mba project - energy management in commercial buildings of kerala
TRANSCRIPT
A PROJECT ON
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL
BUILDINGS OF KERALA
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Award of the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Submitted by
SANDEEP K
Reg.No:58614501010
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT IN KERALA
PALAYAM, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
DECEMBER 2016
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report titled “Project On Energy Management In
Commercial Building Of Kerala” being submitted by Sandeep K Reg.No:
58614501010 in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Masters in Business Administration, is a bonafide record of the project
work done by Sandeep K, at Institute of Management Kerala.
Director Project Guide
Dr.K.S.CHANDRASEKAR Dr. N. SUNIL
PROFESSOR AND HEAD, IMK FACULTY MEMBER, IMK
DECLARATION
I, undersigned hereby declare that the project titled “Project on Energy
Management in Commercial Building”” submitted in the partial fulfillment for the
award of Degree of Master in Business Administration of University of Kerala is a
bonafide record of work done by me under the guidance of Dr. N. Sunil, Faculty
Member Institute of Management, Kerala, Trivandrum. The report has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title
of any other university. I further declare that the data included in this report,
collected from the organization are true to the best of my knowledge.
Place: Thiruvananthapuram
Date:
SANDEEP K
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is my humble effort to express my sincere gratitude towards those who guide and
helped to complete the course of this project and preparation of report.
I am highly indebted to Dr. N. Sunil, Faculty Member, Institute of Management, Kerala
for his valuable guidance and encouragement to complete this project successfully.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. K. S. Chandrasekar, Professor and
Head, IMK for his valuable suggestions, guidance, inspiration and blessings.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to K.M. DARESAN UNNITHAN, Director,
Energy Management Centre organization for giving us the permission to undergo
industrial project at their firm
I owe my gratitude to A.M NARAYANAN, (Head Energy Efficiency Division) of
Energy management Centre for his valuable suggestions advice and constant
encouragement all through project work and I also thankful to all staff members of the
organization in providing valuable information and adequate data required for the
completion of the project
With gratitude I acknowledge my parents and my friends who encouraged and supported
me throughout the course of the project work.
Contents Page No
Abstract 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground and introduction 3
1.2 Energy Consumption in Kerala 4
1.3 Objectives of Study 6
1.4 Methodology 7
1.5 Limitation of study 7
CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRY SCENARIO
2.1 Energy Management - Definition 9
2.2 Energy Management – Objective 10
2.3 Importance Of Energy Management Techniques In Commercial
Building
11
2.4 Energy Auditing – An Energy Management Tool 14
2.5 Definition Of Energy Auditing 14
2.6 Need for Energy Audit 14
2.7 Types Of Energy Audit: 15
CHAPTER 3
3.1 About Energy Management Centre 27
3.2 Consumer Profile Of Distribution Licensee In Kerala 28
3.2 Analysis of energy audit report received at EMC-K
28
3.3 Energy benchmarking 33
3.4 Benchmarking Approaches 34
3.5 Bench marking Initiatives in Kerala 35
Chapter 4 Energy Management Techniques in Hospitals-A case study
4.1 About the facility under study 39
4.2 Major energy Sources of hospital 39
4.3 Baseline Energy Data of the Hospital 40
4.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities 40
4.5 Thermal Energy usage by utilities
40
4.6 Occupancy Details of Hostel 41
4.7 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution
system
42
4.8 Demand side Management (DSM) 46
4.9 DSM Objectives 46
4.10 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators
47
4.11 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of HVAC
47
4.12 Benchmarking of lightings system. 49
4.13 Bench marking the Hospital 50
4.14 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with
cost benefit analysis
53
4.15 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency
Improvement Projects
59
Chapter 5 Energy Management Techniques in Hotels A case study
5.1 About facility under study: 61
5.1 Major energy Sources in Hotel 62
5.2 Base line Energy data of hotel 63
5.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities 63
5.5 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution system 64
5.6 Demand side Management (DSM) 67
5.7 DSM Objectives 68
5.8 DSM Activities for Hotels 68
5.9 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators
68
5.10 Performance assessment of Kitchen 69
5.11 Benchmarking and Performance assessment of lightings system. 69
5.12 Bench marking the Hotel 71
5.13 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with
cost benefit analysis
73
5.14 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency
Improvement Projects
74
Chapter 6 Energy Management and Carbon foot print reduction
6.1 Energy Usage and global environ metal issues.
79
6.2 Global Warming 79
6.3 Carbon foot print - Definition
80
6.4 Energy Use - The Source of Most Carbon Emissions
81
6.5 Carbon foot print in commercial sector due to electrical energy
consumption
82
6.6 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency
Projects for Hotels
84
6.7 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency
Projects for Hospitals
85
Chapter 7 Finding ,Recommendation and Conclusion
7.1 Findings 87
7.2 Recommendations 88
7.3 Conclusion 91
Appendix A 92
Appendix B 95
Appendix C 98
References 99
List of Figures Page No
Figure 1.1 Energy consumption pattern in India 3
Figure 1.2 Category Wise Energy Consumption 5
Figure 1.3 Category Wise Consumption %
5
Figure 1.4 - Annual Energy Sales (%) of increase over 2008-09
6
Figure 2.1 Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise 11
Figure 2.2 Energy consumption scenario of commercial sector in the State 12
Figure 2.3 Consumption per consumer (%) increase over 2006-07 13
Figure 2.4: Growth profile of commercial building in different Contract demands
bands 13
Figure 3.1 Percentage of Audits based on Demand
30
Figure 3.2 Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise based on
reports 32
Figure 4.1 Breakup of major energy inputs in hospital
39
Figure 4.2 Energy Usage by electrical utilities 40
Figure 4.3 Energy Usage by Thermal utilities 41
Figure 4.4 Occupancy in 2104
42
Figure 4.5: Monthly Energy consumption profile -2014
43
Figure 4.6 Zone wise energy consumption in the hospital-2014
44
Figure 4.7: Monthly Energy cost
44
Figure 4.8: Monthly Maximum Demand -2014
45
Figure 4.9 Montly Energy Cost per Unit.- 2014
45
Figure 4.10 Chiller Comparison based on benchmarking 49
Figure 4.11 Comparison of Specific energy consumption with previous years
52
Figure 5.1 Share of Energy Sources used in hotel 62
Figure 5.2 Energy consumption trend in last three years
63
Figure 5.3 Energy consumption by various utilities 64
Figure 5.4 Monthly electrical energy consumption
65
Figure 5.5 Zone wise energy consumption in the hotel-2014
66
Figure 5.6 Monthly Energy cost 66
Figure 5.7: Monthly Maximum Demand -2014
67
Figure 6.1 Carbon emission percentage sector wise.
83
Figure 6.2 Carbon emission commercial Category Sector wise 83
List of Tables Page No
Table 1.1 Category Wise Consumption during (2015-2016)
5
Table 1.2 Growth of system during the period 2008-09 to 2015-16
6
Table 2.1 Consumption per consumer (Units per month)
12
Table-3.1 Details of Licensees & no of Consumers
28
Table 3.2 Details of Audits covered based on Demand of Industry
29
Table 3.3 Summary of Energy audit report in Commercial sector
31
Table 3.4 Sector wise energy consumption of report received
32
Table 3.5 Building Energy Star Rating Programme more than 50 % air conditioned
built up area 36
Table 3.6 Building Energy Star Rating Programme Less than 50 % air
conditioned built up area 37
Table 4.1 Occupancy details in numbers
41
Table 4.2 Energy bill Analysis-2014
43
Table 4.3 detailed performance analysis of the DG system
47
Table 5.1 Annual Energy consumption of hotel 62
Table 5.2 Annual Energy Cost Lakhs 62
Table 5.3 Energy bill Analysis
64
Table 5.4 Details energy consuming equipments in kitchen.
69
Table 6.1 Carbon emission sector wise in the State
83
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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Abstract
Commercial sector are one of the large consumers of energy and fossil fuels to
provide high quality services to consumers. India’s current growth potential
for commercial buildings construction will continue to result in an increasing
energy consumption trend. There is also a misconception that correlates
increased energy use with improved quality of services. Commercial buildings
can effectively reduce energy use without compromising the high quality of
services for guests and in the process benefit from cost savings. Managing
energy use is the first step towards this. Energy management helps improve
your bottom line and holds down operating costs. Controlling costs is a key to
profitability of the industry allowing to route resultant savings toward
fulfilling other requirements including purchasing additional amenities, staff
salary increases, etc. There are numerous ways by which energy can be
managed. The energy conservation or management techniques also helps to
reduce the environmental impacts caused due emission of green house gases
by increased use of fossil fuels. This study aims to highlight several the
energy management techniques that can be followed in this sector, identify the
extend of possible reduction in carbon foot print due to use of energy and
benchmarking the industry to improve their energy performance.
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Institute of Management Kerala Page 2
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
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Institute of Management Kerala Page 3
Chapter 1
1.1 Background and Introduction.
Currently, over half of the world’s population resides in cities. This
urbanization trend is expected to continue and more than 80 per cent of
humanity is expected to in live cities by 2050. Apart from economic growth,
cities also results in increased consumption of materials and energy,
production of waste and the emission of greenhouse gases.
Resource efficient cities combine greater productivity and innovation with
lower costs and reduced environmental impacts. It is estimated that 70% of the
building stock in India that will exist in the year 2030 is yet to be built. The
building sector i.e. commercial as well as domestic, is one of major consumer
of energy, accounting for about 33% of India’s total electricity consumption.
Figure 1.1:- Energy consumption pattern in India
(Source: Central Electricity Authority )
30% Building
Industrial 45%
Agriculture 18%
others
7%
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Improving energy efficiency in buildings through energy management
techniques is a priority for the Government of India and the State
governments; focusing on this sector will not only help the government’s
climate change mitigation efforts but also will aid in reducing the widening
gap between supply and demand of energy. The energy management efforts
can therefore promote sustainable development by reducing energy use,
cutting costs, improving services, and reducing environmental impacts—and
can help struggling States/cities meet their growing energy demand.
1.2 Energy Consumption in Kerala:
Kerala is one of the most urbanized States with the largest urban population in
the country. Energy plays a vital role in the socio-economic development and
human welfare of the State. Apart from its contribution to economic
development, it contributes significantly to revenue generation, employment
and enhances the quality of life. Per-capita power consumption is considered
as an indicator for measuring the standard of living of the society.
In Kerala, shortage of power is the prime obstacle in starting new initiatives in
the industrial field. The need for power is increasing and the production of
power should also be increased accordingly. Monsoon is essential to sustain
the hydropower base in the State and the shortage in rainfall usually creates
power crisis. Hydel energy is the most reliable and dependable source in
Kerala. Of the total installed capacity of 2881 MW during 2014-15, hydel
contributed the major share of 2053 MW (71%); while 793 MW was
contributed by thermal projects and remaining from non-conventional sources.
Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 given below clearly depicts the consumption trend in
the State and the growth of the system during 2008-09 to 2012-2013 . As per
the 18th power survey (CEA), it is estimated that the annual consumption and
maximum demand will be 26584 MU and 4669 MW respectively by the end
of 12th plan period.
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Table 1.1. Category Wise Consumption during (2015-2016)
Figure 1.2 : Category Wise Consumption (Source: KSEB -ARR ERC)
Figure 1.3 : Category Wise Consumption % (Source: KSEB -ARR ERC)
9942
19231103
4313
2043
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Domestic Commercial Industrial HT/EHT &Bulk
licensees
Others
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
MU
)
Consumer Catogery
Domestic
51%
Commercial
10%
Industrial
6%
HT/EHT
&Bulk
licensees
22%
Others
11%
Category Consumption (MU)
Total for the year % of total
Domestic 9942.28 51
Commercial 1923.14 10
LT Industrial 1103.23 6
LT Others 2042.71 11
HT/EHT& Bulk licensees 4312.514 22
Total 19323.874
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Year
Consumer strength Annual energy sale
(Lakhs)
(%) of
increase over
2008-09
(MU)
(%) of
increase over
2008-09
2008-09 94 12414.32
2009-10 97 4 13971.09 12.54011
2010-11 101 8 14547.90 17.18644
2011-12 105 12 15921.53 28.25133
2012-13 108 15 16386.00 31.99273
2013-14 111 18 17454.04 40.59602
2014-15 115 22.3 18426.27 48.42754
2015- 16 117 24.4 19325.07 55.66757
Table 1.2. Growth of system during the period 2008-09 to 2015-16
Fig 1.4 : - Annual Energy Sales (%) of increase over 2008-09 (Source : KSEB ARR- ERC)
1.3 Objective of the Study
1. Study aims to identify the potential areas for improving energy
performance of the building.(mainly Hotel and Hospital)
2. Development of benchmarks.
12.5
17.2
28.332.0
40.6
48.4
55.7
y = 7.293x - 2.942
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015- 16
% i
ncr
ea
se
Year
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3. Type of energy end use based on following equipment’s or appliances.
Including electricity load variation and consumption pattern.
4. The study shall only consider electrical energy utilisation.
5. Cost benefits analysis.
6. Identify carbon foot print reduction through energy management.
1.4 Methodology:
1. Desk research of existing data regarding energy Management in
commercial buildings.
2. Analysis of energy audit reports and selection of reports of commercial
buildings.
(Energy management centre is the State designated agency to
coordinate enforce and regulate EC act in the State. Government vide
G.O. (Rt.)NO.2/2011/PD dated 1.1.2011 has made energy audit
mandatory for all HT/EHT consumers and has to submit energy audit
report once in three years to Energy management centre.)
3. Based on analysis identify potential areas of energy savings.
4. Establishing benchmarks based on available data
5. Identify possible reduction in carbon foot print through energy
management.
1.5 Limitation of the study.
The commercial sector of the State which is considered in this study is a
vast sector .Due to lack to time and geographical constraints all the
categories of the sector are not taken in to account. Also the Study is based
on the energy auditing reports available at energy management centre
Kerala, which is State designated agency to implement energy
conservation Act 2001 in Kerala. Considering the share of energy
consumed only Hotel and Hospital sector are selected for the study
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER 2
2.1 Energy Management - Definition
Energy Management is defined as a strategy of planning, controlling and
optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy
requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total
costs of producing the output from these systems".
or
Energy Management may also be defined as "The judicious and effective
use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance
competitive positions" (Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, Guide to Energy
Management)
Energy management can play a pivotal role in reducing the production
cost in any facility, controlling environmental degradation and ensuring
energy security. The subsequent section elaborates on these points
2.1.1 Reducing the production cost
The major elements of production cost in any facility are
• Labour
• Raw Material
• Energy (Electricity ,and fuels like LPG,Deisel etc)
• Overheads and others.
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Energy is one of the vital input for any manufacturing or service facility.
With the increase in demand of energy and shortfall of the supply the
cost of energy is increasing and affects the production cost.
2.1.2 Controlling environmental impacts
The major energy sources we depend on are fossil fuels viz coal , oil,
natural gas etc ,usage of these fuels leads to environmental damages like
air pollution, rise in sea level due to global warming ,acid rain, depletion
of ozone layer, loss of biodiversity, etc.
2.1.3 Energy Security
The energy security of any country is based on the dependency of the
amount energy sources they import. Energy management, building stock
piles, sustainable development etc are some of the strategies that can be
adopted to meet future challenge of energy security.
Summarizing, the fundamental goal of energy management is to produce
goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental
effect.
2.2 Energy Management – Objective
The objective of Energy Management is
• To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation,
throughout the organization
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• To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production &
quality
• To minimise environmental effects.
2.3 Importance Of Energy Management Techniques In Commercial
Building.
The annual electricity sale to commercial sector is 10 % of the total electricity
sold. The commercial sector constitutes of
• Government buildings
• Hospitals,
• Hotels,
• IT Malls
• Educational institutions,
• Commercial establishments (Textiles ,Food Courts, Malls )etc.
Figure 2.1: Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise
(Source: Report on Prioritization of HT consumers by EMC)
Various studies and reports reveal found that substantial amount of energy can
be saved in the buildings sector.
IT Malls
1%
Hotels
20%
Hospitals
34%
Commercial
establishments
(Textiles ,Food
Courts, Malls )
33%
Cinema
2%
Government
buildings
2%
Educational
Institutions
8%
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
Institute of Management Kerala
Figure 2.2 % Electricity
Year
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
Table 2.1: Consumption per consumer (Units per month)
(Source :KSEB ARR ERC)
Others
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
Institute of Management Kerala
% Electricity Consumption Scenario of commercial sector
Commercial sector
(Units) % increase over 2006
81.69
86.49
94.44
107.70
111.72
115.96
113.45
116.2
119.56
126
Consumption per consumer (Units per month)
(Source :KSEB ARR ERC)
Commercial 10%
Others
Page 12
of commercial sector in State
% increase over 2006-07
0
5.88%
15.61%
31.84%
36.76%
41.95%
38.88%
42.24%
46.35%
54.24%
Commercial 10%
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
% i
ncr
ea
se
Year
As per the study conducted by EMC it has been found that there has been an
exponential growth in commercial sector especially in the buildings coming in
band of contract demand of 100-200 kVA which is about 251 % from 2001 to
2009.
Figure 2.4 : Growth profile of commercial building in different Contract demands bands
Figure 2.3 : Consumption per consumer (%) increase over 2006-07
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Also the consumption per consumer per month in commercial sector shows an
increasing trend over the past years which is evident from the Table.2.1 and
graph (Fig.2.4) given above. Unlike industrial sector commercial sector lacks
trained and skilled technical personal who can manage energy systems of the
facility efficiently.
It is evident from the above facts that any energy efficiency initiatives in this
category of building commercial sector will bring a great impact on reducing
energy consumption in the State.
2.4 Energy Auditing – An Energy Management Tool
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the
area of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with
its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies
energy usage according to its discrete functions. Energy audit is an effective
tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme
2.5 Definition Of Energy Auditing
As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as “the
verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of
technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.
2.6 Need for Energy Audit:
In any facility/industries, the three top operating expenses are often found to
be
• Energy (both electrical and thermal),
• Labour and
• Materials.
If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings
in each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top
ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for
cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways
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energy and fuel are used in any facility /industry, and help in identifying the
areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists.
The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to
• The energy cost reduction,
• Preventive maintenance and
• Quality control programmes
which are vital for production and utility activities and also help to
• Keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs
• Keep track on availability and reliability of supply of energy
• Decide on appropriate energy mix
• Identify energy efficient technologies
In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities,
by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other
organizational considerations within a specified time frame.
The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy
Audit provides a “bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing energy in the
organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of
energy throughout the organization.
2.7 Types Of Energy Audit:
The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:
- Function and type of industry
- Depth to which final audit is needed, and
- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.
o Preliminary Audit
o Detailed Audit
2.7.1 Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology
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Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
• Establish energy consumption in the organization
• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention
• Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/
savings
• Set a 'reference point'
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
2.7.2 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology
A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation
plan for a facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems. This type
of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It
considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of
all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and
project cost.
In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This
is based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current
operating conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then
compared to utility bill charges.
Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase
2.7.2.1 Ten Steps Methodology for Detailed Energy Audit
A comprehensive ten-step methodology for conduct of Energy Audit at field
level is presented below
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Step
No PLAN OF ACTION PURPOSE / RESULTS
Phase I –Pre Audit Phase
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
• Plan and organise
• Walk through Audit
• Informal Interview with
Energy Manager,
Production / Plant
Manager
• Conduct of brief meeting /
awareness programme with
all divisional heads and
persons concerned (2-3
hrs.)
***********************
• Primary data gathering,
Process Flow Diagram, &
Energy Utility Diagram
• Resource planning,
Establish/organize a Energy
audit team
• Organize Instruments & time
frame
• Macro Data collection (suitable
to type of industry.)
• Familiarization of process/plant
activities
• First hand observation &
Assessment of current level
operation and practices
• Building up cooperation
• Issue questionnaire for each
department
• Orientation, awareness creation
***************************
• Historic data analysis, Baseline
data collection
• Prepare process flow charts
• All service utilities system
diagram (Example: Single line
power distribution diagram,
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Step 4
Step 5
Step6
• Conduct survey and
monitoring
• Conduct of detailed trials
/experiments for selected
energy guzzlers
• Analysis of energy use
water, compressed air & steam
distribution.
• Design, operating data and
schedule of operation
• Annual Energy Bill and energy
consumption pattern (Refer
manual, log sheet, name plate,
interview)
• Measurements :
Motor survey, Insulation, and
Lighting survey with portable
instruments for collection of
more and accurate data.
Confirm and compare operating
data with design data.
• Trials/Experiments:
- 24 hours power monitoring
(MD, PF, kWh etc.).
- Load variations trends in
pumps, fan
- Boiler/Efficiency trials for
(4
– 8 hours)
- Furnace Efficiency trials
Equipments Performance
experiments etc
• Energy and Material balance &
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Step 7
Step 8
Step9
• Identification and
development of Energy
Conservation (ENCON)
opportunities
• Cost benefit analysis
• Reporting & Presentation
to the Top Management
energy loss/waste analysis
• Identification & Consolidation
ENCON measures
• Conceive, develop, and refine
ideas
• Review the previous ideas
suggested by unit personal
• Review the previous ideas
suggested by energy audit if any
• Use brainstorming and value
analysis techniques
• Contact vendors for
new/efficient technology
• Assess technical feasibility,
economic viability and
prioritization of ENCON
options for implementation
• Select the most promising
projects
• Prioritise by low, medium, long
term measures
• Documentation, Report
Presentation to the top
Management.
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Phase II Audit Phase
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
• Primary data gathering,
Process Flow Diagram, &
Energy Utility Diagram
***************************
• Conduct survey and
monitoring
• Conduct of detailed trials
/experiments for selected
energy guzzlers
• Historic data analysis, Baseline
data collection
• Prepare process flow charts
• All service utilities system
diagram (Example: Single line
power distribution diagram,
water, compressed air & steam
distribution.
• Design, operating data and
schedule of operation
• Annual Energy Bill and energy
consumption pattern (Refer
manual, log sheet, name plate,
interview)
*******************************
• Measurements :
Motor survey, Insulation, and
Lighting survey with portable
instruments for collection of
more and accurate data.
Confirm and compare operating
data with design data.
• Trials/Experiments:
- 24 hours power monitoring
(MD, PF, kWh etc.).
- Load variations trends in
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Step6
Step 7
Step 8
***************************
• Analysis of energy use
***************************
• Identification and
development of Energy
Conservation (ENCON)
opportunities
***************************
• Cost benefit analysis
pumps, fan
- Boiler/Efficiency trials for
(4 – 8 hours)
- Furnace Efficiency trials
Equipments Performance
experiments etc
**************************
• Energy and Material balance &
energy loss/waste analysis
**************************
• Identification & Consolidation
ENCON measures
• Conceive, develop, and refine
ideas
• Review the previous ideas
suggested by unit personal
• Review the previous ideas
suggested by energy audit if any
• Use brainstorming and value
analysis techniques
• Contact vendors for
new/efficient technology
***************************
• Assess technical feasibility,
economic viability and
prioritization of ENCON
options for implementation
• Select the most promising
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2.7.2.2 Phase I –Pre Audit Phase Activities
A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for
efficient working. An initial study of the site should always be carried out, as
the planning of the procedures necessary for an audit is most important.
Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing
An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor/Engineer
an opportunity to meet the personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the
site and to assess the procedures necessary to carry out the energy audit.
Step9
***************************
• Reporting & Presentation
to the Top Management
projects
• Prioritise by low, medium, long
term measures
***************************
• Documentation, Report
Presentation to the top
Management.
Phase III –Post Audit phase
Step10 • Implementation and
Follow-up
Assist and Implement ENCON
recommendation measures and
Monitor the performance
• Action plan, Schedule for
implementation
Follow-up and periodic review
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During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out
the following actions: -
• Discuss with the site’s senior management the aims of the energy audit.
• Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of
the audit.
• Analyse the major energy consumption data with the relevant
personnel.
• Obtain site drawings where available – building layout, steam
distribution, compressed air distribution, electricity distribution etc.
• Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production
The main aims of this visit are: -
• To finalise Energy Audit team
• To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be
surveyed during the audit.
• To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.
• To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the
audit eg. KWh, steam, oil or gas meters.
• To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.
• To plan with time frame
• To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy
consuming centers
• To create awareness through meetings/ programme
2.7.2.3 Phase II- Detailed Energy Audit Activities
Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit
can take from several weeks to several months to complete. Detailed studies to
establish, and investigate, energy and material balances for specific plant
departments or items of process equipment are carried out. Whenever
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possible, checks of plant operations are carried out over extended periods of
time, at nights and at weekends as well as during normal daytime working
hours, to ensure that nothing is overlooked.
The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product
outputs by major department or by major processing function, and will
evaluate the efficiency of each step of the manufacturing process. Means of
improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at least a preliminary
assessment of the cost of the improvements will be made to indicate the
expected payback on any capital investment needed. The audit report should
conclude with specific recommendations for detailed engineering studies and
feasibility analyses, which must then be performed to justify the
implementation of those conservation measures that require investments.
2.7.3 The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes:
1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items
of process equipment, by end-use
2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final products,
recycled materials, use of scrap or waste products, production of by-
products for re-use in other industries, etc.)
3. Energy cost and tariff data
4. Process and material flow diagrams
5. Generation and distribution of site services (eg.compressed air, steam).
6. Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-
generation)
7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use of co-
generation systems (combined heat and power generation).
8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training
programs within the establishment.
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Existing baseline information and reports are useful to get consumption
pattern, production cost and productivity levels in terms of product per raw
material inputs. The audit team should collect the following baseline data:
• Technology, processes used and equipment details
• Capacity utilisation
• Amount & type of input materials used
• Water consumption
• Fuel Consumption
• Electrical energy consumption
• Steam consumption
• Other inputs such as compressed air, cooling water etc
• Quantity & type of wastes generated
• Percentage rejection / reprocessing
• Efficiencies / yield
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Chapter 3
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3.1 About Energy Management Centre
Energy Management Centre (EMC), Kerala is an autonomous body
under the Department of Power, Government of Kerala, registered under
the Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act
of 1955 with Reg. No. 139/96 and came in to existence on 07-02-1996.
Energy Management Centre, Kerala has been notified as the “State
Designated Agency” to co-ordinate, regulate and enforce the provision
of the EC Act 2001 in the State of Kerala with the concurrence of BEE,
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India and for implementing various schemes
under the Act. The Centre is devoted to the improvement of energy
efficiency in the State, promotion of energy conservation and
encouraging development of technologies related to energy through
research, training, demonstration programmes and awareness
creation.Energy Management Centre, Kerala is involved in various
energy conservation activities since 1996. Some of the key activities of
EMC include:
o Maintaining list and scrutinizing energy consumption date filed by
Designated Consumers. As per EC Act 2001 Section 14(e) energy
intensive consumers of 9 different sectors of the State was
categorised as Designated Consumers
o Implementing, Monitoring and Evaluating Mandatory Energy Audit
in Kerala. Vide G.O. (Rt). No. 2/2011/P.D. dated 01-01-2011, Govt.
of Kerala has made energy audit mandatory for all HT/EHT
consumers once in a three year and submit to energy Management
centre Kerala.
o Investment grade energy audit.
o Walk Through Energy Audit
o Refresher Training Program for Energy Manager & Auditors
o Building Energy Conservation Programs
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o Identification of Technical Loss Reduction in select Distribution
Transformers
o Energy Efficient Street Lighting projects
o Energy efficient Village project.
o Touch Screen Energy Efficiency Information System
3.2 Consumer Profile Of Distribution Licensee In Kerala
The energy requirement of consumers of Kerala is met by the following
electrical distribution licensee:
• Kerala State Electricity Board.
• Cochin Port Trust.(CPT)
• Kannan Devan Hills Plantations Company (P) Ltd.(KDHP)
• Technopark.
• Infopark.
• Rubber Park India (P) Ltd.
• KINESCO.
• Thrissur Corporation.
• Military Engineering Service
• Cochin Special Economic Zone Authority
Table-3.1 : Details of Licensees & Consumers available
Sr. No.
Name of Licensee No. of consumers
1. Kerala State Electricity Board 4746
2. Cochin Port Trust (CPT) 23
3. Kannan Devan Hills Plantations
Company (P) Ltd.(KDHP) 35
4. Technopark. 16
5. KINESCO 16
6. Rubber Park India (P) Ltd. 15
Total 4851
(Source: Report on prioritising HT industries for mandatory energy audit by EMC)
3.3 Analysis of energy audit reports received at EMC-K
Government of Kerala accords highest priority to energy conservation
and efficiency. In order to make industry energy efficient and reduce their
energy intensity Govt. of Kerala, Power Department has issued Govt. Order
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No. 2/2011/PD dtd. 1.1.2011 has made energy audit mandatory for all High
Tension/Extra High Tension/High rise building consumers , the audit has to be
conducted periodically once in a three year and submit the report to EMCK.
EMC Kerala has started conducting mandatory energy audit through EMC
Registered Energy Auditors since 2011. In order to cover the potential HT
energy consumers under mandatory audit as per the G.O., EMC has
empanelled Energy Auditors for conducting the mandatory audits empanelled
34 energy audit firms. The name of the empanelled energy audit firms has
been published in the website (www.keralaenergy.gov.in) .
The facilities who conduct energy audit has to submit the reports to EMCK.
On receipt of the energy audit report, EMC will conduct an evaluation of the
report in which EMC registered energy auditors along with the representative
of industries should present the finding of the Energy audit before the expert
committee and any modification suggested during the presentation should be
incorporated in the energy audit report
3.3.1 MANDATORY AUDITS CONDUCTED BY ENERGY AUDITORS
The mandatory energy audit covered so far by registered energy auditors
includes industries with maximum demand varying from 200 KVA to 10000
KVA. The details of audits covered based on demand of industry is given
below in. Out of 290 audits conducted 114 are evaluated.
Table 3.2 :Details of Audits covered based on Demand of Industry
Sr. No.
Demand Range No. of Audits Conducted
1. Up to 200 KVA 39
2. 200 to 600 KVA 37 3. 600 to 1000 KVA 20 4. 1000 to 3000 KVA 9 5. 3000 to 16000 KVA 2 6. Others 7
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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Figure 3.1 :Percentage of Audits based on Demand
3.3.2 Summary of Energy audit report in Commercial sector
On analysis of the 114 no’s energy audit report received at EMC 28 no
of report falls in commercial sector the details are given as below
Sl.No. Name of the Consumer Category
HT/EHT
Contract
Demand Product
Electrical
consumption
(Unit)
1. Federal Heights-Aluva HT-1 B 338 Banking service 1498175
2. LBS Centre for Science
and technology HT-V 97
educational
Institution 75464
3. TOC H Institue of
Sceince & Technology HT-V 150 Educational
Institution 396994
4. Kumarakom Lake Resort HT-IV 838 Hotel 1790332
5. KTDC Waterscapes HT-IV 200 Hotel 311304
6. KTDC Bolgatty Palace HT-IV 320 Hotel 843068
7. KTDC Corporate Office HT-IV 75 Hotel 130212
8. KTDC Nandanam Office HT-IV 100 Hotel 82406
9. KTDC Tea County HT-IV 100 Hotel 366411
Up to 200 KVA
34%
200 to 600 KVA
32%
600 to 1000 KVA
18%
1000 to 3000 KVA
8%
3000 to 16000
KVA
2%
Others
6%
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Sl.No. Name of the Consumer Category
HT/EHT
Contract
Demand Product
Electrical
consumption
(Unit)
10.
National Institute of
Electronics and
Information Technology
HT 138 Educational
Institution 176812
11. Tata Communications
Ltd HT-1V 500 Data Centre 3061214
12. Trivandrum Club HT-1V 240 Building 536286
13.
Kerala state Sceince and
Technology Museum and
Priyadarsini Planetarium
HT-B 150 Govt Inst 1899528
14. Sainik School HT-2 100 Educational
Institution 196340
15. Sree Uthradom Thirunal
Super Speciality Hospital HT-1V 480 Hospital 164772
16. Institue of Management
in Government HT 400 Govt Inst 3149448
17. Old Harbour Hotel HT-IV ------ Hotel 137948
18. KIMS HT-IV 1300 Hospital 5558688
19. Amala Institue of
Medical Sceince HT-4 1000 Hospital 4601259
20. Global Public School HT-V 192 Educational
Institution 157035
21. Brain & Spine Centre HT 250 Hospital 578085
22. Aranya Nivas KTDC HT-IV 120 Hotel 128117
23. Hotel Samudra KTDC HT-IV 150 Hotel 682512
24.
Mohandas College of
Engineering and
Technology
HT-IV 128 Educational
Institution 26447.42
Table 3.3 Summary of Energy audit report in Commercial sector
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Table 3.4 Sector wise energy consumption of report received
Sl No Sector No of
consumer
Electrical Consumption
(Units)
1. Bank 1 1498175
2. Club 1 536286
3. IT 1 3061214
4. Educational institution 2 1029092
5. Government Institution 2 5048976
6. Hospital 4 10902804
7. Hotel 9 4472310
Figure 3.2 : Energy consumption of commercial Category Sector wise based on reports
received
From the figure 10 given above and as discussed in section2.3 of chapter2 it
is evident the hotel and the hospital sector are the major energy consumers in
the commercial category .So in the coming sections of this report will mainly
concentrate on the Hotel and hospital sector of the commercial category.
Bank
6%
Club
2%
IT
11%Educational
institution
4%
Government
Institution
19%Hospital
41%
Hotel
17%
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3.4 Energy benchmarking
Where are we and where should we be going? What lies at the heart of these
questions is the belief that we should track how far we have come in order to
know how far we have left to go. This applies to the monitoring of energy
performance in hospitals and hotels as well
Benchmarking involves establishing specific energy consumption by
calculating an Energy performance Index (EPI). The EPI is calculated by
dividing energy use by a production or output parameter. The EPI can be
calculated for annual, monthly or even daily energy use and production or
output parameters. These calculated EPI are compared with benchmark EPIs
from similar industries to evaluate whether the site being audited has a low,
average or high energy use.
EPI = energy use/output parameter.
In fact, it can be used as a first step towards implementing an energy
management program in the hospital. Two indicators most commonly used
internationally for benchmarking in hospitals/hotels are (Leonardo Energy,
2008):
o Annual energy consumption per square meter of the hospital’s
/hotels building area (Kwh/m2 )
o Annual energy consumption per inpatient bed in the hospital
(kWh/bed)
Both indicators have their own particular disadvantages:
When taking the built-up area into consideration, the hospital/hotel
management need to decide which areas of the hospital building are included
in the benchmark or not. Secondly how much of the hospital’s/hotels built-up
or the carpet area is air conditioned or non-conditioned in real situation.
When taking beds into consideration, hospitals built-up or carpet area per bed
is the critical factor. This factor is determined by the type of hospital and by
the design criteria of its construction. One needs to take into account, the trend
towards higher quality of health care and greater privacy for patients, which
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may lead to a lower number of beds per room and thus a greater number of
square meters per bed. Secondly, many hospitals have combined metering of
energy consumption of out-patient department and in-patient department.
Therefore for an effective benchmarking, independent sub-metering of the two
may be essential.
3.5 Benchmarking Approaches
In practice, two following approaches for benchmarking are adopted.
o Internal Benchmarking;
Energy performance of a building is compared against its own previous
performance over a period of time. This approach is typically used to compare
performance before and after retrofit measures have been implemented for
energy savings.
o External Benchmarking;
Involves comparison of energy performance of similar buildings against an
established standard or baseline. This is typically used to set performance
targets for the future.
The Benchmarking offers following advantages:
o It assists in initiating an in house energy saving program or a macro
level energy efficiency program.
o It determines how a building’s energy use compares with others; this
immediately helps the management in identifying savings potential.
o It facilitates the management to set targets for improved Performance
and monitoring them on a continuing basis.
o It facilitates the building owners gaining recognition for exemplary
achievement in energy performance
o It assists the Service Providers to communicate energy performance of
buildings in terms of “typical” vs. “best practice” benchmark
o It helps utility companies to compile energy data from various
buildings and track energy use and its growth trends.
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3.6 Benchmarking Initiatives In India
Energy audit studies in buildings have shown large potential for energy
savings both in government and commercial office buildings. Study of the
available data has shown that there is an urgent need for improved energy
efficiency of buildings. National commercial energy benchmarking initiative
was taken up by Bureau of energy efficiency, which is an agency of the
Government of India, under the Ministry of Power created in March 2002
under the provisions of the nation's 2001 Energy Conservation , with a goal to
establish a framework to standardize energy data collection, baseline setting
for “typical” commercial buildings, energy performance target setting and
monitoring, and use the information to improve energy efficiency in buildings.
This information can help the users and other stakeholders to evaluate
building energy efficiency and track improvements compared to other
buildings and recognize the top performers. As part of this a star rating
programs for the building where formulated which would create a market for
energy efficient buildings based on actual performance of the building in
terms of specific energy usage. This programme would rate office buildings
on a 1-5 Star scale with 5 Star labeled buildings being the most efficient
The following categories of the building in five climate zone viz Warm &
Humid, Hot &Dry, Composite, Temparate , and cold fall under this scheme
• Office buildings,
• Hotels,
• Hospitals,
• Retail malls, and
• It parks.
Initialy the programme target three climate zones Warm & Humid, Hot &Dry,
Composite.The building are rated based on Energy Performance Index.(EPI)
EPI= kWh/m2/year.
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Table 3.5 : Building Energy Star Rating Programme ore than 50 % air
conditioned built up area
Climatic Zone- Composite
EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label
190-165 1 Star
165-140 2 Star
140-115 3 Star
115-90 4 Star
Below 90 5 Star
Climatic Zone - Warm and Humid
EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label
200-175 1 Star
175-150 2 Star
150-125 3 Star
125-100 4 Star
Below 100 5 Star
Climatic Zone - Hot and Dry
EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label
180-155 1 Star
155-130 2 Star
130-105 3 Star
105-80 4 Star
Below 80 5 Star
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Table 3.6: Building Energy Star Rating Programme Less than 50 % air
conditioned built up area
Climatic Zone- Composite
EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label
80-70 1 Star
70-60 2 Star
60-50 3 Star
50-40 4 Star
Below 40 5 Star
Climatic Zone - Warm and Humid
EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label
85-75 1 Star
75-65 2 Star
65-55 3 Star
55-45 4 Star
Below 45 5 Star
Climatic Zone - Hot and Dry
EPI(Kwh/sqm/year) Star Label
75-65 1 Star
65-55 2 Star
55-45 3 Star
45-35 4 Star
Below 35 5 Star
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Chapter 4
Energy Management Techniques in Hospitals
A case study
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4.1 About the facility under study:
This hospital is one of Asia's leading tertiary care hospitals, is a landmark
healthcare destination in Kerala initiated .The 600 bed multi-disciplinary
super specialty hospital was started with the objective of providing world class
healthcare services and specialized medical facilities at affordable costs
4.2 Major energy Sources of hospital
Figure 4.1: Breakup of major energy inputs (Source: historical bill analysis from hospital)
Electricity.2% of the total energy is generated from renewable energy sources.
Four different energy sources are used in this facility - Electricity, High Speed
Diesel (HSD), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Renewable Energy (Solar
and Biogas). Electricity is major fuel it holds the 61% of total energy
consumed in this facility, while diesel, which hold 29% of total energy
consumed , is used to operate the diesel generator and steam generator. 8% of
total consumption is LPG mainly for kitchen cooking purposes and the
remaining 2% is contributed by renewable energy.
Electricity
61%
Diesel
29%
LPG
8%
Renewable
2%
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4.3 Baseline Energy Data of the Hospital
1 Electricity Provider KSEB
2 Tariff HT-IV
3 Contract Demand 1600
4 Maximum Demand (avg in kVA) 1353
5 Connected Load(kW) 3000.00
6 Monthly Energy Consumption kWh 596104
7 Average Monthly Diesel Consumption (L) 24160
8 Average Monthly LPG Consumption (kg) 5700
9 Monthly Biogas Consumption (m3) 1350
10 Monthly Solar Consumption (SWH) kWh 4698
11 Monthly Energy Cost Electrical (avg in Rs) 5074763
12 Rs/Kwh(avg) 8.52
13 Diesel Generator (kVA) 1750
14 Transformer (kVA) 2500
4.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities
Fig 4.2 Energy Usage by electrical utilities
The energy balance of electrical energy is given as a pie chart above. It shows
that 44% of the total energy is used for the Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning system . Medical equipment consumes 15% and light load
consumes 9%.
4.5 Thermal Energy usage by utilities
The major thermal energy used in the hospital is from diesel, LPG and from
biogas
HVAC
44%
Compresors
4%
Kitchen
8%
Laundry
3%
Pump
6%
Utility
11%
Medical
Equipment
15%
Lighting Load
9%
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Diesel is used to operate the boilers and backup diesel generators. 29 % of the
total energy consumed at this facility is from diesel and 8% is through LPG
used for cooking applications in Kitchen.
4.6 Details of Hostel –In patient and out patient.
The hospital being a multispeciality hospital has both inpatient and outpatient
on analysis of the occupancy of patients of last three years it has been found
that the no of inpatients has been increasing. The increase in the inpatients has
also resulted in increase of specific energy consumption which can be
substantiated in the coming sections of the chapters.
Month 2012 2013 2014
OP IP OP IP OP IP
Jan 37898 11677 58305 17965 64783 19961
Feb 35139 11081 54060 17048 60067 18942
March 37835 11438 58208 17597 64675 19552
April 34129 11205 52506 17238 58340 19154
May 38606 12124 59394 18652 65993 20725
June 38978 11696 59966 17994 66629 19993
July 40219 12434 61875 19129 68750 21255
Aug 36086 11572 55517 17803 61685 19781
Sep 39985 12267 61515 18872 68350 20969
Oct 42175 12277 64885 18888 72094 20986
Nov 46393 13505 71373 20776 79303 23085
Dec 40066 11663 61640 17943 68489 19937
Table 4.1 : Occupancy details in numbers
Diesel
Generator
54%
Boiler
23%
Kitchen
23%
Fig 4.3 Energy Usage by
Thermal utilities
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Figure 4.4 : Occupancy in 2104
4.7 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution system
The average electricity consumption of the hospital in last year was 596104
units per month with an average cost of Rs 5074763. The average unit cost of
electricity is 8.52 Rs/kWh. This is taken as the basis for the financial analysis
of electrical energy efficiency projects. The information on average energy
consumption is taken from the historical electricity bill analysis. The
electricity is fed from a centralized substation. The centralized UPS system
of120kVA is fed from electrical plant to support the critical loads. The
average power factor maintained was 0.95 during 2014 and the average
Maximum Demand as 1350kVA. Log books are maintained at the substation
for electricity consumption and other electrical parameters regarding
transformers, DG and UPS system.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
OP
IP
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Table 4.2: Energy bill Analysis-2014
Sl
No
Month kWh (Units) Energy
Cost
(Rs)
Avg
Unit
Cost
Rs/Kw
h
Normal Peak Off
peak
MD PF
1 Jan 324630 90828 147924 563382 1200 0.96 4831042 8.58
2 Feb 332190 92286 150606 575082 1200 0.96 4931849 8.58
3 Mar 323136 91278 146448 560862 1229 0.96 4828102 8.61
4 Apr 344070 98514 153684 596268 1258 0.96 4807154 8.06
5 May 379872 107964 174510 662346 1308 0.95 5655510 8.54
6 Jun 358758 99774 165078 623610 1333 0.95 5356509 8.59
7 Jul 364284 81234 158382 603900 1353 0.95 4966046 8.22
8 Aug 360054 97632 165204 622890 1269 0.95 5304746 8.52
9 Sep 324126 90594 148032 562752 1274 0.95 4867994 8.65
10 Oct 339156 94572 156222 589950 1263 0.95 5198677 8.81
AVG 345028 94468 156609 596104 1353 0.95 5074763 8.52
Figure 4.5 : Monthly Energy consumption profile -2014
The facility consumed 7153250 units of electrical energy during 2014, at an
average cost of Rs 8.52 per unit .
The billing of electrical energy is based on three zones viz Normal period ,
peak period and off peak period. The true cost of electricity is reflected in
normal period, the cost per unit of electricity is higher than normal in peak
period and the cost is lesser than normal in off peak period. The Zone wise
563382575082
560862
596268
662346
623610
603900
622890
562752
589950
500000
520000
540000
560000
580000
600000
620000
640000
660000
680000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Kw
h(U
nit
s co
nsu
me
d)
Month
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Energy Consumption Profile Is given above ,which Shows 58 % of total
energy consumption in a day is at normal period , 26 % at night period and
only 14% in peak hours. The cost of electricity may be reduced in the working
of major equipments during normal and peak period by shifting to off peak
period.
Figure 1 : zone wise energy consumption in the hospital-2014
Figure 4.7 : Monthly Energy cost
Normal
58%
Peak
16%
Off peak
26%
4200000
4400000
4600000
4800000
5000000
5200000
5400000
5600000
5800000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Rs
Ee
nrg
y C
ost
Month
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Figure 4.8 : Monthly Maximum Demand -2014
Figure 4.9: Montly Energy Cost per Unit.- 2014
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Ma
xim
um
De
ma
nd
(k
VA
)
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Rs
/Un
it
Month
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4.8 Demand side Management (DSM)
DSM refers to “Actions taken on the customer’s side of the meter to change
the amount (kWh) or timing (kVA) of the energy consumption. Electricity
DSM strategies have the goal of maximizing end use efficiency to avoid or
postpone the construction of new generation plants”. The ever increasing
demand growth of electricity can be met either by matching increase in
capacity, i.e. supply side capacity addition or adopting demand side
management and end use efficiency improvement strategies, which are much
more cost effective and resource efficient, Utilities are driven by supply side
and customer side concerns such as capacity (peak demand shortfalls, energy
shortfalls, need for optimization of generation and network utilization,
regulatory issues, environmental mandates and customer demand of
uninterrupted supply at competitive tariffs. Demand side management offers
itself as a powerful tool to distribution companies, to analyze, develop and
implement customized DSM programs, cost effectively, to enable meeting the
supply side concern of the utilities.
4.9 DSM Objectives
The key objectives of DSM include the following.
• Improve the efficiency of energy systems.
• Reduce financial needs to build new energy facilities (generation).
• Minimize adverse environmental impacts.
• Lower the cost of delivered energy to consumers.
• Reduce power shortages and power cuts
• Improve the reliability and quality of power supply.
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4.10 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators
Table 4.3 detailed performance analysis of the DG system
Particulars DG 1 DG 2 DG 3 DG 4 DG 5 DG 6
Rating (kVA) 500 500 500 250 500 500
kW (avg) 232 222 210 80 245 230
% Loading 58 55.5 52.5 40 61.2 57.5
Energy Generation(kWh/h) 232 222 210 80 245 230
HSD Consumption(l/h) 74 71 65 26 71 66
Specific Energy Generation
(kWh/l)
3.14 3.13 3.23 3.08 3.45 3.48
Here the Specifc Energy Consumption (kWh/l) is calculated, which is a
benchmark for comparing the performance of diesel generators.From the
above diesel generator DG6 has best performance in terms of Specific energy
consumption.
4.11 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of HVAC
There are three numbers of York Make chillers, each of 250 TR HVAC
system is the major power load in the facility (44 %). Chilled water through
Air Handling Units (AHUs) as well as Fan Coil Units (FCUs) meets the air-
condition requirement of clean rooms, and other areas.
In an HVAC system the major energy consumer is the chiller the capacity of
the chiller is defined as Tone of Refrigeration (TR) which is the cooling
capacity or heat extraction capacity the more the TR the more will be the
cooling effect. For the chiller to work the input energy is electrical energy
which is given in kW (kilo Watt).
One ton of refrigeration (TR) is the amount of cooling obtained by one ton of
ice melting in one day.
So for ease of comparing various chillers they are benchmarked for specific
power consumption.
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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Specific Power Consumption= kW/TR
The more the specific power consumption the effiecny of the system is lesser
This benchmarking can be used for comparing the systems internally and
comparing the systems of similar other facilities .
Chiller 1
Evaporator leaving Water temp 7.20 oC
Evaporator Entering Water temp 10.70 oC
Temperature difference 3.50 oC
Ambient Temperature 30.00 oC
Chilled Water Flow 90396 L/hr
Net Refrigeration Capacity 104.63 Tr
Electricity Drawn by Chiller system 94.24 kW
Specific Power Consumption 0.90 kW/Tr
Chiller 2
Evaporator leaving Water temp 7.20 oC
Evaporator Entering Water temp 10.50 oC
Temperature difference 3.30 oC
Ambient Temperature 30.00 oC
Chilled Water Flow 119412.00 L/hr
Net Refrigeration Capacity 130.31 Tr
Electricity Drawn by Chiller system 134.70 kW
Specific Power Consumption 1.03 kW/Tr
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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Chiller 3
Evaporator leaving Water temp 7.20 oC
Evaporator Entering Water temp 11.50 oC
Temperature difference 4.30 oC
Ambient Temperature 30.00 oC
Chilled Water Flow 102672.00 L/hr
Net Refrigeration Capacity 146.00 Tr
Electricity Drawn by Chiller system 102.08 kW
Specific Power Consumption 0.70 kW/Tr
The chiller 3 performs well and gives an efficiency of 0.7kW/Tr whereas
Chiller 2 gives 1.03 kW/Tr. Chiller 1 and 2 has to be checked and improve the
SPC and efficiency.
Figure 4.10: Chiller Comparison based on benchmarking
4.12 Benchmarking of lightings system.
Lighting is one of the major load in commercial building .Lighting load
rejects heat to the surrounding and contribute significantly to increase
in energy consumption of the air conditioners. The amout of the heat
rejected to the surrounding depends on the source of lights used the for
eg:- incandescent lights emits more heat than CFL or LED.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Chiller 1 Chiller 2 Chiller 3
SP
C k
W/T
R
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The lighting can be benchmarked for light power density .
Light power density (LPD)= Power(Watts)/m2
For calculating LPD the lighting power is calculated taking into
account all luminaries including light, ballast, regulators and controls
and the area of the building were luminaires are used are also accessed.
The lamps can be benchmarked for luminous efficacy.
Luminous efficacy = Lumens /Watt
Where lumens is the light output and watt is electrical power input.
The more the efficacy the better will be the performance of the lamp ie
it will be efficient.
The lighting of healthcare buildings requires specific knowledge of a
wide range of light sources and lamp types.Normal standards and
methods of lighting may not be appropriate.
4.13 Bench marking the Hospital and comparison with previous years
For benchmarking the hospital and comparing its performance with
previous years the indicator used is Annual energy consumption per
square meter of the hospital’s /hotels building area (Kwh/m2 ) ie
specific energy consumption.
A hospital consumes various energy sources like electricity ,diesel,
LPG, biogas etc to meet the day to day energy needs .The units of
energy consumed will be different for different source for eg:
• Electricity consumed will be indicated in Kwh
• LPG consumed will be in Kg
• Diesel consumed will be in liters
• Biogas will be in cubic meter
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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So for benchmarking all the fuel usage should be converted into
kWh.
Conversion of Diesel consumption to kWh
• 1kWh= 860 kcal
• Calorific value of diesel= 10000 Kcal/kg
• 1litre=0.85 kg
So one litre of diesel=10000*.85/860 units
=9.88 units
One cubic meter of biogas ie equivalent to3.72 kWh
One kg of LPG equivalent to 13.95 kWh
So all other fuels are also converted into its equivalent units (kWh)
and are added together to get the annual energy consumption as a
whole.Then specific energy consumption is calculated by dividing it
total area.
Energy Index for the year 2014
1 Total Building area (m2 ) 26916.59
2 Total Conditioned area (m2) 26916.59
3 % conditioned area 100.00
4 Annual Electricity Consumption kWh 7153250.40
5 Annual HSD Consumption (kL) 289.92
6 Annual HSD Consumption (Converted to kWh) 3539720.93
7 Annual LPG Consumption (kg) 68400.00
8 Annual LPG Consumption (Converted into kWh) 954418.60
9 Annual Biogas Consumption (m3) 16200.00
10 Annual Biogas Consumption kWh 60279.07
11 Annual Solar Consumption (SWH) kWh 56376.00
12 Total Energy Consumption kWh 11764045.00
13 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal and
Electrical)
437.06
14 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Electrical) 265.76
15 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal-HSD
& LPG)) 166.97
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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Comparison of specific energy consumption with previous years
SEC (Electrical)
Year Actual kWh/m2
(a)
Capacity
Utilization
SEC
kWh/m2
(b)
2011-12 169 0.5 338
2012-13 207 0.65 318
2013-14 265.76 0.9 295
On comparing the specific energy consumption (column(a) of the table) of the
hospital the specific energy consumption is increasing but here the capacity
utilization of the hospital is not considered. For comparing the performance of
hospital with previous the SEC on full capacity utilization has to be derived.
On Normalising the SEC it is seen that there is a reduction in SEC which is a
result of energy efficiency and conservation measure taken in previous year.
Figure 4.11: Comparison of Specific energy consumption with previous years
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Sp
ecif
ic E
ner
gy
co
nsu
mp
tion
year
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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4.14 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with cost
benefit analysis
1. Energy Saving in Lighting by replacing existing T8&T12
fluorescent lamps to LED type
Existing Scenario
Around 200 numbers of T8 and T12 lamps were identified during the
energy audit survey at the facility. The hospital is now going for a Go
Green Certification and it is the commitment to reduce the lamps with
mercury content.
Proposed System
The existing T8 & T12 lamps shall be replaced with LED which consumes
18 W to deliver the same amount of light output as T8 40 W or T12 55 W
(including ballast consumption) delivers.
Financial Analysis
Total Number of T8/T12 200.00
Annual working hours 3600.00
Total load 9.00
Annual Energy Consumption 32400.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 12960.00
Cost of Power 8.52
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.10
Investment required (Rs)(Approx 50%
replacement) Lakhs Rs 3.50
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 38.04
Internal Rate of Return (%) 18.90
Life cycle in Yrs 10.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 11.04
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2. Energy Saving in Lighting by replacing existing CFL to LED type
Existing Scenario
Around 700 numbers of CFL were identified during the energy audit
survey at the facility. The hospital is now going for a Go Green
Certification and it is the commitment to reduce the lamps with mercury
content.
Proposed System
The existing CFL shall be replaced with LED which consumes 8 W to
deliver the same amount of light output as CFL 18 W delivers.
Financial Analysis
Total Number of T8/T12 700.00
Annual working hours 3600.00
Total load 12.60
Annual Energy Consumption 22680.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 13608.00
Cost of Power 8.52
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.16
Investment required (Rs)(Approx 50%
replacement) Lakhs Rs
14.70
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 152.15
Internal Rate of Return (%) 6.00
Life cycle in Yrs 10.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 11.59
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3. Replacement of existing Chilled water pumps and motors with
Energy Efficient Pumping system.
Existing Scenario
There are six chilled water pumps installed and normally three pumps will be
in operation, the pumps are driven by ABB 3 phase squirrel cage induction
motor of having 11.2 kW and 15 kW motors. These pumps are aged and re-
winded, and this made the system efficiency getting low. The chilled water
flow also got decreased.
Proposed System
It is recommended to replace the existing chilled water pumps with super-
efficient pump with IE3 drive motors. At the first phase two pumps near
electrical substation chiller plant and one pump at the chiller plant located
outside the building. The remaining pumps may be replaced at the second
stage after evaluating the initial installations.
Financial Analysis
Energy drawn by the existing Chilled Water
Pumps (kW)
30.00
Working hr per day 24.00
Annual working hrs 8760.00
Annual Energy Consumption 262800.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 21024.00
Cost of Power 8.52
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.79
Investment required (Rs)(Approx) Lakhs Rs 2.10
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 14.07
Internal Rate of Return (%) 82.50
Life cycle in Yrs 10.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 17.91
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4. Replacement of existing Condenser water pumps and motors with
Energy Efficient Pumping system
Existing Scenario
There are six condenser water pumps installed and normally three pumps will
be in operation, the pumps are driven by ABB 3 phase squirrel cage induction
motor of having 18.5 kW and 30 kW motors. These pumps are aged and
motors are re-winded, and this made the system efficiency getting low. The
pumps are of Kirlosker make
Proposed System
It is recommended to replace the existing condenser water pumps with super-
efficient pump driven by IE3 motors. At the first phase two pumps near
electrical substation chiller plant and one pump at the chiller plant located
outside the building. The remaining pumps may be replaced at the second
stage after evaluating the initial installations.
Financial Analysis
Energy drawn by the existing Condenser Water
Pumps (kW)
40.20
Working hr per day 24.00
Annual working hrs 8760.00
Annual Energy Consumption 352152.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 28172.16
Cost of Power 8.52
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 2.40
Investment required (Rs)(Approx) Lakhs Rs 2.81
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 14.07
Internal Rate of Return (%) 82.70
Life cycle in Yrs 10.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 24.00
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5. Replacement of existing Boiler with Energy Efficient Boiler
Existing Scenario
The boiler is used to generate steam for the applications in Laundry drying as
well as in CSSD division. The existing efficiency is 77% at the time of audit.
An efficiency of up to 85 % is possible. The boiler installed is aged and it is
worth to replace the same with new energy efficient on with better controls
and heat recovery systems.
Proposed System
The existing steam boiler may be replaced with new energy efficient one.
This will give a saving. It may give a savings of 9 KL of HSD per year. 5
Lakhs rupees per annum. The condensate recovery system may be
incorporated to get further savings. The Condensate shall be used to preheat
the feed water to the boiler. The replacement of existing hot water boiler
may also be considered with energy efficient one in a phased manner. Hot
water exhaust from the Laundry may be considered for the air pre-heating
for combustion.
Financial Analysis
Present level of efficiency of the boiler (%) 77.00
Working hr per day 20.00
Annual working hrs 7300.00
Annual Energy Consumption (kL) 113.00
Expected efficiency of EE Boiler (minimum) % 85.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 9.04
Cost of Diesel (Rs/kL) 59000.00
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 5.33
Investment required (Rs)(Approx) Lakhs Rs 15.00
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 33.75
Internal Rate of Return (%) 24.35
Life cycle in Yrs 10.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 53.34
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6. Installation of Solar Power Plant .
Existing Scenario
There is a good potential of solar power electricity generation. The availability of
sunlight is very high. There are no canopies available in the property. If the SPVs
are place in the roof top it will help improving RTTV of the building envelope.
Proposed System
It is proposed to have a Solar Power Plant of 25kW at the beginning stage. The
state and central government is pushing and giving good assistance to the
installations the details are given in the technical supplement. It can be installed
as an internal grid connected system which is much cheaper than off grid system.
Now days the technology provides trouble free grid interactive and connected
system. The installation will provide 25yrs trouble free generation with only 20%
efficiency loss at the 25th year.
Financial Analysis
Solar installed Capacity (Phase 1 ) kW 25.00
Total average kWh per day expected 100.00
Total annual Generating Capacity 36500.00
Cost of energy generated annually Lakhs Rs 3.11
Investment required (Rs)(Approx) 15.00
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 57.88
Life cycle in Yrs 25.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Rs) 77.75
Internal Rate of Return % 2.55
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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4.15 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency
Improvement Projects
Projects Investment Cost
saving
IRR Energy saved
(Lakhs Rs) (Rs)/Yr (%) kWh/Yr MtoE/Yr
1 Energy Saving in
Lighting by replacing
existing T8&T12
fluorescent lamps to
LED type
3.50 1.10 18.90 12960 0.013
2 Energy Saving in
Lighting by replacing
existing CFL to LED
type
14.70 1.16 6.00 13608 0.014
3 Energy Saving in
Lighting by installing
occupancy based
dimmers
1.50 0.10 6.00 1215 0.001
4 Replacement of
existing Chilled water
pumps and motors
with Energy Efficient
Pumping system
2.10 1.79 82.50 21024 0.021
5 Replacement of
existing Condenser
water pumps and
motors with Energy
Efficient Pumping
system
2.81 2.40 82.70 28172 0.028
6 Replacement of
existing Boiler with
Energy Efficient
Boiler
15.00 5.33 24.35 110372 0.110
7 Installation of Solar
Power Plant .
15.00 3.11 2.55 36500 0.037
Total 55 15 43.69 223851 0.22
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
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Chapter 5
Energy Management Techniques in Hotels
A case study
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Chapter 5
5.1 About facility under study:
The Hotel under study is Located in the heart of Kerala's capital city
Thiruvananthapuram, Hotel Chaithram assures a comfortable stay to
visitors. It offers an opportunity to catch up with the fast pace of city
life and easy accessibility to nearby destinations for leisure and fun.
KTDC has been playing a key role in the development of infrastructure
facilities required by the rapidly growing tourist traffic into the State of
Kerala and has been the prime mover in the progressive development,
promotion and expansion of tourism in the State. Apart from
developing the largest hotel chain in Kerala, KTDC offers tourism
related facilities like conducted tours, boating, tourist reception centers,
centralized/online reservations, conventional services, customized tour
packages etc. Working on the philosophy of public sector, KTDC
succeeded in achieving its objectives by promoting the largest hotel
chain in the State and providing all tourist services. Chaithram is one of
the premium hotels owned by KTDC.
Facilities
• Restaurant
• 24-hour room service
• Conference rooms
• Laundry facilities
• Dry cleaning
• free self-parking
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5.2 Major energy Sources in Hotel
Electricity from grid is the primary source of energy in this facility. Diesel
is used to operate the Diesel Generators during power failure. LPG is used
for cooking.
Table 5.1 Annual Energy consumption
Year 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
Fuels kWh KL/kg kWh KL/kg kWh KL/kg
Electricity 557933 ---- 535600 ------ 510336
Diesel 144177 11.81 158794 13.01 151275 12.39
LPG 233953 16767 277154 19863 349074 25017
Total 702110 ------- 971548 ------- 661611 -------
Table 5.2 Annual Energy Cost Lakhs INR
Year 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
Fuels
Electricity 16.08 13.38 12.56
Diesel 6.14 7.15 6.81
LPG 8.30 10.33 13.76
Total 22.23 30.86 19.37
On analysis of the historical bills and log books the annual energy
consumption of three fuels viz electricity, LPG and Diesel where tabulated
Electricity
55%
Diesel
16%
LPG
29%
Fig 5.1 Share of Energy Sources
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for last three years as given in the table given above .The use of electricity
is showing an increasing trend compared to Diesel and LPG .
5.3 Base line Energy data of hotel
1 Electricity Provider KSEB
2 Tariff HT IV Commercial
3 Contract Demand 150 KVA
4 Maximum Demand (avg in kVA) 137
5 Connected Load(kW) 269.76 kW
6 Avg Monthly Electricity Consumption kWh 44633
7 Average Monthly Diesel Consumption (L) 1084
8 Average Monthly LPG Consumption (Kg) 12606
10 Monthly Electricity Cost (avg in Rs) 373318
11 Rs/Kwh(avg) Electricity 8.36
12 Diesel Generator (kVA) 250 & 110
13 Transformer (kVA) 630
Figure 5.2 Energy consumption trend in last three years
5.4 Electrical Energy Usage by utilities
The energy balance of electrical energy is given as a pie chart below. It shows
68% of the total energy used for AC system. 12 % of the total energy is used
for lighting load and fans consumes 6 %. 6% of the total energy consumed by
the Kitchen.
661611
971548
702110
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
2013-14 2014-15 2015- 16
To
tal
ener
gy
co
nsu
mp
tion
in
kW
h
Year
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
Institute of Management Kerala Page 64
Figure 5.3 Energy consumption by various utilities
5.5 Load analysis and performance of electrical distribution system
The average unit cost of electricity is 8.36 Rs/kWh. This is taken as the basis
for the financial analysis of electrical energy efficiency projects. The
information on average energy consumption is taken from the historical
electricity bill analysis (2014-15). The electricity is fed from a centralized
substation. The average power factor maintained was 0.95 during 2014-15 and
the MD was 137 kVA.
Table 5.3 : Energy bill Analysis
Sl No Month Energy consumption MD Energy
Cost (Rs) Nor Peak Peak Off Total
1 APR 23824 9088 14744 47656 131.78 432459
2 MAY 24184 9136 14872 48192 113.68 435391
3 JUN 24344 8888 14920 48152 120.46 435050
4 JUL 25752 7904 13928 47584 136.74 387362
5 AUG 22960 8176 11696 42832 124.25 396243
6 SEP 20776 7312 10656 38744 120 362691
7 OCT 20664 8104 11280 40048 98.37 374370
8 NOV 20256 8184 12808 41248 111.81 381226
9 DEC 21264 7752 12136 41152 123.9 383025
10 JAN 22272 8592 13672 44536 119.22 407518
11 FEB 23760 9096 15448 48304 130.58 441208
Air conditioners
68%
Lighting
12%
Fans
6%
Kitchen
6%
Pumping and
others
8%
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12 MAR 22976 8512 15664 47152 130.58 443267
Figure 5.4 Monthly electrical energy consumption
The billing of electrical energy is based on three zones viz Normal period ,
peak period and off peak period. The true cost of electricity is reflected in
normal period, the cost per unit of electricity is higher than normal in peak
period and the cost is lesser than normal in off peak period. The Zone wise
Energy Consumption Profile is given above, which Shows 51 %of total
energy consumption in a day is at normal period , 19 % at night (peak) period
and 30 % in off peak hours.
47656 48192 48152 47584
4283238744 40048 41248 41152
4453648304 47152
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
Ele
ctri
cal
en
erg
y c
on
sum
pti
on
(k
Wh
)
Month
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
Institute of Management Kerala Page 66
Figure 5.5 : Zone wise energy consumption in the hospital-2014
The cost of electricity may be reduced in the working of major equipments
during normal and peak period by shifting to off peak period.
Figure 2 : Monthly Energy cost
Normal
51%
Peak
19%
Peak Off
30%
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
En
erg
y C
ost
Month
Project on Energy Management in Commercial Buildings
Institute of Management Kerala Page 67
Figure 5.7: Monthly Maximum Demand -2014
5.6 Demand side Management (DSM)
DSM refers to “Actions taken on the customer’s side of the meter to change
the amount (kWh) or timing (kVA) of the energy consumption. Electricity
DSM strategies have the goal of maximizing end use efficiency to avoid or
postpone the construction of new generation plants”. The ever increasing
demand growth of electricity can be met either by matching increase in
capacity, i.e. supply side capacity addition or adopting demand side
management and end use efficiency improvement strategies, which are much
more cost effective and resource efficient, Utilities are driven by supply side
and customer side concerns such as capacity (peak demand shortfalls, energy
shortfalls, need for optimization of generation and network utilization,
regulatory issues, environmental mandates and customer demand of
uninterrupted supply at competitive tariffs. Demand side management offers
itself as a powerful tool to distribution companies, to analyze, develop and
implement customized DSM programs, cost effectively, to enable meeting the
supply side concern of the utilities.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR
MA
xim
um
De
ma
nd
Month
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5.7 DSM Objectives
The key objectives of DSM include the following.
• Improve the efficiency of energy systems.
• Reduce financial needs to build new energy facilities (generation).
• Minimize adverse environmental impacts.
• Lower the cost of delivered energy to consumers.
• Reduce power shortages and power cuts
• Improve the reliability and quality of power supply.
5.8 DSM Activities for Hotels
• Use of Energy Efficient Equipments
• Demand Shift and Control
• Building Automation and Control
• Building Envelope Programmes
• Housekeeping
5.9 Benchmarking and Performance Analysis of Diesel Generators
Table 5.3 detailed performance analysis of the DG system
Particulars DG 1 DG 2
Rating (kVA) 250 110
kW (avg) 38 30
% Loading 19.0 34.1
Energy Generation(kWh) 68.4 52.5
HSD Consumption(l) 22 16
Specific Energy Generation (kWh/l) 3.11 3.28
Here the Specifc Energy Consumption (kWh/l) is calculated, which is a
benchmark for comparing the performance of diesel generators. Here the kWh
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is the output from the diesel generator which is energy generation and the
input to the generator is diesel in litres.
Benchmark for diesel generator = Specific energy consumption (kWh/litre)
From the above diesel generator DG2 has best performance in terms of
Specific energy consumption. The more the SEC the better the performance of
diesel generator .
5.10 Performance assessment of Kitchen
Kitchen consumed 6 % of the total energy consumed in the property. Energy
wastage by idling LPG burners, inefficient yellow flame as a result of burner
operations and clean-up, flames wider/longer than the vessels/pot, spillage
habits over hot burners, open boiling (without lid), carbon deposits under
vessels/burner faces etc. needs to be avoided and shall use low power LPG
burners and small stoves for cooking small amount of food and small vessels.
This will save a considerable amount of energy.
Sl
No
Particulars Voltage Current KW PF KVAR KVA
1 Exhaust 1 220 2 0.41 0.92 0.17 0.446
2 Exhaust 2 & 3 229 4.3 0.781 0.8 0.582 0.984
3 Meat chiller 235 4.55 0.652 0.67 0.743 0.94
4 Milk freezer(250l) 238 1.91 0.328 0.72 0.311 0.45
5 Milk freezer(400l) 237 2.85 0.531 0.77 0.45 0.711
6 Ice cream freezer 237 0.7 0.115 0.69 0.12 0.167
7 Fridge 238 0.883 0.182 0.84 0.116 0.213
8 Milk
freezer(outside)
237 2.19 0.352 0.68 0.381 0.523
9 Meat chiller (store) 232 11.6 2.33 0.86 1.37 2.69
Table 5.4 : Details energy consuming equipments in kitchen.
5.11 Benchmarking and Performance assessment of lightings system.
Lighting is one of the major load in commercial building .Lighting load
rejects heat to the surrounding and contribute significantly to increase in
energy consumption of the air conditioners. The amout of the heat rejected to
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the surrounding depends on the source of lights used the for eg:- incandescent
lights emits more heat than CFL or LED.
The lighting can be benchmarked for light power density .
Light power density (LPD)= Power(Watts)/m2
For calculating LPD the lighting power is calculated taking into account all
luminaries including light, ballast, regulators and controls and the area of the
building were luminaires are used are also accessed.
The lamps can be benchmarked for luminous efficacy.
Luminous efficacy = Lumens /Watt
Where lumens is the light output and watt is electrical power input.
The more the efficacy the better will be the performance of the lamp ie it will
be efficient.
The lighting of hotels requires specific knowledge of a wide range of light
sources and lamp types. Good lighting design can reduce costs and have the
added benefit of decreasing internal heat gains, thus reducing the need for air
conditioning too. The lighting requires specific knowledge of a wide range of
light sources and lamp types.
All T8/T12 Lamps shall be replaced with LED and the existing CFLs may be
also be shifted to LED in phased manner. Voltage optimizer in the lighting
feeder shall be considered. Use lights with dimmers in passages and common
areas. To get maximum lighting performance, day light shall be used. There
are good opportunity available in the facility to get enough daylight during
office hours.
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5.12 Bench marking the Hotel.
For benchmarking the hotel and comparing its performance with previous
years the indicator used is Annual energy consumption per square meter of the
hospital’s /hotels building area (Kwh/m2 ) i.e. specific energy consumption.
A hotel consumes various energy sources like electricity ,diesel, LPG, biogas
etc to meet the day to day energy needs .The units of energy consumed will
be different for different source for eg:
• Electricity consumed will be indicated in Kwh
• LPG consumed will be in Kg
• Diesel consumed will be in liters
• Biogas will be in cubic meter
So for benchmarking all the fuel usage should be converted into kWh.
Conversion of Diesel consumption to kWh
• 1kWh= 860 kcal
• Calorific value of diesel= 10000 Kcal/kg
• 1litre=0.85 kg
So one litre of diesel=10000*.85/860 units
=9.88 units
One cubic meter of biogas ie equivalent to3.72 kWh
One kg of LPG equivalent to 13.95 kWh
So all other fuels are also converted into its equivalent units (kWh) and are
added together to get the annual energy consumption as a whole.Then specific
energy consumption is calculated by dividing it total area. Also the hotels may
not be fully air conditioned so for proper comparisons of energy consumptions
of hotel the percentage of conditioned area has to be mentioned.
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Energy Index for the year 2014
1 Total Building area(m2) 2027
2 Total conditioned area 1115
3 % conditioned area 55
4 Electricity Consumption (kWh) 535600
5 Diesel Consumption (converted to kWh) 158794
6 LPG Consumption (kWh) 277154
7 Total Energy Consumption (kWh) 971548
8 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal and
Electrical)
479.30
9 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Electrical) 264.23
10 Specific Energy Consumption kWh/m2 (Thermal) 215
The specific energy consumption or the energy performance index of the
hotel is 479 kwh /m2/year .Since this is the first time the hotel is conductilng
energy audit this could not be compared with previous year for its energy
performance
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5.13 Identification of Energy Efficiency Improvement Projects with cost
benefit analysis
1. Energy Saving in Lighting by replacing existing T8 Lamps to LED
Tube
Existing Scenario
Around 60 numbers of T8 identified during the energy audit survey in the
facility. During discussion with the plant people it is observed that the
average utility of these fittings are of 75%.
Proposed System
The existing T8 may be replaced to LED in phased manner and the
savings will be of 60 % (inclusive of light output improvement and lesser
energy consumption)
Financial Analysis
Annual working hours (hr) 4320.00
Total load (kW) 2.70
Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) 8748.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 5248.80
Cost of Power 8.36
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 0.44
Investment required (Rs) (Approx 75%
replacement) Lakhs Rs
0.39
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 10.67
Internal Rate of Return (%) 95.00
Life cycle in Yrs 5.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 2.19
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2. Energy Saving in fans by replacing existing in-efficient ceiling fans
with Energy Efficient BLDC fans
Existing Scenario
There are 105 numbers of ceiling fans installed in the facility with minimum
8hrs a day operation. All are conventional type.
Proposed System
There is an energy saving opportunity in replace the existing fans with new
BLDC (brushless DC) fans. The BLDC fans give a savings up to 60% savings
with higher service value (air delivery/watt). The BLDC fans are equipped
with intelligent controls like remote speed control, timer feature to auto
switch off the fan and sleep mode that reduces speed after set hours and saves
energy.
Financial Analysis
Annual working hours 4380.00
Total load 8.40
Annual Energy Consumption 36792.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 22075.20
Cost of Power 8.36
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.85
Investment required (Rs)(Approx 50%
replacement) Lakhs Rs
3.68
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 23.90
Internal Rate of Return (%) 43.00
Life cycle in Yrs 10.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 18.45
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3. Energy Saving in Lighting by installing voltage optimiser in the
lighting load
Existing Scenario
The phase wise voltage maintained is at 242 V . The required voltage level
for light load is at 210 V as per the specifications of generally used lighting
fixtures.
Proposed System
Installation of servo stabiliser in the light load (light energy savers). For this
there shall be a separate feeder for light loads. It is recommended to install a
20 kW servostebliser. Installation of servo stabiliser will optimise the
voltage in the light feeder will optimize the required voltage settings and
will leads to save energy. If the segregation of light load is not existing, the
tap setting of Transformer may also be considered to be optimised to 230 V
in phase.
Financial Analysis
Annual working hours (hr) 4380.00
Total (kW load) 18.00
Annual Energy Consumption (kWh) 78840.00
Expected Annual Energy saving (kWh) 15768.00
Cost of Power 8.36
Annual saving in Lakhs Rs (1st year) 1.32
Investment required (Rs)(Approx 75%
replacement) Lakhs Rs
0.80
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 7.28
Internal Rate of Return (%) 100.00
Life cycle in Yrs 5.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Lakhs Rs) 6.59
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4. Installation of Solar Power Plant.
Existing Scenario
There is a good potential of solar power electricity generation in the roof top
of the building. The availability of sunlight is very high. There are no
canopies available in the property. If the SPVs are place in the roof top it
will help improving RTTV of the building envelope. This power will also
take care of the lighting load of the plant.
Proposed System
It is proposed to have a Solar Power Plant of 15kW at the beginning stage.
The state and central government is pushing and giving good assistance to
the installations the details are given in the technical supplement. It can be
installed as an internal grid connected system which is much cheaper than
off grid system. Now days the technology provides trouble free grid
interactive and connected system. The installation will provide 25yrs trouble
free generation with only 20% efficiency loss at the 25th year.
Financial Analysis
Solar installed Capacity (Phase 1 ) kW 15.00
Total average kWh per day expected 60.00
Total annual Generating Capacity 21900.00
Cost of energy generated annually Lakhs Rs 1.84
Investment required (Rs )(Approx) 6.75
Simple Pay Back (in Months) 44.14
Life cycle in Yrs 25.00
Total Saving in Life Cycle (Rs) 45.88
Internal Rate of Return % 13.00
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5.14 Consolidation of Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Efficiency
Improvement Projects
Sl Projects Investment Saving
Cost
IRR Energy saved
(Lakhs Rs) (Rs)/Yr (%) kWh/Yr toE/Yr
1 Energy Saving in
Lighting by
replacing existing
T8 Lamps to LED
Tube
0.39 0.44 95.00 5249 0.52
2 Energy Saving in
fans by replacing
existing in-
efficient ceiling
fans with Energy
Efficient BLDC
fans
3.68 1.85 43.00 22075 2.21
3 Energy Saving in
Lighting by
installing voltage
optimiser in the
lighting load
0.80 1.32 100.00 15768 1.58
4 Installation of
Solar Power Plant. 6.75 1.84 13.00 21900
2.19
Total 12 5 62.75 64992 6.50
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Chapter 6
Energy Management and Carbon foot print reduction
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6.1 Energy Usage and global environ metal isuues.
As early as 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius had predicted that
human activities would interfere with the way the sun interacts with the earth,
resulting in global warming and climate change. His prediction has become
true and climate change is now disrupting global environmental stability. The
last few decades have seen many treaties, conventions, and protocols for the
cause of global environmental protection.
Few examples of environmental issues of global significance are:
• Ozone layer depletion
• Global warming
• Loss of biodiversity
One of the most important characteristics of this environmental degradation is
that it affects all mankind on a global scale without regard to any particular
country, region, or race.
6.2 Global Warming
Before the Industrial Revolution, human activities released very few gases
into the atmosphere and all climate changes happened naturally. After the
Industrial Revolution, through fossil fuel combustion, changing agricultural
practices and deforestation, the natural composition of gases in the atmosphere
is getting affected and climate and environment began to alter significantly.
Over the last 100 years, it was found out that the earth is getting warmer and
warmer, unlike previous 8000 years when temperatures have been relatively
constant. The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 °C warmer than it was 100 years
ago. The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causing global warming is carbon
dioxide. CFC's, even though they exist in very small quantities, are significant
contributors to global warming. Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalent
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has two major anthropogenic (human-
caused) sources: the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land use.Net
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releases of carbon dioxide from these two sources are believed to be
contributing to the rapid rise in atmospheric concentrations since Industrial
Revolution. Because estimates indicate that approximately 80 percent of all
anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions currently come from fossil fuel
combustion, world energy use has emerged at the center of the climate change
debate.
6.3 Carbon foot print - Definition
A carbon footprint is defined as "the total sets of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions caused by an organisation, event, product or person. (Carbon Trust,
2008). 82% of anthropogenic Green House Gas emissions are in the form of
CO2 from fossil fuel combustion.
Greenhouse gas emissions attributed to campus can be classified as (as per
UNEP)
Scope 1: GHG emissions that occur within territorial boundary of the campus.
Scope 2: Indirect emissions that occur outside of the campus boundary as a
result of activities that occur within the campus which includes Electricity
consumption.
Scope 3:Other indirect emissions and embodied emissions that occurs outside
of the campus boundary, as a result of activities of the city, which includes
Electrical transmission and distribution losses, solid waste disposal, waste
incineration, waste water handling, embodied emissions in imported water,
embodied emissions in imported food, embodied emissions in fuel etc.
Since Government secretariat being an administrative block the components
of Scope 2 and Scope 3 are mainly considered.
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6.4 Energy Use - The Source of Most Carbon Emissions
About 85 percent of the energy consumed in modern society comes from
fossil fuels. Vast sums have been invested in the existing energy landscape –
the petroleum refineries, petrol stations, natural gas fields and pipelines, coal
mines, and electric grids that power modern societies. To meet the growing
need for electricity in developing countries while simultaneously reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, the amount of carbon released per unit of
electricity production must fall 75 percent by 2050. This will require phasing
out older, inefficient coal plants, and replacing them with a mixture of
combined- cycle natural gas, nuclear, wind, geothermal, biomass, and solar
power, steps that would lead to dramatic air quality improvements in many
mega cities of the developing world. Carbon capture and storage technology –
if it proves cost effective and can be developed in a reasonable time frame –
would enable the continued use of coal.
The transport sector – trucks, cars, buses, airplanes, cargo ships, railroads – is
overwhelmingly dependent on petroleum. Today, transport of goods and
people is responsible for about 19 percent of carbon emissions. With the
global car population forecast to soon exceed 1 billion vehicles, while growth
in crude oil production is likely to end, dramatic increases in vehicle fuel
efficiency can advance economic prosperity, energy security, and climate
protection. Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and all-electric vehicles, along with large
investments in mass transit, are needed to reduce transport sector emissions in
the long run, and to extend limited petroleum supplies.
Residential and commercial buildings consume the bulk of the world’s
electricity and much of its natural gas. Improving the design of new buildings
and retrofitting old ones can dramatically improve their energy performance.
Many existing buildings can be made more efficient, and new buildings are
actually capable of producing more energy than they consume.
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It takes energy to get energy, and the gathering, processing, and delivery of
fossil fuels account for 8 percent of carbon emissions. Production of steel,
cement, automobiles, and other manufactured products is responsible for
about 20 percent of global carbon emissions. Improvements in the carbon
intensity of these activities are possible, profitable, and necessary.
.
6.5 Carbon foot print in commercial sector due to electrical energy
consumption.
Carbon Foot print is the amount of carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization,
or community. In the case of cars or airplanes, this occurs directly in the
combustion chamber of the engines and the associated emissions are known
as direct emissions since they occur at the point of consumption. When we
consume electricity, the emissions are indirect since they occur at the
generation plant and not at the point of consumption. The amount of carbon
dioxide generated by direct emissions can be calculated through the use
of emission factors. An emission factors is the ratio of carbon dioxide
generated for a given quantity of fuel. Carbon Footprintcan calculated by
using data from CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector, User
Guide Version 10.0, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority,
Government of India).As per this document the emission factor is 0.82 t
Co2/mWh
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Table 6.1 :Carbon emission sector wise in the State
Figure 6.1 Carbon emission percentage sector wise.
Figure 6.2 Carbon emission commercial Category Sector wise
Domestic
51%
Commercial
10%
LT Industrial
6%
LT Others
11%
HT/EHT& Bulk
licensees
22%
IT Malls
1%
Hotels
20%
Hospitals
34%
Commercial
establishment
s
33%
Government
building
2%
Educational
institutions
8%
Cinema
2%
Category Electrical energy
Consumption (MU)/
year
Carbon emission
Tonnes/year
Domestic 9942.28 8.15267
Commercial 1923.14 1.576975
LT Industrial 1103.23 0.904649
LT Others 2042.71 1.675022
HT/EHT& Bulk licensees 4312.514 3.536261
Total 19323.874 8.15267
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From the above facts and figure it is evident that any reduction in energy
consumption leads to reduction in carbon emissions .With ample scope of
energy saving in commercial sector especially in hotels and hospital we can
reduce the carbon emission on implementation of the energy efficiency
improvement projects. This can be shown as taking the energy saving project
identified in case study of hospital and hotel in chapter 4 and chapter 5.
6.6 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency
Projects for Hotels( as discussed Chapter 5 of this report)
Sl
No
Projects Energy
saved
(Yearly)
Sustainability
(Years)
First year
ton of
CO2
mitigated
Expected Tons of
CO2 mitigated
through out life
cycle
(kWh) Years
1 Energy Saving
in Lighting by
replacing
existing T8
Lamps to LED
Tube
5249 10.00 3.99 39.89
2 Energy Saving
in fans by
replacing
existing in-
efficient ceiling
fans with
Energy Efficient
BLDC fans
22075 10.00 16.78 167.77
3 Energy Saving
in Lighting by
installing
voltage
optimiser in thel
ighting load
15768 10.00 11.98 119.84
4 Installation of
Solar Power
Plant.
21900 10.00 16.64 166.44
Total 64992. 40.00 49.39 493.94
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6.7 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Major Energy Efficiency
Projects for Hospitals (as discussed Chapter 4 of this report)
Sl Projects Energy
saved
(Yearly)
Sustainability
(Years)
First
year ton
of CO2
mitigated
Expected Tons of
CO2 mitigated
throughout lifecycle
(kWh) Years
1 Energy Saving in
Lighting by
replacing
existing T8&T12
fluorescent lamps
to LED type
12960 10.00 9.85 98.50
2 Energy Saving in
Lighting by
replacing
existing CFL to
LED type
13608 10.00 10.34 103.42
3 Energy Saving in
Lighting by
installing
occupancy based
dimmers
1215 10.00 0.92 9.23
4 Replacement of
existing Chilled
water pumps and
motors with
Energy Efficient
Pumping system
21024 10.00 15.98 159.78
5 Replacement of
existing
Condenser water
pumps and
motors with
Energy Efficient
Pumping system
28172 15.00 21.41 321.16
6 Replacement of
existing Boiler
with Energy
Efficient Boiler
110372 15.00 83.88 1258.24
7
Installation of
Solar Power
Plant.
36500 15.00 27.74 416.10
Total 223851.25 12.14 170.13 2366.44
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Chapter 7
Finding ,Recommendation and Conclusion.
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7.1 Findings
• Though energy management centre has made energy audit
mandatory for HT/EHT/high building in 2011 EMC has received
only 290 audit reports which accounts of 6% of the total HT/EHT
consumers in the State .In this six . Of this 6% received 23% of
the reports are of commercial sector mainly comprising of hotels
and hospitals.
• For conducting the energy of the HT/EHT consumers EMC has
empanelled energy auditing firms .The ratio of no of HT/EHT
consumers is to Empanelled energy auditors is 144:1.
• The major energy consuming are of the hospital is air
conditioning followed by medical equipments , lighting , kitchen
,laundry and compressors in case of the hotel Major energy
consuming area is Air conditioner followed by lighting ,Fans ,
kitchen and pumping. This can not be generalized as hospitals and
hotels various in its functioning and may differ based on the
climatic zone
• The major energy source is electricity from Grid followed by
diesel and then LPG.
• The hotels /hospitals are benchmarked for its energy performance
index (EPI)i.e. kWh/m2/year.The EPI of both the hotel and
hospital is very poor compared to national benchmark. But based
on internal benchmarking there is substantial improvement in EPI
• The energy savings potential of the hospital is 5 % of total energy
consumption and hotel is 11% total consumption.
• Both the Hotel and Hospital lacks Energy management Policy and
energy management cell has to be formulated with active
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involvement of the top official. Formulation of energy
management cell helps to devise action plan for energy
conservation thereby reducing the production cost.
• The energy audits were conducted on the interest shown from the
top officials .
• On analysis of the report it was found than many energy saving
recommendation were not implemented due to lack of funding.
• It was also found that the facility lack in house qualified energy
manager or energy auditor for monitoring and verification of
energy flow and to initiate carbon foot print reduction initiative.
• Proper log book were maintained to keep track of the energy
consumption
• The staff and personnel’s were aware on the importance of energy
management of the has to be motivated for active participation in
energy conservation measures
7.2 Recommendations .
• The involvement of each and every personal is key to success in
energy conservation movement. It is suggested to create
awareness amongst all the cadets and staff of the facilities so that
everyone understands their responsibilities in achieving the
overall energy management objectives of the School.
• Energy monitoring and targeting is primarily a management
technique that uses energy information as a basis to eliminate
waste, reduce and control current level of energy use and improve
the existing operating procedures. It builds on the principle “you
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can’t manage what you don’t measure”. It essentially combines
the principles of energy use and statistics.
o Monitoring is essentially aimed at establishing the existing
pattern of energy consumption.
o Targeting is the identification of energy consumption level
which is desirable as a management goal to work towards
energy conservation.
Once this information is available on a regular basis, targets can
be set, variances can be spotted and interpreted, and remedial
actions can be taken and implemented. The Monitoring and
Targeting programs have been so effective that they show typical
reductions in annual energy costs in various industrial sectors
between 5 and 20%.
• Follow up activities which includes regular monitoring of energy
performance is required for the effective management of energy
efficiency programs. The daily, weekly and annual energy report
generated will help energy performance monitoring.
• Improvement in the house keeping practices can save a good
amount of energy. The practices include. Switch off lights, fans
and other fittings when not in uses and there is no occupancies.
• Renewable energy options like small wind mills, solar energy and
other biomass bases energy systems helps reduce carbon
emissions .This helps the facilities to have energy independency
• Create awareness Energy conservation tips/ posters are displayed
in crucial points.
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• For retrofitting old inefficient equipments with new efficient and
for energy management techniques like fuel substitution huge
financial investments are required investments will are require.
The following options for financing energy saving may be
considered
o Financing by the organizations from its operations budget
o Financing by the organizations from its capital budget
o Debt financing from a financial institutional (e.g.
commercial bank)
o Third Party Financing (TPF) through involvement of an
Energy Service
o Company (ESCO) to implement the projects under
performance contracting.
• Certification programs for staffs and personnel’s in energy
management in parallel with effective information campaigns to
explain to the wider public
• The need for a long term commitment from the Government to
promote energy efficiency in buildings
• The energy certification programme should be designed to help
construct and maintain end-use databases to help in the policy
analysis .
• Government policies and regulation has to be made stringent
.There many rating methods and codes like GRIHA,LEED,ECBC
for evaluating and improving building energy performance,
reduce wastage etc .This has to be made mandatory by the
government for sustainable development and reduce the
environmental impacts .
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• Further investigation into renewable technologies such as ducted
wind turbines, the comfort levels in different ventilation
strategies, the impact of building materials and the opportunity to
use recycled building materials into different types of buildings,
without affecting the performance of the building could be
pursued.
7.3 Conclusion
The study investigated in detail the need for energy management in
commercial sector with emphasis on Hotels and Hospital, Identified potential
energy consuming area, developed a benchmark for energy performance for
hotels and hospital to evaluate building energy efficiency and track
improvements compared to other similar facilities. The study also investigate
in detail the areas energy saving potentials and methods to achieve it .The
study also discussed on various methods of
conservation,retrofitting,replacement and adding new energy efficient systems
and assessed the financial viability of the project through simple pay back
method. The increasing building stocks are one of the major source of carbon
emissions resulting in global warming ,the significance of carbon foot print
due to functioning of the building and the ways to reduce it was also assessed.
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Appendix A
Government Order(GO)
Kerala Government order making energy audit mandatory in all HT/EHT
Indus-tries
is provided in the following page.
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Appendix B
Questionnaire for collecting data for Buildings
1 Name
2 Address
3 Tel. no. with code Fax no.
4 E-mail
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5 Website
6
Type of Building/Activity
( Eg: Hotel, Hospital etc. and whether public/
private/ Local Self Government, whether
occupied by the owner/ applicant or rented etc)
7
Tariff Category/Slab (EHT/HT/LT/[I,II....])
Contract Maximum Demand in kVA
Average Recorded (2015-16) MD in kVA
8 Mention whether Certified Green Building or
rated (attach proof)
9 Whether applied for any CDM program or
attempted for any feasibility. If yes submit the
summary of expected Co2 reduction
10 Building Area and Connected Load 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
10.1 Total Built up Area (in m2)
10.2 Air-conditioned area (in m2)
10.3 Non-Air-conditioned area (in m2)
10.4 Occupancy rate (Unit in % or Numbers)
10.5 Total Connected Load ( in kW)
10.6 Building operating hours
11 Electrical Energy Consumption
Energy used Units 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
(a) Electricity Purchased Lakh kWh
(b) Self generated Lakh kWh
(c) Total Electricity Consumption (a+b) Lakh kWh
(d)
Specific Energy Consumption w.r.t
total built up area, Total Electricity
consumption/ Total built-up area (
kWh/m2) =[11(c) x 10
5 ) /(10.1 )]as
given against above raw )
kWh/m2
12
Last energy audit conducted on:
Last energy audit conducted by:
(Give name and address)
Frequency of Energy Audit:
(Please put a � from the options given )
Once in year
Once in two year
Once in three year
Other, Specify
13 Details of Energy Manager (If BEE Certified give
Certification Number)
Name
BEE Certification Number
Designation
Telephone
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14 Energy conservation activities undertaken during the last 3 years
Investment Annual Savings Total
Year Project/Program/Activity Title (Rs. lakhs) Electricity
(MU)
Fuel (Litres) cost savings
(Rs.lakhs)
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
15 If you have received any energy conservation
awards in last 3 years, mention the year and details.
16 Details on training programs/campaigns in energy
Conservation organized/conducted in 2015-16
17
Details of innovative technologies implemented for
energy conservation including utilization of
renewable energy projects.
Details to be attached as follows
1. Unit Profile (100 words)
2. Energy Management Policy
3. Energy Consumption details as follows
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Total annual Energy Cost in Rs. (lakhs)
# Fuel used for Electricity Generated in Ton Type of fuel
*Total Thermal Energy Consumption in Ton (Except
fuel used for power generation)
4. Graphical Representation Of Specific Energy Consumption
5. Details of fuel used and annual consumption for last three years.
6. Energy conservation cell structure
7. Major Energy Conservation Projects Implementated During The Year 2015-16 (brief description with photo)
8. Other projects implemented during 2015-16
9. Energy Conservation Plans and Targets (Energy Saving Measure, Amount Investment Project,
Saved in Rs. Lakhs).
10. Details regarding Environment and Safety.
11. Whether applied/submitted for any CDM Program, if YES give brief details
It is certify that the enterprise/organization is presently following all the statutory requirements
pertaining to the safety and pollution control and the facts stated above are true and correct to the best
of my knowledge and belief.
Date
Place Signature of CEO/ Unit Head
Name & Designation:
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Appendix C
Draft Energy Management Policy
Name of the Facility
ENERGY POLICY (Draft)
We, at XXXX Ltd are committed to optimally utilize various forms
of energy in a cost effective manner to effect conservation of
energy resources. We are committed to conserve the energy which
is a scarce resource with the requisite consistency in the efficiency,
effectiveness in the cost involved in the operations and ensuring
that production quality and quantity, environment, safety, health of
people are maintained. We are also committed to increase the
renewable energy share of the total energy we use.
We are also committed to monitoring continuously the saving
achieved and
reduce its specific energy consumption by minimum of 2% every
year.
Date -----------------------
Unit Head
61
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References
Books and reports.
1. Energy Audits- A work book for energy Management in buildings by
Taril Al Shemmeri
2. Energy Efficiency in Electrical utililities by National productivity
Council
3. Energy Efficiency in Thermal utililities by National productivity
Council
4. Energy Audit Manual of EMC
5. Prioratisation of HT/EHT consumers in Kerala – report by EMC
6. Grading of energy auditors- Report by EMC
7. Survey and analysis of Buildings falling under ECBC- Report by EMC
8. Handbook on Energy Audit and Environment Management ,Y P Abbi
and Shashank Jain, ISBN: 81-7993-092-0
9. Albert Thumann, William J. Younger,”Handbook of Energy Audits ”,
FairmontPress; 6 edition.
10. Annual reports of Kerala State electricity Board
Websites:
1. www.beeindia.gov.in
2. www.keralaenergy.gov.in
3. www.kseb.in
4. www.kerala.gov.in/power
5. www.ceikerala.gov.in
6. www.erckerala.org
7. www.spb.kerala.gov.in
8. www.energyprofessional.in
9. www.npcindia.gov.in
10. powermin.nic.in
11. www.cercind.gov.in/
12. www.cea.nic.in
13. �www.cpri.in