– Green Mountain Power – McKnight Lane Redevelopment Project– MECO – JumpSmart Maui Project– Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) – San Jose EPIC Distributed Energy 

Resource Demonstration Projects– Southern California Edison (SCE) – Preferred Resources Pilot– Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) – 2500 R Midtown 

Project

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NREL Identified 23 Utility‐led DER Aggregation Programs and Pilots in the U.S. in 2018

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DER Aggregation Programs Vary Significantly

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NREL completed case studies for 5 of the 23 utility‐led DER aggregation programs identified owing to inclusion of PV in project and variation in program design

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Summary Comparison of Utility Projects

Green

Mountain Power

MECO PG&E SCE SMUD

Launch Year 2016 2011 2016 2013 2014

Published Performance Data Yes Yes Yes Partial Yes

Geographic Diversity Vermont Hawaii California California California

Utility Type Investor-owned utility

Investor-owned utility

Investor-owned utility

Investor-owned utility

Municipal utility

Technologies Included

Batteries and PV

Batteries, EVs, and

PV

Batteries and PV Batteries and PV

Batteries, home

appliances, and PV

Project PV Capacity (MW) 0.04 0.05* 0.124 51 0.08

Project Battery Capacity (MW) 0.03 0.70 4.4 67 0.20**

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• 3 year demonstration to test new technology for DER fleet control, completed in 2018• funded by the California Electric Program Investment Charge • Key partners: General Electric, Tesla, Engie • 27 homes with PV+storage, 3 commercial storage locations, and utility scale battery

PG&E DERMS Demonstration Project At‐a‐glance

PG&E DERMS Demonstration Assets

Page 14: Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER · Energy Efficiency Solar Wind Water Geothermal Renewable Power Bioenergy Vehicle Technologies Hydrogen Sustainable Transportation Buildings

NREL    |    14Static illustration of PG&E DERMS demonstration software interface

Successful Demonstration of Use Cases• Provide situational awareness with DERs• Manage equipment capacity constraints and reverse power flow• Mitigate voltage issues with real/reactive power output• Economic dispatch of distributed generation and energy storage• Operational flexibility

DERMS demonstration location and 6 aggregation nodes

DERMS‐enabled overload mitigation 

PG&E DERMS Demonstration Con’tPG&E DERMS Demonstration Con’t

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• Completed in December 2014• 34 new single‐family homes with PV, battery storage, a programmable communicating thermostat, and remotely switchable outlets. 

• 10 homeowners volunteered to participate in a time‐of‐use rate and have DERs controlled directly by SMUD

SMUD 2500 R Midtown project at‐a‐glance

2 story model

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Load shifting: ability of the DERs to shave or shift or load at peak times (bill savings)

Fleet operation in aggregate: coordinate multiple homes with DERs to operate as a group.

Uninterruptible power source: demonstrate PV and battery islanding functionality (backup power to critical load during a grid outage)

Power quality: demonstrate that the PV and battery operate in acceptable voltage, frequency, and harmonic distortion ranges

PV firming: PV and battery mitigate rapid output changes from PV panels

Regulation: PV and battery respond to regulation pulse signal and adjust load delivery

SMUD project successfully demonstrated all six use cases

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DER fleet operation during 12 of the highest peak demand days (“conservation days”)

• SMUD used 10 homes as a fleet to provide load‐shifting services during peak demand days.

• Results:• Average home provided 2.66 kW of demand savings during a peak demand day

• PV and battery provided most of this load shift

on an average conservation day, the 10 homes shifted a maximum of 43.8 kW during the peak period 

Source: ADM Associates Inc. 2014

Total household fleet Ioad‐shifting profile for an average conservation day

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What Challenges Did They Face?

Key Challenge MECO SMUD Green Mountain

Power

SCE PG&E

DERMS Development

and Implementation

Software compatibility

Software compatibility

Software compatibility

Customer Acquisition

Securing participants

Securing participants

DER Deployment

Battery uptake and

inverter design

Storage permitting

Storage permitting and interconnection

Communicating with DERs

DER data communication

gaps

Establishing initial

communication

DER data communication

gaps

DER data communication

gaps

DER Performance

EV performance

varied

Home appliance

performance varied

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Key Lessons Learned

• Scaling programs likely requires deploying a DERMS• Utilities/program developers need to identify a strong value 

proposition to promote customer participation• Utilities may face challenges deploying new technologies like 

energy storage• Interoperable communication between DERs and the utility 

will be an ongoing challenge• Once implemented, technology mix, operation protocols, and 

consumer behavior may impact individual DER performance.

Page 20: Maximizing PV Value to the Grid through DER · Energy Efficiency Solar Wind Water Geothermal Renewable Power Bioenergy Vehicle Technologies Hydrogen Sustainable Transportation Buildings

www.nrel.gov

Thank You!

Jeffrey Cook PhDNational Renewable Energy [email protected]://www.nrel.gov/research/jeff‐cook.html