mba project - energy management in commercial buildings of kerala

107
A PROJECT ON ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS OF KERALA Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Submitted by SANDEEP K Reg.No:58614501010 INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT IN KERALA PALAYAM, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DECEMBER 2016

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Page 1: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

A PROJECT ON

ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL

BUILDINGS OF KERALA

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted by

SANDEEP K

Reg.No:58614501010

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT IN KERALA

PALAYAM, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

DECEMBER 2016

Page 2: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled “Project On Energy Management In

Commercial Building Of Kerala” being submitted by Sandeep K Reg.No:

58614501010 in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of Masters in Business Administration, is a bonafide record of the project

work done by Sandeep K, at Institute of Management Kerala.

Director Project Guide

Dr.K.S.CHANDRASEKAR Dr. N. SUNIL

PROFESSOR AND HEAD, IMK FACULTY MEMBER, IMK

Page 3: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

DECLARATION

I, undersigned hereby declare that the project titled “Project on Energy

Management in Commercial Building”” submitted in the partial fulfillment for the

award of Degree of Master in Business Administration of University of Kerala is a

bonafide record of work done by me under the guidance of Dr. N. Sunil, Faculty

Member Institute of Management, Kerala, Trivandrum. The report has not

previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title

of any other university. I further declare that the data included in this report,

collected from the organization are true to the best of my knowledge.

Place: Thiruvananthapuram

Date:

SANDEEP K

Page 4: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is my humble effort to express my sincere gratitude towards those who guide and

helped to complete the course of this project and preparation of report.

I am highly indebted to Dr. N. Sunil, Faculty Member, Institute of Management, Kerala

for his valuable guidance and encouragement to complete this project successfully.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. K. S. Chandrasekar, Professor and

Head, IMK for his valuable suggestions, guidance, inspiration and blessings.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to K.M. DARESAN UNNITHAN, Director,

Energy Management Centre organization for giving us the permission to undergo

industrial project at their firm

I owe my gratitude to A.M NARAYANAN, (Head Energy Efficiency Division) of

Energy management Centre for his valuable suggestions advice and constant

encouragement all through project work and I also thankful to all staff members of the

organization in providing valuable information and adequate data required for the

completion of the project

With gratitude I acknowledge my parents and my friends who encouraged and supported

me throughout the course of the project work.

Page 5: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Contents Page No

Abstract 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground and introduction 3

1.2 Energy Consumption in Kerala 4

1.3 Objectives of Study 6

1.4 Methodology 7

1.5 Limitation of study 7

CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRY SCENARIO

2.1 Energy Management - Definition 9

2.2 Energy Management – Objective 10

2.3 Importance Of Energy Management Techniques In Commercial

Building

11

2.4 Energy Auditing – An Energy Management Tool 14

2.5 Definition Of Energy Auditing 14

2.6 Need for Energy Audit 14

2.7 Types Of Energy Audit: 15

CHAPTER 3

3.1 About Energy Management Centre 27

3.2 Consumer Profile Of Distribution Licensee In Kerala 28

3.2 Analysis of energy audit report received at EMC-K

28

3.3 Energy benchmarking 33

3.4 Benchmarking Approaches 34

3.5 Bench marking Initiatives in Kerala 35

Chapter 4 Energy Management Techniques in Hospitals-A case study

4.1 About the facility under study 39

4.2 Major energy Sources of hospital 39

4.3 Baseline Energy Data of the Hospital 40

4.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities 40

4.5 Thermal Energy usage by utilities

40

4.6 Occupancy Details of Hostel 41

4.7 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution

system

42

4.8 Demand side Management (DSM) 46

4.9 DSM Objectives 46

4.10 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators

47

4.11 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of HVAC

47

4.12 Benchmarking of lightings system. 49

Page 6: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

4.13 Bench marking the Hospital 50

4.14 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with

cost benefit analysis

53

4.15 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency

Improvement Projects

59

Chapter 5 Energy Management Techniques in Hotels A case study

5.1 About facility under study: 61

5.1 Major energy Sources in Hotel 62

5.2 Base line Energy data of hotel 63

5.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities 63

5.5 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution system 64

5.6 Demand side Management (DSM) 67

5.7 DSM Objectives 68

5.8 DSM Activities for Hotels 68

5.9 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators

68

5.10 Performance assessment of Kitchen 69

5.11 Benchmarking and Performance assessment of lightings system. 69

5.12 Bench marking the Hotel 71

5.13 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with

cost benefit analysis

73

5.14 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency

Improvement Projects

74

Chapter 6 Energy Management and Carbon foot print reduction

6.1 Energy Usage and global environ metal issues.

79

6.2 Global Warming 79

6.3 Carbon foot print - Definition

80

6.4 Energy Use - The Source of Most Carbon Emissions

81

6.5 Carbon foot print in commercial sector due to electrical energy

consumption

82

6.6 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency

Projects for Hotels

84

6.7 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency

Projects for Hospitals

85

Chapter 7 Finding ,Recommendation and Conclusion

7.1 Findings 87

7.2 Recommendations 88

7.3 Conclusion 91

Appendix A 92

Appendix B 95

Appendix C 98

References 99

Page 7: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

List of Figures Page No

Figure 1.1 Energy consumption pattern in India 3

Figure 1.2 Category Wise Energy Consumption 5

Figure 1.3 Category Wise Consumption %

5

Figure 1.4 - Annual Energy Sales (%) of increase over 2008-09

6

Figure 2.1 Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise 11

Figure 2.2 Energy consumption scenario of commercial sector in the State 12

Figure 2.3 Consumption per consumer (%) increase over 2006-07 13

Figure 2.4: Growth profile of commercial building in different Contract demands

bands 13

Figure 3.1 Percentage of Audits based on Demand

30

Figure 3.2 Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise based on

reports 32

Figure 4.1 Breakup of major energy inputs in hospital

39

Figure 4.2 Energy Usage by electrical utilities 40

Figure 4.3 Energy Usage by Thermal utilities 41

Figure 4.4 Occupancy in 2104

42

Figure 4.5: Monthly Energy consumption profile -2014

43

Figure 4.6 Zone wise energy consumption in the hospital-2014

44

Figure 4.7: Monthly Energy cost

44

Figure 4.8: Monthly Maximum Demand -2014

45

Figure 4.9 Montly Energy Cost per Unit.- 2014

45

Figure 4.10 Chiller Comparison based on benchmarking 49

Figure 4.11 Comparison of Specific energy consumption with previous years

52

Figure 5.1 Share of Energy Sources used in hotel 62

Figure 5.2 Energy consumption trend in last three years

63

Figure 5.3 Energy consumption by various utilities 64

Figure 5.4 Monthly electrical energy consumption

65

Figure 5.5 Zone wise energy consumption in the hotel-2014

66

Figure 5.6 Monthly Energy cost 66

Figure 5.7: Monthly Maximum Demand -2014

67

Figure 6.1 Carbon emission percentage sector wise.

83

Figure 6.2 Carbon emission commercial Category Sector wise 83

Page 8: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

List of Tables Page No

Table 1.1 Category Wise Consumption during (2015-2016)

5

Table 1.2 Growth of system during the period 2008-09 to 2015-16

6

Table 2.1 Consumption per consumer (Units per month)

12

Table-3.1 Details of Licensees & no of Consumers

28

Table 3.2 Details of Audits covered based on Demand of Industry

29

Table 3.3 Summary of Energy audit report in Commercial sector

31

Table 3.4 Sector wise energy consumption of report received

32

Table 3.5 Building Energy Star Rating Programme more than 50 % air conditioned

built up area 36

Table 3.6 Building Energy Star Rating Programme Less than 50 % air

conditioned built up area 37

Table 4.1 Occupancy details in numbers

41

Table 4.2 Energy bill Analysis-2014

43

Table 4.3 detailed performance analysis of the DG system

47

Table 5.1 Annual Energy consumption of hotel 62

Table 5.2 Annual Energy Cost Lakhs 62

Table 5.3 Energy bill Analysis

64

Table 5.4 Details energy consuming equipments in kitchen.

69

Table 6.1 Carbon emission sector wise in the State

83

Page 9: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 1

Abstract

Commercial sector are one of the large consumers of energy and fossil fuels to

provide high quality services to consumers. India’s current growth potential

for commercial buildings construction will continue to result in an increasing

energy consumption trend. There is also a misconception that correlates

increased energy use with improved quality of services. Commercial buildings

can effectively reduce energy use without compromising the high quality of

services for guests and in the process benefit from cost savings. Managing

energy use is the first step towards this. Energy management helps improve

your bottom line and holds down operating costs. Controlling costs is a key to

profitability of the industry allowing to route resultant savings toward

fulfilling other requirements including purchasing additional amenities, staff

salary increases, etc. There are numerous ways by which energy can be

managed. The energy conservation or management techniques also helps to

reduce the environmental impacts caused due emission of green house gases

by increased use of fossil fuels. This study aims to highlight several the

energy management techniques that can be followed in this sector, identify the

extend of possible reduction in carbon foot print due to use of energy and

benchmarking the industry to improve their energy performance.

Page 10: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 2

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

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Institute of Management Kerala Page 3

Chapter 1

1.1 Background and Introduction.

Currently, over half of the world’s population resides in cities. This

urbanization trend is expected to continue and more than 80 per cent of

humanity is expected to in live cities by 2050. Apart from economic growth,

cities also results in increased consumption of materials and energy,

production of waste and the emission of greenhouse gases.

Resource efficient cities combine greater productivity and innovation with

lower costs and reduced environmental impacts. It is estimated that 70% of the

building stock in India that will exist in the year 2030 is yet to be built. The

building sector i.e. commercial as well as domestic, is one of major consumer

of energy, accounting for about 33% of India’s total electricity consumption.

Figure 1.1:- Energy consumption pattern in India

(Source: Central Electricity Authority )

30% Building

Industrial 45%

Agriculture 18%

others

7%

Page 12: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 4

Improving energy efficiency in buildings through energy management

techniques is a priority for the Government of India and the State

governments; focusing on this sector will not only help the government’s

climate change mitigation efforts but also will aid in reducing the widening

gap between supply and demand of energy. The energy management efforts

can therefore promote sustainable development by reducing energy use,

cutting costs, improving services, and reducing environmental impacts—and

can help struggling States/cities meet their growing energy demand.

1.2 Energy Consumption in Kerala:

Kerala is one of the most urbanized States with the largest urban population in

the country. Energy plays a vital role in the socio-economic development and

human welfare of the State. Apart from its contribution to economic

development, it contributes significantly to revenue generation, employment

and enhances the quality of life. Per-capita power consumption is considered

as an indicator for measuring the standard of living of the society.

In Kerala, shortage of power is the prime obstacle in starting new initiatives in

the industrial field. The need for power is increasing and the production of

power should also be increased accordingly. Monsoon is essential to sustain

the hydropower base in the State and the shortage in rainfall usually creates

power crisis. Hydel energy is the most reliable and dependable source in

Kerala. Of the total installed capacity of 2881 MW during 2014-15, hydel

contributed the major share of 2053 MW (71%); while 793 MW was

contributed by thermal projects and remaining from non-conventional sources.

Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 given below clearly depicts the consumption trend in

the State and the growth of the system during 2008-09 to 2012-2013 . As per

the 18th power survey (CEA), it is estimated that the annual consumption and

maximum demand will be 26584 MU and 4669 MW respectively by the end

of 12th plan period.

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 5

Table 1.1. Category Wise Consumption during (2015-2016)

Figure 1.2 : Category Wise Consumption (Source: KSEB -ARR ERC)

Figure 1.3 : Category Wise Consumption % (Source: KSEB -ARR ERC)

9942

19231103

4313

2043

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Domestic Commercial Industrial HT/EHT &Bulk

licensees

Others

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

MU

)

Consumer Catogery

Domestic

51%

Commercial

10%

Industrial

6%

HT/EHT

&Bulk

licensees

22%

Others

11%

Category Consumption (MU)

Total for the year % of total

Domestic 9942.28 51

Commercial 1923.14 10

LT Industrial 1103.23 6

LT Others 2042.71 11

HT/EHT& Bulk licensees 4312.514 22

Total 19323.874

Page 14: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 6

Year

Consumer strength Annual energy sale

(Lakhs)

(%) of

increase over

2008-09

(MU)

(%) of

increase over

2008-09

2008-09 94 12414.32

2009-10 97 4 13971.09 12.54011

2010-11 101 8 14547.90 17.18644

2011-12 105 12 15921.53 28.25133

2012-13 108 15 16386.00 31.99273

2013-14 111 18 17454.04 40.59602

2014-15 115 22.3 18426.27 48.42754

2015- 16 117 24.4 19325.07 55.66757

Table 1.2. Growth of system during the period 2008-09 to 2015-16

Fig 1.4 : - Annual Energy Sales (%) of increase over 2008-09 (Source : KSEB ARR- ERC)

1.3 Objective of the Study

1. Study aims to identify the potential areas for improving energy

performance of the building.(mainly Hotel and Hospital)

2. Development of benchmarks.

12.5

17.2

28.332.0

40.6

48.4

55.7

y = 7.293x - 2.942

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015- 16

% i

ncr

ea

se

Year

Page 15: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 7

3. Type of energy end use based on following equipment’s or appliances.

Including electricity load variation and consumption pattern.

4. The study shall only consider electrical energy utilisation.

5. Cost benefits analysis.

6. Identify carbon foot print reduction through energy management.

1.4 Methodology:

1. Desk research of existing data regarding energy Management in

commercial buildings.

2. Analysis of energy audit reports and selection of reports of commercial

buildings.

(Energy management centre is the State designated agency to

coordinate enforce and regulate EC act in the State. Government vide

G.O. (Rt.)NO.2/2011/PD dated 1.1.2011 has made energy audit

mandatory for all HT/EHT consumers and has to submit energy audit

report once in three years to Energy management centre.)

3. Based on analysis identify potential areas of energy savings.

4. Establishing benchmarks based on available data

5. Identify possible reduction in carbon foot print through energy

management.

1.5 Limitation of the study.

The commercial sector of the State which is considered in this study is a

vast sector .Due to lack to time and geographical constraints all the

categories of the sector are not taken in to account. Also the Study is based

on the energy auditing reports available at energy management centre

Kerala, which is State designated agency to implement energy

conservation Act 2001 in Kerala. Considering the share of energy

consumed only Hotel and Hospital sector are selected for the study

Page 16: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 8

CHAPTER 2

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Institute of Management Kerala Page 9

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Energy Management - Definition

Energy Management is defined as a strategy of planning, controlling and

optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy

requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total

costs of producing the output from these systems".

or

Energy Management may also be defined as "The judicious and effective

use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance

competitive positions" (Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, Guide to Energy

Management)

Energy management can play a pivotal role in reducing the production

cost in any facility, controlling environmental degradation and ensuring

energy security. The subsequent section elaborates on these points

2.1.1 Reducing the production cost

The major elements of production cost in any facility are

• Labour

• Raw Material

• Energy (Electricity ,and fuels like LPG,Deisel etc)

• Overheads and others.

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

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Energy is one of the vital input for any manufacturing or service facility.

With the increase in demand of energy and shortfall of the supply the

cost of energy is increasing and affects the production cost.

2.1.2 Controlling environmental impacts

The major energy sources we depend on are fossil fuels viz coal , oil,

natural gas etc ,usage of these fuels leads to environmental damages like

air pollution, rise in sea level due to global warming ,acid rain, depletion

of ozone layer, loss of biodiversity, etc.

2.1.3 Energy Security

The energy security of any country is based on the dependency of the

amount energy sources they import. Energy management, building stock

piles, sustainable development etc are some of the strategies that can be

adopted to meet future challenge of energy security.

Summarizing, the fundamental goal of energy management is to produce

goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental

effect.

2.2 Energy Management – Objective

The objective of Energy Management is

• To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation,

throughout the organization

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 11

• To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production &

quality

• To minimise environmental effects.

2.3 Importance Of Energy Management Techniques In Commercial

Building.

The annual electricity sale to commercial sector is 10 % of the total electricity

sold. The commercial sector constitutes of

• Government buildings

• Hospitals,

• Hotels,

• IT Malls

• Educational institutions,

• Commercial establishments (Textiles ,Food Courts, Malls )etc.

Figure 2.1: Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise

(Source: Report on Prioritization of HT consumers by EMC)

Various studies and reports reveal found that substantial amount of energy can

be saved in the buildings sector.

IT Malls

1%

Hotels

20%

Hospitals

34%

Commercial

establishments

(Textiles ,Food

Courts, Malls )

33%

Cinema

2%

Government

buildings

2%

Educational

Institutions

8%

Page 20: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala

Figure 2.2 % Electricity

Year

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

Table 2.1: Consumption per consumer (Units per month)

(Source :KSEB ARR ERC)

Others

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala

% Electricity Consumption Scenario of commercial sector

Commercial sector

(Units) % increase over 2006

81.69

86.49

94.44

107.70

111.72

115.96

113.45

116.2

119.56

126

Consumption per consumer (Units per month)

(Source :KSEB ARR ERC)

Commercial 10%

Others

Page 12

of commercial sector in State

% increase over 2006-07

0

5.88%

15.61%

31.84%

36.76%

41.95%

38.88%

42.24%

46.35%

54.24%

Commercial 10%

Page 21: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

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Institute of Management Kerala Page 13

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

% i

ncr

ea

se

Year

As per the study conducted by EMC it has been found that there has been an

exponential growth in commercial sector especially in the buildings coming in

band of contract demand of 100-200 kVA which is about 251 % from 2001 to

2009.

Figure 2.4 : Growth profile of commercial building in different Contract demands bands

Figure 2.3 : Consumption per consumer (%) increase over 2006-07

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Also the consumption per consumer per month in commercial sector shows an

increasing trend over the past years which is evident from the Table.2.1 and

graph (Fig.2.4) given above. Unlike industrial sector commercial sector lacks

trained and skilled technical personal who can manage energy systems of the

facility efficiently.

It is evident from the above facts that any energy efficiency initiatives in this

category of building commercial sector will bring a great impact on reducing

energy consumption in the State.

2.4 Energy Auditing – An Energy Management Tool

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the

area of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with

its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies

energy usage according to its discrete functions. Energy audit is an effective

tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme

2.5 Definition Of Energy Auditing

As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as “the

verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of

technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency

with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.

2.6 Need for Energy Audit:

In any facility/industries, the three top operating expenses are often found to

be

• Energy (both electrical and thermal),

• Labour and

• Materials.

If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings

in each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top

ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for

cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways

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energy and fuel are used in any facility /industry, and help in identifying the

areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists.

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to

• The energy cost reduction,

• Preventive maintenance and

• Quality control programmes

which are vital for production and utility activities and also help to

• Keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs

• Keep track on availability and reliability of supply of energy

• Decide on appropriate energy mix

• Identify energy efficient technologies

In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities,

by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other

organizational considerations within a specified time frame.

The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy

consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy

Audit provides a “bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing energy in the

organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of

energy throughout the organization.

2.7 Types Of Energy Audit:

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:

- Function and type of industry

- Depth to which final audit is needed, and

- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.

o Preliminary Audit

o Detailed Audit

2.7.1 Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology

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Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

• Establish energy consumption in the organization

• Estimate the scope for saving

• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention

• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/

savings

• Set a 'reference point'

• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement

• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

2.7.2 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology

A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation

plan for a facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems. This type

of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It

considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of

all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and

project cost.

In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This

is based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current

operating conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then

compared to utility bill charges.

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.

Phase I - Pre Audit Phase

Phase II - Audit Phase

Phase III - Post Audit Phase

2.7.2.1 Ten Steps Methodology for Detailed Energy Audit

A comprehensive ten-step methodology for conduct of Energy Audit at field

level is presented below

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Step

No PLAN OF ACTION PURPOSE / RESULTS

Phase I –Pre Audit Phase

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

• Plan and organise

• Walk through Audit

• Informal Interview with

Energy Manager,

Production / Plant

Manager

• Conduct of brief meeting /

awareness programme with

all divisional heads and

persons concerned (2-3

hrs.)

***********************

• Primary data gathering,

Process Flow Diagram, &

Energy Utility Diagram

• Resource planning,

Establish/organize a Energy

audit team

• Organize Instruments & time

frame

• Macro Data collection (suitable

to type of industry.)

• Familiarization of process/plant

activities

• First hand observation &

Assessment of current level

operation and practices

• Building up cooperation

• Issue questionnaire for each

department

• Orientation, awareness creation

***************************

• Historic data analysis, Baseline

data collection

• Prepare process flow charts

• All service utilities system

diagram (Example: Single line

power distribution diagram,

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Step 4

Step 5

Step6

• Conduct survey and

monitoring

• Conduct of detailed trials

/experiments for selected

energy guzzlers

• Analysis of energy use

water, compressed air & steam

distribution.

• Design, operating data and

schedule of operation

• Annual Energy Bill and energy

consumption pattern (Refer

manual, log sheet, name plate,

interview)

• Measurements :

Motor survey, Insulation, and

Lighting survey with portable

instruments for collection of

more and accurate data.

Confirm and compare operating

data with design data.

• Trials/Experiments:

- 24 hours power monitoring

(MD, PF, kWh etc.).

- Load variations trends in

pumps, fan

- Boiler/Efficiency trials for

(4

– 8 hours)

- Furnace Efficiency trials

Equipments Performance

experiments etc

• Energy and Material balance &

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Step 7

Step 8

Step9

• Identification and

development of Energy

Conservation (ENCON)

opportunities

• Cost benefit analysis

• Reporting & Presentation

to the Top Management

energy loss/waste analysis

• Identification & Consolidation

ENCON measures

• Conceive, develop, and refine

ideas

• Review the previous ideas

suggested by unit personal

• Review the previous ideas

suggested by energy audit if any

• Use brainstorming and value

analysis techniques

• Contact vendors for

new/efficient technology

• Assess technical feasibility,

economic viability and

prioritization of ENCON

options for implementation

• Select the most promising

projects

• Prioritise by low, medium, long

term measures

• Documentation, Report

Presentation to the top

Management.

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Phase II Audit Phase

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

• Primary data gathering,

Process Flow Diagram, &

Energy Utility Diagram

***************************

• Conduct survey and

monitoring

• Conduct of detailed trials

/experiments for selected

energy guzzlers

• Historic data analysis, Baseline

data collection

• Prepare process flow charts

• All service utilities system

diagram (Example: Single line

power distribution diagram,

water, compressed air & steam

distribution.

• Design, operating data and

schedule of operation

• Annual Energy Bill and energy

consumption pattern (Refer

manual, log sheet, name plate,

interview)

*******************************

• Measurements :

Motor survey, Insulation, and

Lighting survey with portable

instruments for collection of

more and accurate data.

Confirm and compare operating

data with design data.

• Trials/Experiments:

- 24 hours power monitoring

(MD, PF, kWh etc.).

- Load variations trends in

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Step6

Step 7

Step 8

***************************

• Analysis of energy use

***************************

• Identification and

development of Energy

Conservation (ENCON)

opportunities

***************************

• Cost benefit analysis

pumps, fan

- Boiler/Efficiency trials for

(4 – 8 hours)

- Furnace Efficiency trials

Equipments Performance

experiments etc

**************************

• Energy and Material balance &

energy loss/waste analysis

**************************

• Identification & Consolidation

ENCON measures

• Conceive, develop, and refine

ideas

• Review the previous ideas

suggested by unit personal

• Review the previous ideas

suggested by energy audit if any

• Use brainstorming and value

analysis techniques

• Contact vendors for

new/efficient technology

***************************

• Assess technical feasibility,

economic viability and

prioritization of ENCON

options for implementation

• Select the most promising

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2.7.2.2 Phase I –Pre Audit Phase Activities

A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for

efficient working. An initial study of the site should always be carried out, as

the planning of the procedures necessary for an audit is most important.

Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing

An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor/Engineer

an opportunity to meet the personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the

site and to assess the procedures necessary to carry out the energy audit.

Step9

***************************

• Reporting & Presentation

to the Top Management

projects

• Prioritise by low, medium, long

term measures

***************************

• Documentation, Report

Presentation to the top

Management.

Phase III –Post Audit phase

Step10 • Implementation and

Follow-up

Assist and Implement ENCON

recommendation measures and

Monitor the performance

• Action plan, Schedule for

implementation

Follow-up and periodic review

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During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out

the following actions: -

• Discuss with the site’s senior management the aims of the energy audit.

• Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of

the audit.

• Analyse the major energy consumption data with the relevant

personnel.

• Obtain site drawings where available – building layout, steam

distribution, compressed air distribution, electricity distribution etc.

• Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production

The main aims of this visit are: -

• To finalise Energy Audit team

• To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be

surveyed during the audit.

• To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.

• To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the

audit eg. KWh, steam, oil or gas meters.

• To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.

• To plan with time frame

• To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy

consuming centers

• To create awareness through meetings/ programme

2.7.2.3 Phase II- Detailed Energy Audit Activities

Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit

can take from several weeks to several months to complete. Detailed studies to

establish, and investigate, energy and material balances for specific plant

departments or items of process equipment are carried out. Whenever

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possible, checks of plant operations are carried out over extended periods of

time, at nights and at weekends as well as during normal daytime working

hours, to ensure that nothing is overlooked.

The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product

outputs by major department or by major processing function, and will

evaluate the efficiency of each step of the manufacturing process. Means of

improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at least a preliminary

assessment of the cost of the improvements will be made to indicate the

expected payback on any capital investment needed. The audit report should

conclude with specific recommendations for detailed engineering studies and

feasibility analyses, which must then be performed to justify the

implementation of those conservation measures that require investments.

2.7.3 The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes:

1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items

of process equipment, by end-use

2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final products,

recycled materials, use of scrap or waste products, production of by-

products for re-use in other industries, etc.)

3. Energy cost and tariff data

4. Process and material flow diagrams

5. Generation and distribution of site services (eg.compressed air, steam).

6. Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-

generation)

7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use of co-

generation systems (combined heat and power generation).

8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training

programs within the establishment.

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Existing baseline information and reports are useful to get consumption

pattern, production cost and productivity levels in terms of product per raw

material inputs. The audit team should collect the following baseline data:

• Technology, processes used and equipment details

• Capacity utilisation

• Amount & type of input materials used

• Water consumption

• Fuel Consumption

• Electrical energy consumption

• Steam consumption

• Other inputs such as compressed air, cooling water etc

• Quantity & type of wastes generated

• Percentage rejection / reprocessing

• Efficiencies / yield

Page 34: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

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Chapter 3

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3.1 About Energy Management Centre

Energy Management Centre (EMC), Kerala is an autonomous body

under the Department of Power, Government of Kerala, registered under

the Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act

of 1955 with Reg. No. 139/96 and came in to existence on 07-02-1996.

Energy Management Centre, Kerala has been notified as the “State

Designated Agency” to co-ordinate, regulate and enforce the provision

of the EC Act 2001 in the State of Kerala with the concurrence of BEE,

Ministry of Power, Govt. of India and for implementing various schemes

under the Act. The Centre is devoted to the improvement of energy

efficiency in the State, promotion of energy conservation and

encouraging development of technologies related to energy through

research, training, demonstration programmes and awareness

creation.Energy Management Centre, Kerala is involved in various

energy conservation activities since 1996. Some of the key activities of

EMC include:

o Maintaining list and scrutinizing energy consumption date filed by

Designated Consumers. As per EC Act 2001 Section 14(e) energy

intensive consumers of 9 different sectors of the State was

categorised as Designated Consumers

o Implementing, Monitoring and Evaluating Mandatory Energy Audit

in Kerala. Vide G.O. (Rt). No. 2/2011/P.D. dated 01-01-2011, Govt.

of Kerala has made energy audit mandatory for all HT/EHT

consumers once in a three year and submit to energy Management

centre Kerala.

o Investment grade energy audit.

o Walk Through Energy Audit

o Refresher Training Program for Energy Manager & Auditors

o Building Energy Conservation Programs

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o Identification of Technical Loss Reduction in select Distribution

Transformers

o Energy Efficient Street Lighting projects

o Energy efficient Village project.

o Touch Screen Energy Efficiency Information System

3.2 Consumer Profile Of Distribution Licensee In Kerala

The energy requirement of consumers of Kerala is met by the following

electrical distribution licensee:

• Kerala State Electricity Board.

• Cochin Port Trust.(CPT)

• Kannan Devan Hills Plantations Company (P) Ltd.(KDHP)

• Technopark.

• Infopark.

• Rubber Park India (P) Ltd.

• KINESCO.

• Thrissur Corporation.

• Military Engineering Service

• Cochin Special Economic Zone Authority

Table-3.1 : Details of Licensees & Consumers available

Sr. No.

Name of Licensee No. of consumers

1. Kerala State Electricity Board 4746

2. Cochin Port Trust (CPT) 23

3. Kannan Devan Hills Plantations

Company (P) Ltd.(KDHP) 35

4. Technopark. 16

5. KINESCO 16

6. Rubber Park India (P) Ltd. 15

Total 4851

(Source: Report on prioritising HT industries for mandatory energy audit by EMC)

3.3 Analysis of energy audit reports received at EMC-K

Government of Kerala accords highest priority to energy conservation

and efficiency. In order to make industry energy efficient and reduce their

energy intensity Govt. of Kerala, Power Department has issued Govt. Order

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No. 2/2011/PD dtd. 1.1.2011 has made energy audit mandatory for all High

Tension/Extra High Tension/High rise building consumers , the audit has to be

conducted periodically once in a three year and submit the report to EMCK.

EMC Kerala has started conducting mandatory energy audit through EMC

Registered Energy Auditors since 2011. In order to cover the potential HT

energy consumers under mandatory audit as per the G.O., EMC has

empanelled Energy Auditors for conducting the mandatory audits empanelled

34 energy audit firms. The name of the empanelled energy audit firms has

been published in the website (www.keralaenergy.gov.in) .

The facilities who conduct energy audit has to submit the reports to EMCK.

On receipt of the energy audit report, EMC will conduct an evaluation of the

report in which EMC registered energy auditors along with the representative

of industries should present the finding of the Energy audit before the expert

committee and any modification suggested during the presentation should be

incorporated in the energy audit report

3.3.1 MANDATORY AUDITS CONDUCTED BY ENERGY AUDITORS

The mandatory energy audit covered so far by registered energy auditors

includes industries with maximum demand varying from 200 KVA to 10000

KVA. The details of audits covered based on demand of industry is given

below in. Out of 290 audits conducted 114 are evaluated.

Table 3.2 :Details of Audits covered based on Demand of Industry

Sr. No.

Demand Range No. of Audits Conducted

1. Up to 200 KVA 39

2. 200 to 600 KVA 37 3. 600 to 1000 KVA 20 4. 1000 to 3000 KVA 9 5. 3000 to 16000 KVA 2 6. Others 7

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Figure 3.1 :Percentage of Audits based on Demand

3.3.2 Summary of Energy audit report in Commercial sector

On analysis of the 114 no’s energy audit report received at EMC 28 no

of report falls in commercial sector the details are given as below

Sl.No. Name of the Consumer Category

HT/EHT

Contract

Demand Product

Electrical

consumption

(Unit)

1. Federal Heights-Aluva HT-1 B 338 Banking service 1498175

2. LBS Centre for Science

and technology HT-V 97

educational

Institution 75464

3. TOC H Institue of

Sceince & Technology HT-V 150 Educational

Institution 396994

4. Kumarakom Lake Resort HT-IV 838 Hotel 1790332

5. KTDC Waterscapes HT-IV 200 Hotel 311304

6. KTDC Bolgatty Palace HT-IV 320 Hotel 843068

7. KTDC Corporate Office HT-IV 75 Hotel 130212

8. KTDC Nandanam Office HT-IV 100 Hotel 82406

9. KTDC Tea County HT-IV 100 Hotel 366411

Up to 200 KVA

34%

200 to 600 KVA

32%

600 to 1000 KVA

18%

1000 to 3000 KVA

8%

3000 to 16000

KVA

2%

Others

6%

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Sl.No. Name of the Consumer Category

HT/EHT

Contract

Demand Product

Electrical

consumption

(Unit)

10.

National Institute of

Electronics and

Information Technology

HT 138 Educational

Institution 176812

11. Tata Communications

Ltd HT-1V 500 Data Centre 3061214

12. Trivandrum Club HT-1V 240 Building 536286

13.

Kerala state Sceince and

Technology Museum and

Priyadarsini Planetarium

HT-B 150 Govt Inst 1899528

14. Sainik School HT-2 100 Educational

Institution 196340

15. Sree Uthradom Thirunal

Super Speciality Hospital HT-1V 480 Hospital 164772

16. Institue of Management

in Government HT 400 Govt Inst 3149448

17. Old Harbour Hotel HT-IV ------ Hotel 137948

18. KIMS HT-IV 1300 Hospital 5558688

19. Amala Institue of

Medical Sceince HT-4 1000 Hospital 4601259

20. Global Public School HT-V 192 Educational

Institution 157035

21. Brain & Spine Centre HT 250 Hospital 578085

22. Aranya Nivas KTDC HT-IV 120 Hotel 128117

23. Hotel Samudra KTDC HT-IV 150 Hotel 682512

24.

Mohandas College of

Engineering and

Technology

HT-IV 128 Educational

Institution 26447.42

Table 3.3 Summary of Energy audit report in Commercial sector

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Table 3.4 Sector wise energy consumption of report received

Sl No Sector No of

consumer

Electrical Consumption

(Units)

1. Bank 1 1498175

2. Club 1 536286

3. IT 1 3061214

4. Educational institution 2 1029092

5. Government Institution 2 5048976

6. Hospital 4 10902804

7. Hotel 9 4472310

Figure 3.2 : Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise based on reports

received

From the figure 10 given above and as discussed in section2.3 of chapter2 it

is evident the hotel and the hospital sector are the major energy consumers in

the commercial category .So in the coming sections of this report will mainly

concentrate on the Hotel and hospital sector of the commercial category.

Bank

6%

Club

2%

IT

11%Educational

institution

4%

Government

Institution

19%Hospital

41%

Hotel

17%

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3.4 Energy benchmarking

Where are we and where should we be going? What lies at the heart of these

questions is the belief that we should track how far we have come in order to

know how far we have left to go. This applies to the monitoring of energy

performance in hospitals and hotels as well

Benchmarking involves establishing specific energy consumption by

calculating an Energy performance Index (EPI). The EPI is calculated by

dividing energy use by a production or output parameter. The EPI can be

calculated for annual, monthly or even daily energy use and production or

output parameters. These calculated EPI are compared with benchmark EPIs

from similar industries to evaluate whether the site being audited has a low,

average or high energy use.

EPI = energy use/output parameter.

In fact, it can be used as a first step towards implementing an energy

management program in the hospital. Two indicators most commonly used

internationally for benchmarking in hospitals/hotels are (Leonardo Energy,

2008):

o Annual energy consumption per square meter of the hospital’s

/hotels building area (Kwh/m2 )

o Annual energy consumption per inpatient bed in the hospital

(kWh/bed)

Both indicators have their own particular disadvantages:

When taking the built-up area into consideration, the hospital/hotel

management need to decide which areas of the hospital building are included

in the benchmark or not. Secondly how much of the hospital’s/hotels built-up

or the carpet area is air conditioned or non-conditioned in real situation.

When taking beds into consideration, hospitals built-up or carpet area per bed

is the critical factor. This factor is determined by the type of hospital and by

the design criteria of its construction. One needs to take into account, the trend

towards higher quality of health care and greater privacy for patients, which

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may lead to a lower number of beds per room and thus a greater number of

square meters per bed. Secondly, many hospitals have combined metering of

energy consumption of out-patient department and in-patient department.

Therefore for an effective benchmarking, independent sub-metering of the two

may be essential.

3.5 Benchmarking Approaches

In practice, two following approaches for benchmarking are adopted.

o Internal Benchmarking;

Energy performance of a building is compared against its own previous

performance over a period of time. This approach is typically used to compare

performance before and after retrofit measures have been implemented for

energy savings.

o External Benchmarking;

Involves comparison of energy performance of similar buildings against an

established standard or baseline. This is typically used to set performance

targets for the future.

The Benchmarking offers following advantages:

o It assists in initiating an in house energy saving program or a macro

level energy efficiency program.

o It determines how a building’s energy use compares with others; this

immediately helps the management in identifying savings potential.

o It facilitates the management to set targets for improved Performance

and monitoring them on a continuing basis.

o It facilitates the building owners gaining recognition for exemplary

achievement in energy performance

o It assists the Service Providers to communicate energy performance of

buildings in terms of “typical” vs. “best practice” benchmark

o It helps utility companies to compile energy data from various

buildings and track energy use and its growth trends.

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3.6 Benchmarking Initiatives In India

Energy audit studies in buildings have shown large potential for energy

savings both in government and commercial office buildings. Study of the

available data has shown that there is an urgent need for improved energy

efficiency of buildings. National commercial energy benchmarking initiative

was taken up by Bureau of energy efficiency, which is an agency of the

Government of India, under the Ministry of Power created in March 2002

under the provisions of the nation's 2001 Energy Conservation , with a goal to

establish a framework to standardize energy data collection, baseline setting

for “typical” commercial buildings, energy performance target setting and

monitoring, and use the information to improve energy efficiency in buildings.

This information can help the users and other stakeholders to evaluate

building energy efficiency and track improvements compared to other

buildings and recognize the top performers. As part of this a star rating

programs for the building where formulated which would create a market for

energy efficient buildings based on actual performance of the building in

terms of specific energy usage. This programme would rate office buildings

on a 1-5 Star scale with 5 Star labeled buildings being the most efficient

The following categories of the building in five climate zone viz Warm &

Humid, Hot &Dry, Composite, Temparate , and cold fall under this scheme

• Office buildings,

• Hotels,

• Hospitals,

• Retail malls, and

• It parks.

Initialy the programme target three climate zones Warm & Humid, Hot &Dry,

Composite.The building are rated based on Energy Performance Index.(EPI)

EPI= kWh/m2/year.

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Table 3.5 : Building Energy Star Rating Programme ore than 50 % air

conditioned built up area

Climatic Zone- Composite

EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label

190-165 1 Star

165-140 2 Star

140-115 3 Star

115-90 4 Star

Below 90 5 Star

Climatic Zone - Warm and Humid

EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label

200-175 1 Star

175-150 2 Star

150-125 3 Star

125-100 4 Star

Below 100 5 Star

Climatic Zone - Hot and Dry

EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label

180-155 1 Star

155-130 2 Star

130-105 3 Star

105-80 4 Star

Below 80 5 Star

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Table 3.6: Building Energy Star Rating Programme Less than 50 % air

conditioned built up area

Climatic Zone- Composite

EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label

80-70 1 Star

70-60 2 Star

60-50 3 Star

50-40 4 Star

Below 40 5 Star

Climatic Zone - Warm and Humid

EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label

85-75 1 Star

75-65 2 Star

65-55 3 Star

55-45 4 Star

Below 45 5 Star

Climatic Zone - Hot and Dry

EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label

75-65 1 Star

65-55 2 Star

55-45 3 Star

45-35 4 Star

Below 35 5 Star

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Chapter 4

Energy Management Techniques in Hospitals

A case study

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4.1 About the facility under study:

This hospital is one of Asia's leading tertiary care hospitals, is a landmark

healthcare destination in Kerala initiated .The 600 bed multi-disciplinary

super specialty hospital was started with the objective of providing world class

healthcare services and specialized medical facilities at affordable costs

4.2 Major energy Sources of hospital

Figure 4.1: Breakup of major energy inputs (Source: historical bill analysis from hospital)

Electricity.2% of the total energy is generated from renewable energy sources.

Four different energy sources are used in this facility - Electricity, High Speed

Diesel (HSD), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Renewable Energy (Solar

and Biogas). Electricity is major fuel it holds the 61% of total energy

consumed in this facility, while diesel, which hold 29% of total energy

consumed , is used to operate the diesel generator and steam generator. 8% of

total consumption is LPG mainly for kitchen cooking purposes and the

remaining 2% is contributed by renewable energy.

Electricity

61%

Diesel

29%

LPG

8%

Renewable

2%

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4.3 Baseline Energy Data of the Hospital

1 Electricity Provider KSEB

2 Tariff HT-IV

3 Contract Demand 1600

4 Maximum Demand (avg in kVA) 1353

5 Connected Load(kW) 3000.00

6 Monthly Energy Consumption kWh 596104

7 Average Monthly Diesel Consumption (L) 24160

8 Average Monthly LPG Consumption (kg) 5700

9 Monthly Biogas Consumption (m3) 1350

10 Monthly Solar Consumption (SWH) kWh 4698

11 Monthly Energy Cost Electrical (avg in Rs) 5074763

12 Rs/Kwh(avg) 8.52

13 Diesel Generator (kVA) 1750

14 Transformer (kVA) 2500

4.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities

Fig 4.2 Energy Usage by electrical utilities

The energy balance of electrical energy is given as a pie chart above. It shows

that 44% of the total energy is used for the Heating Ventilation and Air

Conditioning system . Medical equipment consumes 15% and light load

consumes 9%.

4.5 Thermal Energy usage by utilities

The major thermal energy used in the hospital is from diesel, LPG and from

biogas

HVAC

44%

Compresors

4%

Kitchen

8%

Laundry

3%

Pump

6%

Utility

11%

Medical

Equipment

15%

Lighting Load

9%

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Diesel is used to operate the boilers and backup diesel generators. 29 % of the

total energy consumed at this facility is from diesel and 8% is through LPG

used for cooking applications in Kitchen.

4.6 Details of Hostel –In patient and out patient.

The hospital being a multispeciality hospital has both inpatient and outpatient

on analysis of the occupancy of patients of last three years it has been found

that the no of inpatients has been increasing. The increase in the inpatients has

also resulted in increase of specific energy consumption which can be

substantiated in the coming sections of the chapters.

Month 2012 2013 2014

OP IP OP IP OP IP

Jan 37898 11677 58305 17965 64783 19961

Feb 35139 11081 54060 17048 60067 18942

March 37835 11438 58208 17597 64675 19552

April 34129 11205 52506 17238 58340 19154

May 38606 12124 59394 18652 65993 20725

June 38978 11696 59966 17994 66629 19993

July 40219 12434 61875 19129 68750 21255

Aug 36086 11572 55517 17803 61685 19781

Sep 39985 12267 61515 18872 68350 20969

Oct 42175 12277 64885 18888 72094 20986

Nov 46393 13505 71373 20776 79303 23085

Dec 40066 11663 61640 17943 68489 19937

Table 4.1 : Occupancy details in numbers

Diesel

Generator

54%

Boiler

23%

Kitchen

23%

Fig 4.3 Energy Usage by

Thermal utilities

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Figure 4.4 : Occupancy in 2104

4.7 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution system

The average electricity consumption of the hospital in last year was 596104

units per month with an average cost of Rs 5074763. The average unit cost of

electricity is 8.52 Rs/kWh. This is taken as the basis for the financial analysis

of electrical energy efficiency projects. The information on average energy

consumption is taken from the historical electricity bill analysis. The

electricity is fed from a centralized substation. The centralized UPS system

of120kVA is fed from electrical plant to support the critical loads. The

average power factor maintained was 0.95 during 2014 and the average

Maximum Demand as 1350kVA. Log books are maintained at the substation

for electricity consumption and other electrical parameters regarding

transformers, DG and UPS system.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

OP

IP

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Table 4.2: Energy bill Analysis-2014

Sl

No

Month kWh (Units) Energy

Cost

(Rs)

Avg

Unit

Cost

Rs/Kw

h

Normal Peak Off

peak

MD PF

1 Jan 324630 90828 147924 563382 1200 0.96 4831042 8.58

2 Feb 332190 92286 150606 575082 1200 0.96 4931849 8.58

3 Mar 323136 91278 146448 560862 1229 0.96 4828102 8.61

4 Apr 344070 98514 153684 596268 1258 0.96 4807154 8.06

5 May 379872 107964 174510 662346 1308 0.95 5655510 8.54

6 Jun 358758 99774 165078 623610 1333 0.95 5356509 8.59

7 Jul 364284 81234 158382 603900 1353 0.95 4966046 8.22

8 Aug 360054 97632 165204 622890 1269 0.95 5304746 8.52

9 Sep 324126 90594 148032 562752 1274 0.95 4867994 8.65

10 Oct 339156 94572 156222 589950 1263 0.95 5198677 8.81

AVG 345028 94468 156609 596104 1353 0.95 5074763 8.52

Figure 4.5 : Monthly Energy consumption profile -2014

The facility consumed 7153250 units of electrical energy during 2014, at an

average cost of Rs 8.52 per unit .

The billing of electrical energy is based on three zones viz Normal period ,

peak period and off peak period. The true cost of electricity is reflected in

normal period, the cost per unit of electricity is higher than normal in peak

period and the cost is lesser than normal in off peak period. The Zone wise

563382575082

560862

596268

662346

623610

603900

622890

562752

589950

500000

520000

540000

560000

580000

600000

620000

640000

660000

680000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Kw

h(U

nit

s co

nsu

me

d)

Month

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 44

Energy Consumption Profile Is given above ,which Shows 58 % of total

energy consumption in a day is at normal period , 26 % at night period and

only 14% in peak hours. The cost of electricity may be reduced in the working

of major equipments during normal and peak period by shifting to off peak

period.

Figure 1 : zone wise energy consumption in the hospital-2014

Figure 4.7 : Monthly Energy cost

Normal

58%

Peak

16%

Off peak

26%

4200000

4400000

4600000

4800000

5000000

5200000

5400000

5600000

5800000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Rs

Ee

nrg

y C

ost

Month

Page 53: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 45

Figure 4.8 : Monthly Maximum Demand -2014

Figure 4.9: Montly Energy Cost per Unit.- 2014

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Ma

xim

um

De

ma

nd

(k

VA

)

7.6

7.8

8

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.8

9

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

Rs

/Un

it

Month

Page 54: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 46

4.8 Demand side Management (DSM)

DSM refers to “Actions taken on the customer’s side of the meter to change

the amount (kWh) or timing (kVA) of the energy consumption. Electricity

DSM strategies have the goal of maximizing end use efficiency to avoid or

postpone the construction of new generation plants”. The ever increasing

demand growth of electricity can be met either by matching increase in

capacity, i.e. supply side capacity addition or adopting demand side

management and end use efficiency improvement strategies, which are much

more cost effective and resource efficient, Utilities are driven by supply side

and customer side concerns such as capacity (peak demand shortfalls, energy

shortfalls, need for optimization of generation and network utilization,

regulatory issues, environmental mandates and customer demand of

uninterrupted supply at competitive tariffs. Demand side management offers

itself as a powerful tool to distribution companies, to analyze, develop and

implement customized DSM programs, cost effectively, to enable meeting the

supply side concern of the utilities.

4.9 DSM Objectives

The key objectives of DSM include the following.

• Improve the efficiency of energy systems.

• Reduce financial needs to build new energy facilities (generation).

• Minimize adverse environmental impacts.

• Lower the cost of delivered energy to consumers.

• Reduce power shortages and power cuts

• Improve the reliability and quality of power supply.

Page 55: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 47

4.10 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators

Table 4.3 detailed performance analysis of the DG system

Particulars DG 1 DG 2 DG 3 DG 4 DG 5 DG 6

Rating (kVA) 500 500 500 250 500 500

kW (avg) 232 222 210 80 245 230

% Loading 58 55.5 52.5 40 61.2 57.5

Energy Generation(kWh/h) 232 222 210 80 245 230

HSD Consumption(l/h) 74 71 65 26 71 66

Specific Energy Generation

(kWh/l)

3.14 3.13 3.23 3.08 3.45 3.48

Here the Specifc Energy Consumption (kWh/l) is calculated, which is a

benchmark for comparing the performance of diesel generators.From the

above diesel generator DG6 has best performance in terms of Specific energy

consumption.

4.11 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of HVAC

There are three numbers of York Make chillers, each of 250 TR HVAC

system is the major power load in the facility (44 %). Chilled water through

Air Handling Units (AHUs) as well as Fan Coil Units (FCUs) meets the air-

condition requirement of clean rooms, and other areas.

In an HVAC system the major energy consumer is the chiller the capacity of

the chiller is defined as Tone of Refrigeration (TR) which is the cooling

capacity or heat extraction capacity the more the TR the more will be the

cooling effect. For the chiller to work the input energy is electrical energy

which is given in kW (kilo Watt).

One ton of refrigeration (TR) is the amount of cooling obtained by one ton of

ice melting in one day.

So for ease of comparing various chillers they are benchmarked for specific

power consumption.

Page 56: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 48

Specific Power Consumption= kW/TR

The more the specific power consumption the effiecny of the system is lesser

This benchmarking can be used for comparing the systems internally and

comparing the systems of similar other facilities .

Chiller 1

Evaporator leaving Water temp 7.20 oC

Evaporator Entering Water temp 10.70 oC

Temperature difference 3.50 oC

Ambient Temperature 30.00 oC

Chilled Water Flow 90396 L/hr

Net Refrigeration Capacity 104.63 Tr

Electricity Drawn by Chiller system 94.24 kW

Specific Power Consumption 0.90 kW/Tr

Chiller 2

Evaporator leaving Water temp 7.20 oC

Evaporator Entering Water temp 10.50 oC

Temperature difference 3.30 oC

Ambient Temperature 30.00 oC

Chilled Water Flow 119412.00 L/hr

Net Refrigeration Capacity 130.31 Tr

Electricity Drawn by Chiller system 134.70 kW

Specific Power Consumption 1.03 kW/Tr

Page 57: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 49

Chiller 3

Evaporator leaving Water temp 7.20 oC

Evaporator Entering Water temp 11.50 oC

Temperature difference 4.30 oC

Ambient Temperature 30.00 oC

Chilled Water Flow 102672.00 L/hr

Net Refrigeration Capacity 146.00 Tr

Electricity Drawn by Chiller system 102.08 kW

Specific Power Consumption 0.70 kW/Tr

The chiller 3 performs well and gives an efficiency of 0.7kW/Tr whereas

Chiller 2 gives 1.03 kW/Tr. Chiller 1 and 2 has to be checked and improve the

SPC and efficiency.

Figure 4.10: Chiller Comparison based on benchmarking

4.12 Benchmarking of lightings system.

Lighting is one of the major load in commercial building .Lighting load

rejects heat to the surrounding and contribute significantly to increase

in energy consumption of the air conditioners. The amout of the heat

rejected to the surrounding depends on the source of lights used the for

eg:- incandescent lights emits more heat than CFL or LED.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Chiller 1 Chiller 2 Chiller 3

SP

C k

W/T

R

Page 58: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 50

The lighting can be benchmarked for light power density .

Light power density (LPD)= Power(Watts)/m2

For calculating LPD the lighting power is calculated taking into

account all luminaries including light, ballast, regulators and controls

and the area of the building were luminaires are used are also accessed.

The lamps can be benchmarked for luminous efficacy.

Luminous efficacy = Lumens /Watt

Where lumens is the light output and watt is electrical power input.

The more the efficacy the better will be the performance of the lamp ie

it will be efficient.

The lighting of healthcare buildings requires specific knowledge of a

wide range of light sources and lamp types.Normal standards and

methods of lighting may not be appropriate.

4.13 Bench marking the Hospital and comparison with previous years

For benchmarking the hospital and comparing its performance with

previous years the indicator used is Annual energy consumption per

square meter of the hospital’s /hotels building area (Kwh/m2 ) ie

specific energy consumption.

A hospital consumes various energy sources like electricity ,diesel,

LPG, biogas etc to meet the day to day energy needs .The units of

energy consumed will be different for different source for eg:

• Electricity consumed will be indicated in Kwh

• LPG consumed will be in Kg

• Diesel consumed will be in liters

• Biogas will be in cubic meter

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

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So for benchmarking all the fuel usage should be converted into

kWh.

Conversion of Diesel consumption to kWh

• 1kWh= 860 kcal

• Calorific value of diesel= 10000 Kcal/kg

• 1litre=0.85 kg

So one litre of diesel=10000*.85/860 units

=9.88 units

One cubic meter of biogas ie equivalent to3.72 kWh

One kg of LPG equivalent to 13.95 kWh

So all other fuels are also converted into its equivalent units (kWh)

and are added together to get the annual energy consumption as a

whole.Then specific energy consumption is calculated by dividing it

total area.

Energy Index for the year 2014

1 Total Building area (m2 ) 26916.59

2 Total Conditioned area (m2) 26916.59

3 % conditioned area 100.00

4 Annual Electricity Consumption kWh 7153250.40

5 Annual HSD Consumption (kL) 289.92

6 Annual HSD Consumption (Converted to kWh) 3539720.93

7 Annual LPG Consumption (kg) 68400.00

8 Annual LPG Consumption (Converted into kWh) 954418.60

9 Annual Biogas Consumption (m3) 16200.00

10 Annual Biogas Consumption kWh 60279.07

11 Annual Solar Consumption (SWH) kWh 56376.00

12 Total Energy Consumption kWh 11764045.00

13 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal and

Electrical)

437.06

14 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Electrical) 265.76

15 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal-HSD

& LPG)) 166.97

Page 60: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 52

Comparison of specific energy consumption with previous years

SEC (Electrical)

Year Actual kWh/m2

(a)

Capacity

Utilization

SEC

kWh/m2

(b)

2011-12 169 0.5 338

2012-13 207 0.65 318

2013-14 265.76 0.9 295

On comparing the specific energy consumption (column(a) of the table) of the

hospital the specific energy consumption is increasing but here the capacity

utilization of the hospital is not considered. For comparing the performance of

hospital with previous the SEC on full capacity utilization has to be derived.

On Normalising the SEC it is seen that there is a reduction in SEC which is a

result of energy efficiency and conservation measure taken in previous year.

Figure 4.11: Comparison of Specific energy consumption with previous years

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Sp

ecif

ic E

ner

gy

co

nsu

mp

tion

year

Page 61: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 53

4.14 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with cost

benefit analysis

1. Energy Saving in Lighting by replacing existing T8&T12

fluorescent lamps to LED type

Existing Scenario

Around 200 numbers of T8 and T12 lamps were identified during the

energy audit survey at the facility. The hospital is now going for a Go

Green Certification and it is the commitment to reduce the lamps with

mercury content.

Proposed System

The existing T8 & T12 lamps shall be replaced with LED which consumes

18 W to deliver the same amount of light output as T8 40 W or T12 55 W

(including ballast consumption) delivers.

Financial Analysis

Total Number of T8/T12 200.00

Annual working hours 3600.00

Total load 9.00

Annual Energy Consumption 32400.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 12960.00

Cost of Power 8.52

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.10

Investment required (Rs)(Approx 50%

replacement) Lakhs Rs 3.50

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 38.04

Internal Rate of Return (%) 18.90

Life cycle in Yrs 10.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 11.04

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2. Energy Saving in Lighting by replacing existing CFL to LED type

Existing Scenario

Around 700 numbers of CFL were identified during the energy audit

survey at the facility. The hospital is now going for a Go Green

Certification and it is the commitment to reduce the lamps with mercury

content.

Proposed System

The existing CFL shall be replaced with LED which consumes 8 W to

deliver the same amount of light output as CFL 18 W delivers.

Financial Analysis

Total Number of T8/T12 700.00

Annual working hours 3600.00

Total load 12.60

Annual Energy Consumption 22680.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 13608.00

Cost of Power 8.52

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.16

Investment required (Rs)(Approx 50%

replacement) Lakhs Rs

14.70

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 152.15

Internal Rate of Return (%) 6.00

Life cycle in Yrs 10.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 11.59

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3. Replacement of existing Chilled water pumps and motors with

Energy Efficient Pumping system.

Existing Scenario

There are six chilled water pumps installed and normally three pumps will be

in operation, the pumps are driven by ABB 3 phase squirrel cage induction

motor of having 11.2 kW and 15 kW motors. These pumps are aged and re-

winded, and this made the system efficiency getting low. The chilled water

flow also got decreased.

Proposed System

It is recommended to replace the existing chilled water pumps with super-

efficient pump with IE3 drive motors. At the first phase two pumps near

electrical substation chiller plant and one pump at the chiller plant located

outside the building. The remaining pumps may be replaced at the second

stage after evaluating the initial installations.

Financial Analysis

Energy drawn by the existing Chilled Water

Pumps (kW)

30.00

Working hr per day 24.00

Annual working hrs 8760.00

Annual Energy Consumption 262800.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 21024.00

Cost of Power 8.52

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.79

Investment required (Rs)(Approx) Lakhs Rs 2.10

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 14.07

Internal Rate of Return (%) 82.50

Life cycle in Yrs 10.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 17.91

Page 64: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

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4. Replacement of existing Condenser water pumps and motors with

Energy Efficient Pumping system

Existing Scenario

There are six condenser water pumps installed and normally three pumps will

be in operation, the pumps are driven by ABB 3 phase squirrel cage induction

motor of having 18.5 kW and 30 kW motors. These pumps are aged and

motors are re-winded, and this made the system efficiency getting low. The

pumps are of Kirlosker make

Proposed System

It is recommended to replace the existing condenser water pumps with super-

efficient pump driven by IE3 motors. At the first phase two pumps near

electrical substation chiller plant and one pump at the chiller plant located

outside the building. The remaining pumps may be replaced at the second

stage after evaluating the initial installations.

Financial Analysis

Energy drawn by the existing Condenser Water

Pumps (kW)

40.20

Working hr per day 24.00

Annual working hrs 8760.00

Annual Energy Consumption 352152.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 28172.16

Cost of Power 8.52

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 2.40

Investment required (Rs)(Approx) Lakhs Rs 2.81

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 14.07

Internal Rate of Return (%) 82.70

Life cycle in Yrs 10.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 24.00

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5. Replacement of existing Boiler with Energy Efficient Boiler

Existing Scenario

The boiler is used to generate steam for the applications in Laundry drying as

well as in CSSD division. The existing efficiency is 77% at the time of audit.

An efficiency of up to 85 % is possible. The boiler installed is aged and it is

worth to replace the same with new energy efficient on with better controls

and heat recovery systems.

Proposed System

The existing steam boiler may be replaced with new energy efficient one.

This will give a saving. It may give a savings of 9 KL of HSD per year. 5

Lakhs rupees per annum. The condensate recovery system may be

incorporated to get further savings. The Condensate shall be used to preheat

the feed water to the boiler. The replacement of existing hot water boiler

may also be considered with energy efficient one in a phased manner. Hot

water exhaust from the Laundry may be considered for the air pre-heating

for combustion.

Financial Analysis

Present level of efficiency of the boiler (%) 77.00

Working hr per day 20.00

Annual working hrs 7300.00

Annual Energy Consumption (kL) 113.00

Expected efficiency of EE Boiler (minimum) % 85.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 9.04

Cost of Diesel (Rs/kL) 59000.00

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 5.33

Investment required (Rs)(Approx) Lakhs Rs 15.00

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 33.75

Internal Rate of Return (%) 24.35

Life cycle in Yrs 10.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 53.34

Page 66: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

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Institute of Management Kerala Page 58

6. Installation of Solar Power Plant .

Existing Scenario

There is a good potential of solar power electricity generation. The availability of

sunlight is very high. There are no canopies available in the property. If the SPVs

are place in the roof top it will help improving RTTV of the building envelope.

Proposed System

It is proposed to have a Solar Power Plant of 25kW at the beginning stage. The

state and central government is pushing and giving good assistance to the

installations the details are given in the technical supplement. It can be installed

as an internal grid connected system which is much cheaper than off grid system.

Now days the technology provides trouble free grid interactive and connected

system. The installation will provide 25yrs trouble free generation with only 20%

efficiency loss at the 25th year.

Financial Analysis

Solar installed Capacity (Phase 1 ) kW 25.00

Total average kWh per day expected 100.00

Total annual Generating Capacity 36500.00

Cost of energy generated annually Lakhs Rs 3.11

Investment required (Rs)(Approx) 15.00

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 57.88

Life cycle in Yrs 25.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Rs) 77.75

Internal Rate of Return % 2.55

Page 67: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 59

4.15 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency

Improvement Projects

Projects Investment Cost

saving

IRR Energy saved

(Lakhs Rs) (Rs)/Yr (%) kWh/Yr MtoE/Yr

1 Energy Saving in

Lighting by replacing

existing T8&T12

fluorescent lamps to

LED type

3.50 1.10 18.90 12960 0.013

2 Energy Saving in

Lighting by replacing

existing CFL to LED

type

14.70 1.16 6.00 13608 0.014

3 Energy Saving in

Lighting by installing

occupancy based

dimmers

1.50 0.10 6.00 1215 0.001

4 Replacement of

existing Chilled water

pumps and motors

with Energy Efficient

Pumping system

2.10 1.79 82.50 21024 0.021

5 Replacement of

existing Condenser

water pumps and

motors with Energy

Efficient Pumping

system

2.81 2.40 82.70 28172 0.028

6 Replacement of

existing Boiler with

Energy Efficient

Boiler

15.00 5.33 24.35 110372 0.110

7 Installation of Solar

Power Plant .

15.00 3.11 2.55 36500 0.037

Total 55 15 43.69 223851 0.22

Page 68: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 60

Chapter 5

Energy Management Techniques in Hotels

A case study

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Chapter 5

5.1 About facility under study:

The Hotel under study is Located in the heart of Kerala's capital city

Thiruvananthapuram, Hotel Chaithram assures a comfortable stay to

visitors. It offers an opportunity to catch up with the fast pace of city

life and easy accessibility to nearby destinations for leisure and fun.

KTDC has been playing a key role in the development of infrastructure

facilities required by the rapidly growing tourist traffic into the State of

Kerala and has been the prime mover in the progressive development,

promotion and expansion of tourism in the State. Apart from

developing the largest hotel chain in Kerala, KTDC offers tourism

related facilities like conducted tours, boating, tourist reception centers,

centralized/online reservations, conventional services, customized tour

packages etc. Working on the philosophy of public sector, KTDC

succeeded in achieving its objectives by promoting the largest hotel

chain in the State and providing all tourist services. Chaithram is one of

the premium hotels owned by KTDC.

Facilities

• Restaurant

• 24-hour room service

• Conference rooms

• Laundry facilities

• Dry cleaning

• free self-parking

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

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5.2 Major energy Sources in Hotel

Electricity from grid is the primary source of energy in this facility. Diesel

is used to operate the Diesel Generators during power failure. LPG is used

for cooking.

Table 5.1 Annual Energy consumption

Year 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14

Fuels kWh KL/kg kWh KL/kg kWh KL/kg

Electricity 557933 ---- 535600 ------ 510336

Diesel 144177 11.81 158794 13.01 151275 12.39

LPG 233953 16767 277154 19863 349074 25017

Total 702110 ------- 971548 ------- 661611 -------

Table 5.2 Annual Energy Cost Lakhs INR

Year 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14

Fuels

Electricity 16.08 13.38 12.56

Diesel 6.14 7.15 6.81

LPG 8.30 10.33 13.76

Total 22.23 30.86 19.37

On analysis of the historical bills and log books the annual energy

consumption of three fuels viz electricity, LPG and Diesel where tabulated

Electricity

55%

Diesel

16%

LPG

29%

Fig 5.1 Share of Energy Sources

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Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

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for last three years as given in the table given above .The use of electricity

is showing an increasing trend compared to Diesel and LPG .

5.3 Base line Energy data of hotel

1 Electricity Provider KSEB

2 Tariff HT IV Commercial

3 Contract Demand 150 KVA

4 Maximum Demand (avg in kVA) 137

5 Connected Load(kW) 269.76 kW

6 Avg Monthly Electricity Consumption kWh 44633

7 Average Monthly Diesel Consumption (L) 1084

8 Average Monthly LPG Consumption (Kg) 12606

10 Monthly Electricity Cost (avg in Rs) 373318

11 Rs/Kwh(avg) Electricity 8.36

12 Diesel Generator (kVA) 250 & 110

13 Transformer (kVA) 630

Figure 5.2 Energy consumption trend in last three years

5.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities

The energy balance of electrical energy is given as a pie chart below. It shows

68% of the total energy used for AC system. 12 % of the total energy is used

for lighting load and fans consumes 6 %. 6% of the total energy consumed by

the Kitchen.

661611

971548

702110

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

2013-14 2014-15 2015- 16

To

tal

ener

gy

co

nsu

mp

tion

in

kW

h

Year

Page 72: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 64

Figure 5.3 Energy consumption by various utilities

5.5 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution system

The average unit cost of electricity is 8.36 Rs/kWh. This is taken as the basis

for the financial analysis of electrical energy efficiency projects. The

information on average energy consumption is taken from the historical

electricity bill analysis (2014-15). The electricity is fed from a centralized

substation. The average power factor maintained was 0.95 during 2014-15 and

the MD was 137 kVA.

Table 5.3 : Energy bill Analysis

Sl No Month Energy consumption MD Energy

Cost (Rs) Nor Peak Peak Off Total

1 APR 23824 9088 14744 47656 131.78 432459

2 MAY 24184 9136 14872 48192 113.68 435391

3 JUN 24344 8888 14920 48152 120.46 435050

4 JUL 25752 7904 13928 47584 136.74 387362

5 AUG 22960 8176 11696 42832 124.25 396243

6 SEP 20776 7312 10656 38744 120 362691

7 OCT 20664 8104 11280 40048 98.37 374370

8 NOV 20256 8184 12808 41248 111.81 381226

9 DEC 21264 7752 12136 41152 123.9 383025

10 JAN 22272 8592 13672 44536 119.22 407518

11 FEB 23760 9096 15448 48304 130.58 441208

Air conditioners

68%

Lighting

12%

Fans

6%

Kitchen

6%

Pumping and

others

8%

Page 73: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 65

12 MAR 22976 8512 15664 47152 130.58 443267

Figure 5.4 Monthly electrical energy consumption

The billing of electrical energy is based on three zones viz Normal period ,

peak period and off peak period. The true cost of electricity is reflected in

normal period, the cost per unit of electricity is higher than normal in peak

period and the cost is lesser than normal in off peak period. The Zone wise

Energy Consumption Profile is given above, which Shows 51 %of total

energy consumption in a day is at normal period , 19 % at night (peak) period

and 30 % in off peak hours.

47656 48192 48152 47584

4283238744 40048 41248 41152

4453648304 47152

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR

Ele

ctri

cal

en

erg

y c

on

sum

pti

on

(k

Wh

)

Month

Page 74: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 66

Figure 5.5 : Zone wise energy consumption in the hospital-2014

The cost of electricity may be reduced in the working of major equipments

during normal and peak period by shifting to off peak period.

Figure 2 : Monthly Energy cost

Normal

51%

Peak

19%

Peak Off

30%

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR

En

erg

y C

ost

Month

Page 75: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 67

Figure 5.7: Monthly Maximum Demand -2014

5.6 Demand side Management (DSM)

DSM refers to “Actions taken on the customer’s side of the meter to change

the amount (kWh) or timing (kVA) of the energy consumption. Electricity

DSM strategies have the goal of maximizing end use efficiency to avoid or

postpone the construction of new generation plants”. The ever increasing

demand growth of electricity can be met either by matching increase in

capacity, i.e. supply side capacity addition or adopting demand side

management and end use efficiency improvement strategies, which are much

more cost effective and resource efficient, Utilities are driven by supply side

and customer side concerns such as capacity (peak demand shortfalls, energy

shortfalls, need for optimization of generation and network utilization,

regulatory issues, environmental mandates and customer demand of

uninterrupted supply at competitive tariffs. Demand side management offers

itself as a powerful tool to distribution companies, to analyze, develop and

implement customized DSM programs, cost effectively, to enable meeting the

supply side concern of the utilities.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR

MA

xim

um

De

ma

nd

Month

Page 76: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 68

5.7 DSM Objectives

The key objectives of DSM include the following.

• Improve the efficiency of energy systems.

• Reduce financial needs to build new energy facilities (generation).

• Minimize adverse environmental impacts.

• Lower the cost of delivered energy to consumers.

• Reduce power shortages and power cuts

• Improve the reliability and quality of power supply.

5.8 DSM Activities for Hotels

• Use of Energy Efficient Equipments

• Demand Shift and Control

• Building Automation and Control

• Building Envelope Programmes

• Housekeeping

5.9 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators

Table 5.3 detailed performance analysis of the DG system

Particulars DG 1 DG 2

Rating (kVA) 250 110

kW (avg) 38 30

% Loading 19.0 34.1

Energy Generation(kWh) 68.4 52.5

HSD Consumption(l) 22 16

Specific Energy Generation (kWh/l) 3.11 3.28

Here the Specifc Energy Consumption (kWh/l) is calculated, which is a

benchmark for comparing the performance of diesel generators. Here the kWh

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is the output from the diesel generator which is energy generation and the

input to the generator is diesel in litres.

Benchmark for diesel generator = Specific energy consumption (kWh/litre)

From the above diesel generator DG2 has best performance in terms of

Specific energy consumption. The more the SEC the better the performance of

diesel generator .

5.10 Performance assessment of Kitchen

Kitchen consumed 6 % of the total energy consumed in the property. Energy

wastage by idling LPG burners, inefficient yellow flame as a result of burner

operations and clean-up, flames wider/longer than the vessels/pot, spillage

habits over hot burners, open boiling (without lid), carbon deposits under

vessels/burner faces etc. needs to be avoided and shall use low power LPG

burners and small stoves for cooking small amount of food and small vessels.

This will save a considerable amount of energy.

Sl

No

Particulars Voltage Current KW PF KVAR KVA

1 Exhaust 1 220 2 0.41 0.92 0.17 0.446

2 Exhaust 2 & 3 229 4.3 0.781 0.8 0.582 0.984

3 Meat chiller 235 4.55 0.652 0.67 0.743 0.94

4 Milk freezer(250l) 238 1.91 0.328 0.72 0.311 0.45

5 Milk freezer(400l) 237 2.85 0.531 0.77 0.45 0.711

6 Ice cream freezer 237 0.7 0.115 0.69 0.12 0.167

7 Fridge 238 0.883 0.182 0.84 0.116 0.213

8 Milk

freezer(outside)

237 2.19 0.352 0.68 0.381 0.523

9 Meat chiller (store) 232 11.6 2.33 0.86 1.37 2.69

Table 5.4 : Details energy consuming equipments in kitchen.

5.11 Benchmarking and Performance assessment of lightings system.

Lighting is one of the major load in commercial building .Lighting load

rejects heat to the surrounding and contribute significantly to increase in

energy consumption of the air conditioners. The amout of the heat rejected to

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the surrounding depends on the source of lights used the for eg:- incandescent

lights emits more heat than CFL or LED.

The lighting can be benchmarked for light power density .

Light power density (LPD)= Power(Watts)/m2

For calculating LPD the lighting power is calculated taking into account all

luminaries including light, ballast, regulators and controls and the area of the

building were luminaires are used are also accessed.

The lamps can be benchmarked for luminous efficacy.

Luminous efficacy = Lumens /Watt

Where lumens is the light output and watt is electrical power input.

The more the efficacy the better will be the performance of the lamp ie it will

be efficient.

The lighting of hotels requires specific knowledge of a wide range of light

sources and lamp types. Good lighting design can reduce costs and have the

added benefit of decreasing internal heat gains, thus reducing the need for air

conditioning too. The lighting requires specific knowledge of a wide range of

light sources and lamp types.

All T8/T12 Lamps shall be replaced with LED and the existing CFLs may be

also be shifted to LED in phased manner. Voltage optimizer in the lighting

feeder shall be considered. Use lights with dimmers in passages and common

areas. To get maximum lighting performance, day light shall be used. There

are good opportunity available in the facility to get enough daylight during

office hours.

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5.12 Bench marking the Hotel.

For benchmarking the hotel and comparing its performance with previous

years the indicator used is Annual energy consumption per square meter of the

hospital’s /hotels building area (Kwh/m2 ) i.e. specific energy consumption.

A hotel consumes various energy sources like electricity ,diesel, LPG, biogas

etc to meet the day to day energy needs .The units of energy consumed will

be different for different source for eg:

• Electricity consumed will be indicated in Kwh

• LPG consumed will be in Kg

• Diesel consumed will be in liters

• Biogas will be in cubic meter

So for benchmarking all the fuel usage should be converted into kWh.

Conversion of Diesel consumption to kWh

• 1kWh= 860 kcal

• Calorific value of diesel= 10000 Kcal/kg

• 1litre=0.85 kg

So one litre of diesel=10000*.85/860 units

=9.88 units

One cubic meter of biogas ie equivalent to3.72 kWh

One kg of LPG equivalent to 13.95 kWh

So all other fuels are also converted into its equivalent units (kWh) and are

added together to get the annual energy consumption as a whole.Then specific

energy consumption is calculated by dividing it total area. Also the hotels may

not be fully air conditioned so for proper comparisons of energy consumptions

of hotel the percentage of conditioned area has to be mentioned.

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Energy Index for the year 2014

1 Total Building area(m2) 2027

2 Total conditioned area 1115

3 % conditioned area 55

4 Electricity Consumption (kWh) 535600

5 Diesel Consumption (converted to kWh) 158794

6 LPG Consumption (kWh) 277154

7 Total Energy Consumption (kWh) 971548

8 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal and

Electrical)

479.30

9 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Electrical) 264.23

10 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal) 215

The specific energy consumption or the energy performance index of the

hotel is 479 kwh /m2/year .Since this is the first time the hotel is conductilng

energy audit this could not be compared with previous year for its energy

performance

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5.13 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with cost

benefit analysis

1. Energy Saving in Lighting by replacing existing T8 Lamps to LED

Tube

Existing Scenario

Around 60 numbers of T8 identified during the energy audit survey in the

facility. During discussion with the plant people it is observed that the

average utility of these fittings are of 75%.

Proposed System

The existing T8 may be replaced to LED in phased manner and the

savings will be of 60 % (inclusive of light output improvement and lesser

energy consumption)

Financial Analysis

Annual working hours (hr) 4320.00

Total load (kW) 2.70

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) 8748.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 5248.80

Cost of Power 8.36

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 0.44

Investment required (Rs) (Approx 75%

replacement) Lakhs Rs

0.39

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 10.67

Internal Rate of Return (%) 95.00

Life cycle in Yrs 5.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 2.19

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2. Energy Saving in fans by replacing existing in-efficient ceiling fans

with Energy Efficient BLDC fans

Existing Scenario

There are 105 numbers of ceiling fans installed in the facility with minimum

8hrs a day operation. All are conventional type.

Proposed System

There is an energy saving opportunity in replace the existing fans with new

BLDC (brushless DC) fans. The BLDC fans give a savings up to 60% savings

with higher service value (air delivery/watt). The BLDC fans are equipped

with intelligent controls like remote speed control, timer feature to auto

switch off the fan and sleep mode that reduces speed after set hours and saves

energy.

Financial Analysis

Annual working hours 4380.00

Total load 8.40

Annual Energy Consumption 36792.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 22075.20

Cost of Power 8.36

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.85

Investment required (Rs)(Approx 50%

replacement) Lakhs Rs

3.68

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 23.90

Internal Rate of Return (%) 43.00

Life cycle in Yrs 10.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 18.45

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3. Energy Saving in Lighting by installing voltage optimiser in the

lighting load

Existing Scenario

The phase wise voltage maintained is at 242 V . The required voltage level

for light load is at 210 V as per the specifications of generally used lighting

fixtures.

Proposed System

Installation of servo stabiliser in the light load (light energy savers). For this

there shall be a separate feeder for light loads. It is recommended to install a

20 kW servostebliser. Installation of servo stabiliser will optimise the

voltage in the light feeder will optimize the required voltage settings and

will leads to save energy. If the segregation of light load is not existing, the

tap setting of Transformer may also be considered to be optimised to 230 V

in phase.

Financial Analysis

Annual working hours (hr) 4380.00

Total (kW load) 18.00

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) 78840.00

Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 15768.00

Cost of Power 8.36

Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.32

Investment required (Rs)(Approx 75%

replacement) Lakhs Rs

0.80

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 7.28

Internal Rate of Return (%) 100.00

Life cycle in Yrs 5.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 6.59

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4. Installation of Solar Power Plant.

Existing Scenario

There is a good potential of solar power electricity generation in the roof top

of the building. The availability of sunlight is very high. There are no

canopies available in the property. If the SPVs are place in the roof top it

will help improving RTTV of the building envelope. This power will also

take care of the lighting load of the plant.

Proposed System

It is proposed to have a Solar Power Plant of 15kW at the beginning stage.

The state and central government is pushing and giving good assistance to

the installations the details are given in the technical supplement. It can be

installed as an internal grid connected system which is much cheaper than

off grid system. Now days the technology provides trouble free grid

interactive and connected system. The installation will provide 25yrs trouble

free generation with only 20% efficiency loss at the 25th year.

Financial Analysis

Solar installed Capacity (Phase 1 ) kW 15.00

Total average kWh per day expected 60.00

Total annual Generating Capacity 21900.00

Cost of energy generated annually Lakhs Rs 1.84

Investment required (Rs )(Approx) 6.75

Simple Pay Back (in Months) 44.14

Life cycle in Yrs 25.00

Total Saving in Life Cycle (Rs) 45.88

Internal Rate of Return % 13.00

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5.14 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency

Improvement Projects

Sl Projects Investment Saving

Cost

IRR Energy saved

(Lakhs Rs) (Rs)/Yr (%) kWh/Yr toE/Yr

1 Energy Saving in

Lighting by

replacing existing

T8 Lamps to LED

Tube

0.39 0.44 95.00 5249 0.52

2 Energy Saving in

fans by replacing

existing in-

efficient ceiling

fans with Energy

Efficient BLDC

fans

3.68 1.85 43.00 22075 2.21

3 Energy Saving in

Lighting by

installing voltage

optimiser in the

lighting load

0.80 1.32 100.00 15768 1.58

4 Installation of

Solar Power Plant. 6.75 1.84 13.00 21900

2.19

Total 12 5 62.75 64992 6.50

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Chapter 6

Energy Management and Carbon foot print reduction

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6.1 Energy Usage and global environ metal isuues.

As early as 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius had predicted that

human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth,

resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction has become

true and climate change is now disrupting global environmental stability. The

last few decades have seen many treaties, conventions, and protocols for the

cause of global environmental protection.

Few examples of environmental issues of global significance are:

• Ozone layer depletion

• Global warming

• Loss of biodiversity

One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is

that it affects all mankind on a global scale without regard to any particular

country, region, or race.

6.2 Global Warming

Before the Industrial Revolution, human activities released very few gases

into the atmosphere and all climate changes happened naturally. After the

Industrial Revolution, through fossil fuel combustion, changing agricultural

practices and deforestation, the natural composition of gases in the atmosphere

is getting affected and climate and environment began to alter significantly.

Over the last 100 years, it was found out that the earth is getting warmer and

warmer, unlike previous 8000 years when temperatures have been relatively

constant. The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 °C warmer than it was 100 years

ago. The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causing global warming is carbon

dioxide. CFC's, even though they exist in very small quantities, are significant

contributors to global warming. Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalent

greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has two major anthropogenic (human-

caused) sources: the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land use.Net

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releases of carbon dioxide from these two sources are believed to be

contributing to the rapid rise in atmospheric concentrations since Industrial

Revolution. Because estimates indicate that approximately 80 percent of all

anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions currently come from fossil fuel

combustion, world energy use has emerged at the center of the climate change

debate.

6.3 Carbon foot print - Definition

A carbon footprint is defined as "the total sets of greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions caused by an organisation, event, product or person. (Carbon Trust,

2008). 82% of anthropogenic Green House Gas emissions are in the form of

CO2 from fossil fuel combustion.

Greenhouse gas emissions attributed to campus can be classified as (as per

UNEP)

Scope 1: GHG emissions that occur within territorial boundary of the campus.

Scope 2: Indirect emissions that occur outside of the campus boundary as a

result of activities that occur within the campus which includes Electricity

consumption.

Scope 3:Other indirect emissions and embodied emissions that occurs outside

of the campus boundary, as a result of activities of the city, which includes

Electrical transmission and distribution losses, solid waste disposal, waste

incineration, waste water handling, embodied emissions in imported water,

embodied emissions in imported food, embodied emissions in fuel etc.

Since Government secretariat being an administrative block the components

of Scope 2 and Scope 3 are mainly considered.

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6.4 Energy Use - The Source of Most Carbon Emissions

About 85 percent of the energy consumed in modern society comes from

fossil fuels. Vast sums have been invested in the existing energy landscape –

the petroleum refineries, petrol stations, natural gas fields and pipelines, coal

mines, and electric grids that power modern societies. To meet the growing

need for electricity in developing countries while simultaneously reducing

greenhouse gas emissions, the amount of carbon released per unit of

electricity production must fall 75 percent by 2050. This will require phasing

out older, inefficient coal plants, and replacing them with a mixture of

combined- cycle natural gas, nuclear, wind, geothermal, biomass, and solar

power, steps that would lead to dramatic air quality improvements in many

mega cities of the developing world. Carbon capture and storage technology –

if it proves cost effective and can be developed in a reasonable time frame –

would enable the continued use of coal.

The transport sector – trucks, cars, buses, airplanes, cargo ships, railroads – is

overwhelmingly dependent on petroleum. Today, transport of goods and

people is responsible for about 19 percent of carbon emissions. With the

global car population forecast to soon exceed 1 billion vehicles, while growth

in crude oil production is likely to end, dramatic increases in vehicle fuel

efficiency can advance economic prosperity, energy security, and climate

protection. Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and all-electric vehicles, along with large

investments in mass transit, are needed to reduce transport sector emissions in

the long run, and to extend limited petroleum supplies.

Residential and commercial buildings consume the bulk of the world’s

electricity and much of its natural gas. Improving the design of new buildings

and retrofitting old ones can dramatically improve their energy performance.

Many existing buildings can be made more efficient, and new buildings are

actually capable of producing more energy than they consume.

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It takes energy to get energy, and the gathering, processing, and delivery of

fossil fuels account for 8 percent of carbon emissions. Production of steel,

cement, automobiles, and other manufactured products is responsible for

about 20 percent of global carbon emissions. Improvements in the carbon

intensity of these activities are possible, profitable, and necessary.

.

6.5 Carbon foot print in commercial sector due to electrical energy

consumption.

Carbon Foot print is the amount of carbon dioxide released into the

atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization,

or community. In the case of cars or airplanes, this occurs directly in the

combustion chamber of the engines and the associated emissions are known

as direct emissions since they occur at the point of consumption. When we

consume electricity, the emissions are indirect since they occur at the

generation plant and not at the point of consumption. The amount of carbon

dioxide generated by direct emissions can be calculated through the use

of emission factors. An emission factors is the ratio of carbon dioxide

generated for a given quantity of fuel. Carbon Footprintcan calculated by

using data from CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector, User

Guide Version 10.0, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority,

Government of India).As per this document the emission factor is 0.82 t

Co2/mWh

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Table 6.1 :Carbon emission sector wise in the State

Figure 6.1 Carbon emission percentage sector wise.

Figure 6.2 Carbon emission commercial Category Sector wise

Domestic

51%

Commercial

10%

LT Industrial

6%

LT Others

11%

HT/EHT& Bulk

licensees

22%

IT Malls

1%

Hotels

20%

Hospitals

34%

Commercial

establishment

s

33%

Government

building

2%

Educational

institutions

8%

Cinema

2%

Category Electrical energy

Consumption (MU)/

year

Carbon emission

Tonnes/year

Domestic 9942.28 8.15267

Commercial 1923.14 1.576975

LT Industrial 1103.23 0.904649

LT Others 2042.71 1.675022

HT/EHT& Bulk licensees 4312.514 3.536261

Total 19323.874 8.15267

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From the above facts and figure it is evident that any reduction in energy

consumption leads to reduction in carbon emissions .With ample scope of

energy saving in commercial sector especially in hotels and hospital we can

reduce the carbon emission on implementation of the energy efficiency

improvement projects. This can be shown as taking the energy saving project

identified in case study of hospital and hotel in chapter 4 and chapter 5.

6.6 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency

Projects for Hotels( as discussed Chapter 5 of this report)

Sl

No

Projects Energy

saved

(Yearly)

Sustainability

(Years)

First year

ton of

CO2

mitigated

Expected Tons of

CO2 mitigated

through out life

cycle

(kWh) Years

1 Energy Saving

in Lighting by

replacing

existing T8

Lamps to LED

Tube

5249 10.00 3.99 39.89

2 Energy Saving

in fans by

replacing

existing in-

efficient ceiling

fans with

Energy Efficient

BLDC fans

22075 10.00 16.78 167.77

3 Energy Saving

in Lighting by

installing

voltage

optimiser in thel

ighting load

15768 10.00 11.98 119.84

4 Installation of

Solar Power

Plant.

21900 10.00 16.64 166.44

Total 64992. 40.00 49.39 493.94

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6.7 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency

Projects for Hospitals (as discussed Chapter 4 of this report)

Sl Projects Energy

saved

(Yearly)

Sustainability

(Years)

First

year ton

of CO2

mitigated

Expected Tons of

CO2 mitigated

throughout lifecycle

(kWh) Years

1 Energy Saving in

Lighting by

replacing

existing T8&T12

fluorescent lamps

to LED type

12960 10.00 9.85 98.50

2 Energy Saving in

Lighting by

replacing

existing CFL to

LED type

13608 10.00 10.34 103.42

3 Energy Saving in

Lighting by

installing

occupancy based

dimmers

1215 10.00 0.92 9.23

4 Replacement of

existing Chilled

water pumps and

motors with

Energy Efficient

Pumping system

21024 10.00 15.98 159.78

5 Replacement of

existing

Condenser water

pumps and

motors with

Energy Efficient

Pumping system

28172 15.00 21.41 321.16

6 Replacement of

existing Boiler

with Energy

Efficient Boiler

110372 15.00 83.88 1258.24

7

Installation of

Solar Power

Plant.

36500 15.00 27.74 416.10

Total 223851.25 12.14 170.13 2366.44

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Chapter 7

Finding ,Recommendation and Conclusion.

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7.1 Findings

• Though energy management centre has made energy audit

mandatory for HT/EHT/high building in 2011 EMC has received

only 290 audit reports which accounts of 6% of the total HT/EHT

consumers in the State .In this six . Of this 6% received 23% of

the reports are of commercial sector mainly comprising of hotels

and hospitals.

• For conducting the energy of the HT/EHT consumers EMC has

empanelled energy auditing firms .The ratio of no of HT/EHT

consumers is to Empanelled energy auditors is 144:1.

• The major energy consuming are of the hospital is air

conditioning followed by medical equipments , lighting , kitchen

,laundry and compressors in case of the hotel Major energy

consuming area is Air conditioner followed by lighting ,Fans ,

kitchen and pumping. This can not be generalized as hospitals and

hotels various in its functioning and may differ based on the

climatic zone

• The major energy source is electricity from Grid followed by

diesel and then LPG.

• The hotels /hospitals are benchmarked for its energy performance

index (EPI)i.e. kWh/m2/year.The EPI of both the hotel and

hospital is very poor compared to national benchmark. But based

on internal benchmarking there is substantial improvement in EPI

• The energy savings potential of the hospital is 5 % of total energy

consumption and hotel is 11% total consumption.

• Both the Hotel and Hospital lacks Energy management Policy and

energy management cell has to be formulated with active

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involvement of the top official. Formulation of energy

management cell helps to devise action plan for energy

conservation thereby reducing the production cost.

• The energy audits were conducted on the interest shown from the

top officials .

• On analysis of the report it was found than many energy saving

recommendation were not implemented due to lack of funding.

• It was also found that the facility lack in house qualified energy

manager or energy auditor for monitoring and verification of

energy flow and to initiate carbon foot print reduction initiative.

• Proper log book were maintained to keep track of the energy

consumption

• The staff and personnel’s were aware on the importance of energy

management of the has to be motivated for active participation in

energy conservation measures

7.2 Recommendations .

• The involvement of each and every personal is key to success in

energy conservation movement. It is suggested to create

awareness amongst all the cadets and staff of the facilities so that

everyone understands their responsibilities in achieving the

overall energy management objectives of the School.

• Energy monitoring and targeting is primarily a management

technique that uses energy information as a basis to eliminate

waste, reduce and control current level of energy use and improve

the existing operating procedures. It builds on the principle “you

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can’t manage what you don’t measure”. It essentially combines

the principles of energy use and statistics.

o Monitoring is essentially aimed at establishing the existing

pattern of energy consumption.

o Targeting is the identification of energy consumption level

which is desirable as a management goal to work towards

energy conservation.

Once this information is available on a regular basis, targets can

be set, variances can be spotted and interpreted, and remedial

actions can be taken and implemented. The Monitoring and

Targeting programs have been so effective that they show typical

reductions in annual energy costs in various industrial sectors

between 5 and 20%.

• Follow up activities which includes regular monitoring of energy

performance is required for the effective management of energy

efficiency programs. The daily, weekly and annual energy report

generated will help energy performance monitoring.

• Improvement in the house keeping practices can save a good

amount of energy. The practices include. Switch off lights, fans

and other fittings when not in uses and there is no occupancies.

• Renewable energy options like small wind mills, solar energy and

other biomass bases energy systems helps reduce carbon

emissions .This helps the facilities to have energy independency

• Create awareness Energy conservation tips/ posters are displayed

in crucial points.

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• For retrofitting old inefficient equipments with new efficient and

for energy management techniques like fuel substitution huge

financial investments are required investments will are require.

The following options for financing energy saving may be

considered

o Financing by the organizations from its operations budget

o Financing by the organizations from its capital budget

o Debt financing from a financial institutional (e.g.

commercial bank)

o Third Party Financing (TPF) through involvement of an

Energy Service

o Company (ESCO) to implement the projects under

performance contracting.

• Certification programs for staffs and personnel’s in energy

management in parallel with effective information campaigns to

explain to the wider public

• The need for a long term commitment from the Government to

promote energy efficiency in buildings

• The energy certification programme should be designed to help

construct and maintain end-use databases to help in the policy

analysis .

• Government policies and regulation has to be made stringent

.There many rating methods and codes like GRIHA,LEED,ECBC

for evaluating and improving building energy performance,

reduce wastage etc .This has to be made mandatory by the

government for sustainable development and reduce the

environmental impacts .

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• Further investigation into renewable technologies such as ducted

wind turbines, the comfort levels in different ventilation

strategies, the impact of building materials and the opportunity to

use recycled building materials into different types of buildings,

without affecting the performance of the building could be

pursued.

7.3 Conclusion

The study investigated in detail the need for energy management in

commercial sector with emphasis on Hotels and Hospital, Identified potential

energy consuming area, developed a benchmark for energy performance for

hotels and hospital to evaluate building energy efficiency and track

improvements compared to other similar facilities. The study also investigate

in detail the areas energy saving potentials and methods to achieve it .The

study also discussed on various methods of

conservation,retrofitting,replacement and adding new energy efficient systems

and assessed the financial viability of the project through simple pay back

method. The increasing building stocks are one of the major source of carbon

emissions resulting in global warming ,the significance of carbon foot print

due to functioning of the building and the ways to reduce it was also assessed.

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Appendix A

Government Order(GO)

Kerala Government order making energy audit mandatory in all HT/EHT

Indus-tries

is provided in the following page.

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Institute of Management Kerala Page 94

Page 103: Mba project - Energy management in commercial buildings of Kerala

Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings

Institute of Management Kerala Page 95

Appendix B

Questionnaire for collecting data for Buildings

1 Name

2 Address

3 Tel. no. with code Fax no.

4 E-mail

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5 Website

6

Type of Building/Activity

( Eg: Hotel, Hospital etc. and whether public/

private/ Local Self Government, whether

occupied by the owner/ applicant or rented etc)

7

Tariff Category/Slab (EHT/HT/LT/[I,II....])

Contract Maximum Demand in kVA

Average Recorded (2015-16) MD in kVA

8 Mention whether Certified Green Building or

rated (attach proof)

9 Whether applied for any CDM program or

attempted for any feasibility. If yes submit the

summary of expected Co2 reduction

10 Building Area and Connected Load 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

10.1 Total Built up Area (in m2)

10.2 Air-conditioned area (in m2)

10.3 Non-Air-conditioned area (in m2)

10.4 Occupancy rate (Unit in % or Numbers)

10.5 Total Connected Load ( in kW)

10.6 Building operating hours

11 Electrical Energy Consumption

Energy used Units 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

(a) Electricity Purchased Lakh kWh

(b) Self generated Lakh kWh

(c) Total Electricity Consumption (a+b) Lakh kWh

(d)

Specific Energy Consumption w.r.t

total built up area, Total Electricity

consumption/ Total built-up area (

kWh/m2) =[11(c) x 10

5 ) /(10.1 )]as

given against above raw )

kWh/m2

12

Last energy audit conducted on:

Last energy audit conducted by:

(Give name and address)

Frequency of Energy Audit:

(Please put a � from the options given )

Once in year

Once in two year

Once in three year

Other, Specify

13 Details of Energy Manager (If BEE Certified give

Certification Number)

Name

BEE Certification Number

Designation

e-mail

Telephone

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14 Energy conservation activities undertaken during the last 3 years

Investment Annual Savings Total

Year Project/Program/Activity Title (Rs. lakhs) Electricity

(MU)

Fuel (Litres) cost savings

(Rs.lakhs)

2013-

14

2014-

15

2015-

16

15 If you have received any energy conservation

awards in last 3 years, mention the year and details.

16 Details on training programs/campaigns in energy

Conservation organized/conducted in 2015-16

17

Details of innovative technologies implemented for

energy conservation including utilization of

renewable energy projects.

Details to be attached as follows

1. Unit Profile (100 words)

2. Energy Management Policy

3. Energy Consumption details as follows

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Total annual Energy Cost in Rs. (lakhs)

# Fuel used for Electricity Generated in Ton Type of fuel

*Total Thermal Energy Consumption in Ton (Except

fuel used for power generation)

4. Graphical Representation Of Specific Energy Consumption

5. Details of fuel used and annual consumption for last three years.

6. Energy conservation cell structure

7. Major Energy Conservation Projects Implementated During The Year 2015-16 (brief description with photo)

8. Other projects implemented during 2015-16

9. Energy Conservation Plans and Targets (Energy Saving Measure, Amount Investment Project,

Saved in Rs. Lakhs).

10. Details regarding Environment and Safety.

11. Whether applied/submitted for any CDM Program, if YES give brief details

It is certify that the enterprise/organization is presently following all the statutory requirements

pertaining to the safety and pollution control and the facts stated above are true and correct to the best

of my knowledge and belief.

Date

Place Signature of CEO/ Unit Head

Name & Designation:

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Appendix C

Draft Energy Management Policy

Name of the Facility

ENERGY POLICY (Draft)

We, at XXXX Ltd are committed to optimally utilize various forms

of energy in a cost effective manner to effect conservation of

energy resources. We are committed to conserve the energy which

is a scarce resource with the requisite consistency in the efficiency,

effectiveness in the cost involved in the operations and ensuring

that production quality and quantity, environment, safety, health of

people are maintained. We are also committed to increase the

renewable energy share of the total energy we use.

We are also committed to monitoring continuously the saving

achieved and

reduce its specific energy consumption by minimum of 2% every

year.

Date -----------------------

Unit Head

61

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References

Books and reports.

1. Energy Audits- A work book for energy Management in buildings by

Taril Al Shemmeri

2. Energy Efficiency in Electrical utililities by National productivity

Council

3. Energy Efficiency in Thermal utililities by National productivity

Council

4. Energy Audit Manual of EMC

5. Prioratisation of HT/EHT consumers in Kerala – report by EMC

6. Grading of energy auditors- Report by EMC

7. Survey and analysis of Buildings falling under ECBC- Report by EMC

8. Handbook on Energy Audit and Environment Management ,Y P Abbi

and Shashank Jain, ISBN: 81-7993-092-0

9. Albert Thumann, William J. Younger,”Handbook of Energy Audits ”,

FairmontPress; 6 edition.

10. Annual reports of Kerala State electricity Board

Websites:

1. www.beeindia.gov.in

2. www.keralaenergy.gov.in

3. www.kseb.in

4. www.kerala.gov.in/power

5. www.ceikerala.gov.in

6. www.erckerala.org

7. www.spb.kerala.gov.in

8. www.energyprofessional.in

9. www.npcindia.gov.in

10. powermin.nic.in

11. www.cercind.gov.in/

12. www.cea.nic.in

13. �www.cpri.in