mba study water filter

8/12/2019 MBA Study Water Filter

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ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Water-Essential to life

Human sur!a" !s #$%$n#$n& 'n (a&$r) Wa&$r *as +$$n ran,$# + $.%$r&s as

s$/'n# 'n" &' '.0$n as $ss$n&!a" 1'r "!1$) W$ /an sur!$ (!&*'u& 1''# 1'r T('

m'n&*s 'r m'r$2 +u& ($ /an 'n" sur!$ 1'r a 1$( #as (!&*'u& (a&$r)

S'2 (a&$r !s &*$ m's& !m%'r&an& an# m's& ($""-,n'(n /'m%'n$n& '1 &*$ ('r"#)

W!&*'u& (a&$r2 "!1$ /'u"# n$$r *a$ #$$"'%$# 'n &*!s %"an$& an# &'#a s'-/a""$# ($&-$"$m$n& /'$rs 345 '1 &*$ $ar&*6s sur1a/$) H7O !s s' !mm$ns$" !m%'r&an& 1'r &*$

$m$r0$n/$ an# &*$ /'n&!nuan/$ '1 +!'"'0!/a" "!1$2 &*a& $$r %"a/$ /'n&a!n!n0 (a&$r

+$/'m$s a "'/a&!'n &*a& /'u"# $$n&ua"" /'n&a!n an &%$ '1 "!!n0 'r0an!sms)

T*$ &$rm Wa&$r m$ans

W'r,s &' ,$$% mus/"$s an# s,!n &'n$#)

A!#s !n ($!0*& "'ss)

Trans%'r&s '.0$n an# nu&r!$n&s &' /$""s)

E"!m!na&$s &'.!ns an# (as&$s 1r'm &*$ +'#)

R$0u"a&$s +'# &$m%$ra&ur$s)

I& !s 1'un# &*a& &*$ a$ra0$ a#u"& +'# /'n&a!ns 88 &' 385 (a&$r) 79r# '1

+'# ($!0*& !s (a&$r) A *uman $m+r' /'n&a!ns m'r$ &*an ;45 (a&$r) A n$(

+'rn +a+ !s 385 (a&$r) I& !n#!/a&$s &*$ (a&$r 'u #r!n, "!&$ra"" +$/'m$s 'u5 '1 &*$ ('r"#6s 1r$s*(a&$r 'r 4)4435 '1 a"" &*$

(a&$r 'n $ar&*2 !s r$a#!" aa!"a+"$ 1'r *uman ('r"# /'nsum%&!'n)

!. 34 '1 (a&$r (!&*#ra(n 1r'm 1r$s*(a&$r ss&$ms 0' &'(ar# !rr!0a&!'n)

". ;5 '1 1r$s* (a&$r r$s'ur/$s 0' &'(ar#s *uman /'nsum%&!'n an# san!&a&!'n

%ur%'s$2 &*$ ma'r!& '1 1r$s* (a&$r r$s'ur/$s: - 345 !s a""'/a&$# 1'r

a0r!/u"&ur$s %ur%'s$2 (!&* &*$ r$ma!n!n0 775 us$# + !n#us&r!$s)

e. Ou& '1 >> na&!'ns !n &*$ ('r"#2 >4 na&!'ns s*ar$ 85 '1 &*$ ('r"#6s annua"

(a&$r r$s'ur/$s)

f. >)7 +!""!'n %$'%"$- 'r a"m's& > 'u& '1 8 %$'%"$ !n &*$ ('r"#- ar$ (!&*'u& a//$ss

&' sa1$ #r!n,!n0 (a&$r an# *a"1 '1 &*$ ('r"#6s %'%u"a&!'n "a/,s a#$ua&$ (a&$r

%ur!1!/a&!'n ss&$ms)

g. 7)@ +!""!'n %$'%"$2 'r @45 '1 &*$ ('r"#6s %'%u"a&!'n2 #' n'& *a$ a//$ss &'

a#$ua&$ san!&a&!'n)

h. In >;2 > /'un&r!$s 1a/$# /*r'n!/ 1r$s*(a&$r s*'r&a0$s) B &*$ $ar 74782

*'($$r2 @; /'un&r!$s ar$ $.%$/&$# &' 1a/$ s*'r&a0$2 a11$/&!n0 n$ar" +!""!'n

%$'%"$ 85 '1 &*$ ('r"#6s %r'$/&$# %'%u"a&!'n /'un&r!$s !n #an0$r '1 runn!n0

s*'r& '1 (a&$r !n &*$ n$.& '1 78 $ars !n/"u#$s E&*!'%!a2 In#!a2 J$na2 N!0$r!a

an# P$ru)

i. A//'r#!n0 &' &*$ UN an# &*$ ('r"# H$a"&* 'r0an!a&!'n) ;45 '1 #!s$as$ !n

#$$"'%!n0 na&!'n s&$m 1r'm /'nsum%&!'n '1 an# $.%'sur$ &' unsa1$ (a&$r2

(*!/* ,!""s m'r$ &*$n 782444 %$'%"$ $a/* #a)

7. T*$ #$man# 1'r (a&$r 1r'm >44 &' >8 !n/r$as$# s!. 1'r#-m'r$ &*an &(!/$ &*$

ra&$s '1 %'%u"a&!'n 0r'(&* #ur!n0 &*$ sam$ &!m$ !n&$ra")

8. T*$ UN $s&!ma&$s &*a& !n "$ss &*an 78 $ars2 !1 %r$s$n& (a&$r /'nsum%&!'n &r$n#s

/'n&!nu$2 8 +!""!'n %$'%"$ (!"" +$ "!!n0 !n ar$as (*$r$ !& (!"" +$ !m%'ss!+"$ 'r

#!11!/u"& &' m$$& +as!/ (a&$r n$$# 1'r san!&a&!'n2 /'',!n0 an# #r!n,!n0)

1.9 Water :#alit& Position in In"ia

T*$ m's& !m%'r&an& s'ur/$s '1 #r!n,!n0 (a&$r 1'r a"m's& 345 '1 In#!a

%'%u"a&!'n ar$ 0r'un# (a&$r an# /'ns!#$r$# "$ss %'""u&$#) Bu& "a/, '1 san!&a&!'n an#

!m%r'%$r (as&$ #!s%'sa"2 0r'un# (a&$r an# s'ur/$ (a&$r 0$&s %'""u&$#) @45 '1 m'r$ '1&*$ #!s$as$ ar$ a&&r!+u&$# &' %'""u&$# (a&$r /'nsum%&!'n) Ma'r!& '1 !n#us&r!$s !n In#!a

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n


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*a$ +$$n "'/a&$# !n an# ar'un# &*$ /!&!$s) T*$r$ ar$ >@7 ma'r /!&!$s !n In#!a) Ou& '1

(*!/* >>7 /!&!$s ar$ #!s&r!+u&$# am'n0 >@ r!$r +as!ns2 'u& '1 +a"an/$ 4 /!&!$s2 >3 ar$

/'s&a" an# > ar$ n'n-/'s&a") T*$ r!$r =an0a /arr!$s %'""u&!'n "'a# 1r'm @; ma'r /!&!$s

!n /'un&r) L$ss &*an *a"1 '1 ur+an In#!a *as a//$ss &' a s$(a0$ #!s%'sa" ss&$m) M's&

'1 &*$ $.!s&!n0 /'""$/&!'n ss&$ms #!s/*ar0$ #!r$/&" &' &*$ r$/$!!n0 (a&$r (!&*'u&

%r'%$r &r$a&m$n&) =ar+a0$2 #'m$s&!/ 'r '&*$r(!s$2 !s #!r$/&" #um%$# !n&' (a&$r +'#!$s

'r r'a#s!#$2 (*!/* '1&$n "a&$r +$ (as*$# !n&' s&r$ams an# "a,$s) L!&&"$ sur%r!s$ &*$n &*a&

a r$/$n& s&u# + &*$ S'/!$& 1'r C"$an En!r'nm$n& ?S' C"$an s*'($# &*a& a

s!0n!1!/an& %$r/$n&a0$ '1 (a&$r !n man %ar&s '1 Mum+a! /!& (as un%'r&a+"$ an#

/'n&am!na&$# (!&* $./$ss!$ +a/&$r!a" %'""u&!'n)

Pr'&$/&!'n an# mana0$m$n& '1 (a&$r ua"!& !s $m$r0!n0 as 0r$a& %u+"!/ /'n/$rn

&*$s$ #as !n In#!a) Pr$/!%!&a&!'n usua"" /'n&a!ns m!nu&$ am'un&s '1 s!"!/a an# '&*$r

m!n$ra"s an# #!ss'"$# 0as$s su/* as /ar+'n #!'.!#$2 su"%*ur #!'.!#$2 n!&r'0$n an#

'.0$n (!&/* ar$ %r$s$n& !n a!r an# ar$ $n&ra%%$# as %r$/!%!&a&!'n '//urs) As a r$su"&2

&*$ PH a"u$ '1 m's& %r$/!%!&a&!'n !s +$"'( 3)4 an# &*$ (a&$r !s /'rr's!$)

=r'un# (a&$r %'""u&!'n !s usua"" &ra/$# +a/, &' 1'ur ma!n 'r!0!ns !

!n#us&r!a"2 #'m$s&!/2 a0r!/u"&ura" an# '$r $.%"'!&a&!'n) S&u#!$s /arr!$# 'u& !n In#!a

r$$a" &*a& 'n$ '1 ma'r !m%'r&an& /aus$ '1 0r'un# (a&$r %'""u&!'n !s un%"ann$# ur+an

#$$"'%m$n& (!&*'u& a#$ua&$ a&&$n&!'n &' s$(a0$ an# (as&$ #!s%'sa")

T*$ !n/!#$n/$ '1 0r'un# (a&$r %'""u&!'n !s *!0*$s& !n ur+an ar$as (*$r$ "ar0$

'"um$ (as&$s ar$ /'n/$n&ra&$# an# #!s/*ar0$ !n&' r$"a&!$" sma"" ar$a) T*$ 0r'un#

(a&$r /'n&am!na&!'n2 *'($$r2 !s #$&$/&$# 'n" s'm$ &!m$ a1&$r &*$ su+ sur1a/$

/'n&am!na&!'n +$0!ns)

Sur1a/$ (a&$r !s &*$ ma'r s'ur/$ '1 (a&$r 1'r a"" +!0 /!&!$s) In &*!s r$0ar#2

+a/&$r!'"'0!/a" an# %*s!'"'0!/a" s&u#!$s *a# +$$n /arr!$# 'u& !n r$/$n& $ar a& #!11$r$n&%"a/$s

Du$ &' !n/r$as$# !n#us&r!a" an# m!n!n0 a/&!!&!$s2 a num+$r '1 m$&a"s 1!n# &*$!r

(a &' (a&$r +'#!$s) T*$ #$&$/&!'n '1 *!0* "$$" '1 man0an$s$ !n 0r'un# (a&$r !n

/$r&a!n %ar& '1 =an0a Bas!n2 $"$a&$# "$$" '1 m'"+#$num2 ars$n!/2 s$"$n!um an#

man0an$s$ !n s'!" an# (a&$r !n s'm$ r$0!'ns '1 In#!a an# %'ss!+" %ar& '1 *$a m$&a"

"'a# '1 &*$ /'as&a" an# $s&uar!n$ 'n$s !n &*!s su+/'n&!n$n& ar!s$ 1r'm 0$'-/*$m!/a"

a/&!!&!$s) Du$ &' !m%r'%$r san!&a&!'n2 In#us&r!a" (as&$ #!s%'sa" an# 1au"& (a&$r

r$s'ur/$ mana0$m$n&2 &*$ %$r/$n&a0$ '1 (a&$r-+'rn$ !""n$ss ar$ !n/r$as!n0 #a + #a)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 3


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In #$$"'%!n0 /'un&r!$s "!,$ In#!a2 ;45 '1 !n1$/&!'us #!s$as$s ar$ (a&$r +'rn$ an# 845

'1 &*$ #$a&*s am'n0 &*$ /*!"#r$n ar$ #u$ &' #!arr*$a #!s$as$s) T*$ m's& /'mm'n (a&$r-

+'rn$ !n1$/&!'ns ar$ &%*'!#2 /*'"$ra2 s*!0$""'s!s2 !ra" ass'/!a&$# #!arr*$a an#

!n1$/&!'us *$%a&!&!s) T*$ $num$ra&!'n '1 &'&a" !a+"$ /'un&s2 a$r'+!/ *$&$r'&r'%*) T'&a"

/'"!1'rms an# E)/'"! 0$n$ra"" !n#!/a&$s &*$ $.&$n& '1 (a&$r %'""u&!'n)

In In#!a2 1$/a" /'n&am!na&!'n !s s&!"" &*$ (a&$r ua"!& !ssu$ !n r!$rs2 $s%$/!a""

(*$r$ *uman an# an!ma" (as&$s ar$ n'& a#$ua&$" /'""$/&$# an# &r$a&$#) A"&*'u0*2 &*!s

a%%"!$s &' +'&* rura" an# ur+an ar$as2 &*$ s!&ua&!'n !s %r'+a+" m'r$ /r!&!/a" !n 1as&

0r'(!n0 /!&!$s) Or0an!/ %'""u&an&s ?M's& /*$m!/a"s manu1a/&ur$# ar&!1!/!a"" + man

ar$ !n !m%'r&an& (a&$r ua"!& !ssu$ !n In#!a) T*$ $n&$r r!$rs as:

a) P'!n& s'ur/$s #!r$/&" 1r'm s$($rs an# $11"u$n& #!s/*ar0$

?D'm$s&!/2 Ur+an an# !n#us&r!a" s'ur/$s

+) #!11us$ s'ur/$s 1r'm &*$ "$a/*!n0 '1 s'"!# an# "!u!# (as&$ #um%s 'r

a0r!/u"&ura" "an# run '11)

/) !n#!r$/&" &*r'u0* "'n0-ran0$ a&m's%*$r!/ &rans%'r& an# #$%'s!&!'n)

R!$r su/* as Yamuna2 (*!/* %ass &*r'u0* "ar0$ &'(ns an# /!&!$s2 ar$ '1&$n

+a#" a11$/&$# (!&* 'r0an!/ %'""u&an&s) An'&*$r $.am%"$ !s &*a& '1 Dam'#ar R!$r (*!/*

!s %'""u&$# (!&* *$a m$&a"s ar!s!n0 m's&" 1r'm $"$/&r'%"a&!n02 &ann!n0 an# m$&a"

+as$# !n#us&r!$s)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n ;


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CHAPTER - '

CHE4ISTR; OF WATER

'.1 Co$+osition of P#re Water

Pur$ (a&$r /'ns!s& '1 &(' %ar&s '1 *#r'0$n an# 'n$ %ar& '1 '.0$n + '"um$

an# 'n$ %ar& '1 *#r'0$n an# $!0*& %ar&s '1 '.0$n + ($!0*&)

It is +ossi%le to get 1445 %ur$ (a&$r a/u!r$s s$$ra" &%$s '1

!m%ur!&!$s !n %assa0$ 1r'm !&s 'r!0!n &' &*$ %"a/$ '1 /'nsum%&!'n)Dur!n0 %r$/!%!&a&!'n2 ra!n(a&$r a+s'r+s man !m%ur!&!$s 1r'm

a&m's%*$r$2 su/* as #us&2 0as$s an# 1"'a&!n0 +a/&$r!a) W*$n !& 1"'(s 'n &*$ $ar&*6s

sur1a/$2 !n &*$ 1'rm '1 sur1a/$ (a&$r2 !& %!/,s u% sus%$n#$#2 /'""'!#a" an# #!ss'"$#

'r0an!/ an# !n'r0an!/ !m%ur!&!$s) T*$ run '11 1r'm 1'r$s&s an# a0r!/u"&ura" "an#s /'n&a!n

a /'ns!#$ra+"$ uan&!& '1 s!"& an# /'""'!#a" s'"!#s2 (*!/* a## /'"'ur2 'r0an!/ !m%ur!&!$s

an# &ur+!#!&) Dra!na0$s 1r'm a0r!/u"&ur$ s'!"s /'n&r!+u&$ 1$r&!"!$rs an# %$s&!/!#$s) F''#

#!s/*ar0$s 1r'm m!n$s !n/r$as$ &*$ m!n$ra" /'n&$n& an# a/!#!&) D!s/*ar0$s 1r'm

s(am% ar$a /'n&r!+u&$ /'"'ur2 '#'ur an# &as&$) S&'rm (a&$r 1r'm !n*a+!&$# ar$as an#

(as&$(a&$r2 $!&*$r ra( a &r$a&$# 1r'm /!&!$s !n/r$as$ &*$ sus%$n#$# s'"!#s an#

/'n&am!na&$ &*$ (a&$r (!&* 'r0an!/ ma&&$r an# %a&*'0$n!/ +a/&$r!a) T*$ #!s/*ar0$ '1

!n#us&r!a" $11"u$n&s !n/r$as$s &'.!/!&2 a/!#!&2 a",a"!n!&2 'r0an!/ ma&&$r $&/) A %ar& '1

sur1a/$ (a&$r (*!/* %$r/'"a&$ !n&' un#$r0r'un# !s /'m%ara&!$" 1r$$ 1r'm s'm$ '1

&*$s$ !m%ur!&!$s ma %'ss$ss '+$/&!'na+"$ #!ss'"$# !m%ur!&!$s "!,$ !r'n2 man0an$s$2

n!&ra&$2 /a"/!um2 ma0n$s!um an# /*"'r!#$s) T*$ (a&$r us$# 1'r #r!n,!n0 %ur%'s$ s*'u"#

+$ 1r$$ 1r'm &*$s$ !m%ur!&!$s '1 /'n&a!n &*$m !n %$rm!ss!+"$ "!m!&s)

'.' :#alit& of P#re Water

Wa&$r ua"!& !s !m%'r&an& %aram$&$r &' #$/!#$ &*$ *$a"&*2 s'/!'$/'n'm!/ an#

!n#us&r!a" s&a&us '1 /'mmun!& ar'un# &*a& (a&$r +'#)



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In #$&$rm!n!n0 ua"!& '1 %ur$ (a&$r2 ($ /an /'ns!#$r &(' as%$/&s '1 (a&$r)

T*$s$ ar$

>) I& s*'u"# +$ (*'"$s'm$ 'r %'&a+"$)

7 I& s*'u"# +$ %a"a&a+"$ 'r a$s&*$&!/a"" a//$%&a+"$)

Sa1$ (a&$r !m%"!$s (a&$r &*a& !s %'r&a+"$ an# %a"a&a+"$

'.'.1The holeso$e ater

W*'"$s'm$ (a&$r *as &*$ 1'""'(!n0 %r'%$r&!$s

a) I& !s n'& /'n&am!na&$# an# #'$s n'& /aus$ (a&$r-+'rn$ #!s$as$)

+) I& !s 1r$$ 1r'm %'!s'n'us su+s&an/$s)

/) I& !s 1r$$ 1r'm $./$ss!$ am'un& '1 m!n$ra" an# 'r0an!/ ma&&$r)a. Free fro$ !onta$ination

M's& '1 &*$ #!s$as$s &*a& a&&a/, *uman +$!n0 ar$ (a&$r-+'rn$ !n na&ur$) T*$ ar$

/aus$# #u$ &' #r!n,!n0 !n1$/&$# (a&$r) T*$ !n1$/&!n0 a0$n&s ma +$ %r'&''a2 ('rms2

!rus2 1un0!2 $&/) T*$ $n&$r &*$ (a&$r 1r'm s'ur/$ %'""u&$# + &*$ $./r$&a '1 %$rs'ns

(*' ar$ su11$r!n0 1r'm #!s$as$2 'r 1r'm *$a"&* /arr!$rs) T*us2 !& !s !m%$ra&!$ &*a&

%'&a+"$ (a&$r s*'u"# n'& +$ /'n&am!na&$#)

%. Free fro$ +oisono#s s#%stan!eP'!s'n'us su+s&an/$ ma r$a/* &*$ (a&$r 1r'm m!n$ra" 1'rma&!'ns as a r$su"& '1

aua&!/ 0r'(&* !n (a&$r2 1r'm m$&a""!/ %!%$s an# as $11!/!$n& 1r'm !n#us&r!a" su+s&an/$

(*!/* !s &'.!/ !n na&ur$ ar$ s$"$n!um ars$n!/2 +'r'n2 /an!#$2 *$.aa"$n& /*r'm!um2

"$a#2 $&/)

!. 4ineral an" organi! $atter

T*$ %r$s$n/$ '1 'r0an!/ an# m!n$ra" (a&$r !n $./$ss!$ uan&!&!$s !n &*$ (a&$r

su%%"2 /aus$ *ar#n$ss '1 (a&$r an# !m%ar&s an un%"$asan& '#'ur an# &as&$ &' !&)

'.'.'Palata%le ater

Pa"a&a+"$ (a&$r m$ans &*a& !& !s 1r$$ 1r'm $./$ss!$ &$m%$ra&ur$2 /'"'ur2

&ur+!#!&2 &as&$2 an# '#'ur an# !s ($"" a$ra&$#) E$n !12 &*$ (a&$r !s n'& /'n&am!na&$#2

%$'%"$ (!"" n'& a//$%& !&2 !1 !& !s a$s&*$&!/a"" n'& sa&!s1a/&'r)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >4


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'. I$+#rities Affe!ting :#alit& of Drin8a%le Water.

B$1'r$ #!s/uss!n0 ar!'us !m%ur!&!$s2 "$&6s s$$ m$an!n0 '1 &$rm %'""u&$# (a&$r

an# /'n&am!na&$# (a&$r)

P'""u&$# (a&$r r$1$rs &' &*$ %r$s$n/$ '1 an 1'r$!0n ma&&$r ?s'"!#2 "!u!#2

'r 0as$'us 1'rm !n (a&$r2 (*!/* r$s&r!/&s !&s n'rma" usa0$s) T*$ a0$n& '1 %'""u&!'n ma

+$ !n1$/&!'us an# &'.!/2 'r n'n-&'.!/ !n na&ur$)

C'n&am!na&$# (a&$r m$ans &*a& !s %'""u&$# + !n1$/&!'us a0$n&s 'r &'.!/

ma&&$r (*!/* $n#an0$r &*$ *$a"&* '1 &*$ /'mmun!& an# ma,$ &*$ (a&$r un1!& 1'r !&s

n'rma" usa0$s)

T*$ !m%ur!&!$s '1 (a&$r ma +$ s$&&"$a+"$2 sus%$n#$#2 an# /'""'!#a" 'r

#!ss'"$s su+s&an/$2 $!&*$r 'r0an!/ 'r !n'r0an!/2 &'.!/ 'r n'n-&'.!/ !n na&ur$) Im%ur!&!$s

!n =$n$ra" ma +$ /"ass!1!$# !n&':

1. P*s!/a" !m%ur!&!$s ?C'"'ur2 '#'ur2 &as&$2 &ur+!#!&2 &$m%$ra&ur$

'. C*$m!/a" !m%ur!&!$s ?P*2 A/!#!& a",a"!n!&2 /*"'r!#$s2 su"%*a&$s2 !r'n2

man0an$s$2 $&/)

. Ba/&$r!'"'0!/a" !m%ur!&!$s "!,$ %a&*'0$ns ?#!s$as$-%r'#u/!n0 +a/&$r!a

'..1 Ph&si!al I$+#rities

a. Colo#r* - C'"'ur !s /aus$# + &*$ %r$s$n/$ '1 /'""'!#a" su+s&an/$s2 aua&!/

0r'(&*2 $&/ !n (a&$r) C'"'ur !s a"s' /aus$# + su+s&an/$ !n s'"u&!'n an# &*$ #$s

#$r!$# 1r'm &*$ #$/'m%'s!&!'n '1 $0$&a&!'n2 (*!/* !s &$rm$# as &ru$ /'"'ur

%) Taste an" o"o#r: Pur$ (a&$r /ann'& %r'#u/$ a s$nsa&!'n '1 O#'ur 'r &as&$)

M's& 'r0an!/ an# s'm$ !n'r0an!/ /*$m!/a"s /'n&r!+u&$ &as&$ an# '#'ur &' &*$

(a&$r) T*$s$ /*$m!/a" ma 'r!0!na&$ 1r'm mun!/!%a" an# !n#us&r!a" (as&$s2 1r'm

na&ura" r$s'ur/$s2 su/* as #$/'m%'s!&!'n '1 $0$&a+"$ ma&&$r an# s' 'n) Tas&$

r$1$rs &' 0us&a&'r s$nsa&!'ns &$rm$# +!&&$r2 sa"&2 s'ur an# s($$&) Wa&$r &a,$n

!n&' m'u&*2 1'r s$ns'r ana"s!s2 a"(as %r'#u/$s a 1"a'r #$%$n#!n0 'n &*$

/*$m!/a" su+s&an/$ %r$s$n&) T*$ /*ara/&$r an# !n&$ns!& '1 '#'ur an# &as&$

#!s/"'s$s &*$ na&ur$ '1 %'""u&!'n 'r &*$ %r$s$n/$ '1 m!/r''r0an!sms) P$'%"$

#!s"!,$ /'nsum!n0 (a&$r (!&* #!sa0r$$a+"$ '#'ur an# &as&$ #u$ &' a$s&*$&!/

r$as'ns)

!. Te$+erat#re* T*$ !n/r$as$ !n &$m%$ra&ur$ #$/r$as$s %a"a&a+!"!&2 +$/aus$ a&

$"$a&$# &$m%$ra&ur$ /ar+'n #!'.!#$ an# s'm$ '&*$r '"a&!"$ 0as$s (*!/* !m%a/&

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >>


12/87


&as&$ ar$ $.%$""$#) T*$ !#$a" &$m%$ra&ur$ '1 (a&$r 1'r #r!n,!n0 %ur%'s$ !s 8->7 4/

an# a+'$ 784/2 (a&$r !s n'& r$/'mm$n#$# + #r!n,!n0)

'..'. Che$i!al I$+#rities

a. +H:%H a"u$ #$n'&$s &*$ a/!#!/ 'r a",a"!n$ /'n#!&!'n '1 (a&$r) PH a"u$ '1

/'m%"$&$" n$u&ra" (a&$r !s 3)4) T*$ r$/'mm$n#$# %H ran0$ 1'r &r$a&$# #r!n,!n0

(a&$r !s )8 &' ;)82 %r$1$ra+" ar'un# 3)4)

%. A!i"it&*T*$ a/!#!& '1 (a&$r !s a m$asur$ '1 !&s /a%a/!& &' n$u&ra"!$ +as$s)

=$n$ra""2 (a&$r *a!n0 %H "'($r &*an ;)8 /'n&a!ns a/!#!&) A/!#!& '1 (a&$r

ma +$ /aus$# + &*$ %r$s$n/$ '1 un/'m+!n$# /ar+'n #!'.!#$2 m!n$ra" a/!#s

an# sa"&s '1 s&r'n0 a/!#s an# ($a, +as$s) A/!#!& !s n'&*!n0 +u& r$%r$s$n&a&!'n '1

/ar+'n #!'.!#$ 'r /ar+'n!/ a/!#s) Car+'n #!'.!#$ /aus$s /'rr's!'n !n %u+"!/

(a&$r su%%" ss&$m)

!. Al8alit&*T*$ a",a"!& '1 (a&$r !s a m$asur$ '1 !&s /a%a/!& &' n$u&ra"!$ a/!#s) I&

!s ma!n" #u$ &' %r$s$n/$ '1 /ar+'na&$2 +!/ar+'na&$s2 *#r'.!#$s an# "$ss

1r$u$n&"2 +'ra&$s2 s!"!/a&$s an# %*'s%*a&$s)

". Har"ness*I1 (a&$r /'nsum$s $./$ss!$ s'a% &' %r'#u/$ 1'am 'r "a&*$r2 !& !s

sa!# &' +$ *ar#) Har#n$ss !s /aus$# + #!a"$n& m$&a+'"!/ /au&!'ns)

T*$s$ !'ns ar$ /a%a+"$ '1 r$a/&!n0 (!&* s'a% &' 1'rm %r$/!%!&a&$s an# (!&*

/$r&a!n an!'ns %r$s$n& !n (a&$r &' 1'rm s/a"$s) Wa&$r !s /"ass!1!$# +as$# 'n

*ar#n$ss (*!/* !s as 1'""'(s:-

Har"ness 4g=1 Degree of har"ness

4 - 38 S'1&

38- >84 m'#$ra&$" *ar#>84-44 Har#

44 u% V$r *ar#)

T*$ Pr!n/!%a" *ar#n$ss /aus!n0 /au&!'ns ar$ /a"/!um2 ma0n$s!um2 s&r'n&!um2

1$rr'us an# man0an$s$ !'ns) T*$ ma'r an!'ns ass'/!a&$# (!&* &*$s$ /au&!'ns ar$

su"%*a&$2 +!/ar+'na&$s2 /*"'r!#$s an# n!&ra&$s)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >7


13/87


T*$ &'&a" *ar#n$ss '1 (a&$r !s #$1!n$# as &*$ sum '1 &*$ /a"/!um an# ma0n$s!um

/'n/$n&ra&!'n2 +'&* $.%r$ss$# as /a"/!um /ar+'na&$ !n m09")

e. Chlori"es:C*"'r!#$ !s a ma'r /'ns&!&u$n& '1 !n'r0an!/ !r'n !n na&ura" (a&$r)T*$ /*"'r!#$ !'n ma +$ !n /'m+!na&!'n (!&* 'n$ 'r m'r$ '1 &*$ /a& !'ns '1

/a"/!um ma0n$s!um2 !r'n an# s'#!um /*"'r!#$s '1 &*$s$ m!n$ra"s ar$ %r$s$n& !n

(a&$r +$/aus$ '1 &*$!r *!0* s'"u+!"!& !n (a&$r)

Unusua"" *!0* /'n/$n&ra&!'n !n 0r'un# (a&$r !n#!/a&$s sur1a/$ /'n&am!na&!'n

+ s$(a0$ 'r s$a(a&$r !n&rus!'n)

f. S#l+hates*Su"%*a&$ !'n !s 'n$ '1 &*$ ma'r !'ns '//urr!n0 !n na&ura" (a&$rs)

Su"%*a&$s '//ur !n (a&$r #u$ &' r$a/*!n0 1r'm su"%*a&$ m!n$ra"s an# '.!#a&!'n

'1 su"%*!#$s) Su"%*a&$s ar$ ass'/!a&$# 0$n$ra"" (!&* /a"/!um2 ma0n$s!um an#

s'#!um !'ns) Su"%*a&$ !n #r!n,!n0 (a&$r /aus$s a "a.a&!$ a11$/&)

g. Phos+hates*P*'s%*'rus !s /'n&a!n$# !n %"an&s2 +'n$s '1 an!ma"s an# 1$r&!"$

s'!"s) P*'s%*a&$ r$a/*$s &*$ (a&$r + "$a/*!n0 '1 'r$s an# 1r'm a0r!/u"&ura"

#ra!na0$) T*$ *uman +'# r$"$as$s %*'s%*'r'us &*r'u0* ur!n$ an# n!0*& s'!"2

#$%$n#!n0 u%'n &*$ %r'+$ !n !n&a,$) W*$n %*'s%*a&$ /'n/$n&ra&!'n !s m'r$ &*$n

4)> %%m2 !& 0!$s an# '#'ur #u$ &' $./$ss!$ a"0a$ 0r'(&* !n r$s$r'!rs)

'.. (a!teriologi!al I$+#rities

Wa&$r %'""u&$# + s$(a0$ /'n&a!ns 'n$ 'r m'r$ s%$/!$s '1 #!s$as$ %r'#u/!n0

%a&*'0$n!/ +a/&$r!a2 (*!/* sur!$ 'n" 1'r a s*'r& #ura&!'n un#$r un1a'ra+"$

/'n#!&!'n)

Un#$r 1a'ra+"$ /'n#!&!'ns '1 1''# an# &$m%$ra&ur$2 a s!n0"$ 'r0an!sm

/an mu"&!%" !n&' m!""!'ns) In a s*'r& &!m$2 Pa&*'0$n!/ 'r0an!sms /aus$ (a&$r-+'rn$

#!s$as$s2 an# man n'n-%a&*'0$n!/ +a/&$r!a" su/* as $-/'"!2 a m$m+$r '1 &*$ /'"! 1'rm

0r'u%2 a"s' "!$ !n &*$ !n&$s&!na" &ra/& '1 (arm- +"''#$# *uman +$!n0s an# an!ma"s)

T*$ /'"! 1'rm 0r'u% '1 +a/&$r!a /an s$r$ as !n#!/a&'rs '1 /'n&am!na&!'n '1

(a&$r (!&* #'m$s&!/ an# !n#us&r!a" (as&$) T*$ C'"! 1'rm 0r'u% #$ns!&6 (*!/* !s a

/r!&$r!'n '1 &*$ #$0r$$ '1 %'""u&!'n2 !s us$# as a +as!s 1'r s&an#ar#s '1 +a/&$r!'"'0!/a"

ua"!& '1 (a&$r su%%"!$s)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >


14/87


'. Diseases Ca#se" %& the Poll#tants in Water'..1.(a!teria Poll#tion +a/&$r!a" /'"! ma 0!$ r!s$ &' #!arr*$a2 /$%*a"!&!s2

!n1an&!"$ %ara"s!s2 an# $&/)

'..'. Che$i!al Poll#tion %$s&!/!#$s2 ra#!'a/&!$ $"$m$n&s2 'r0an!/

/'m%'un#s an# /*"'r!n$ ma !n#u/$ ar!'us /an/$rs)

'.. Hea5& Poll#tion

a) Mercury:n$u&ra" %ara"s!s2 +ra!n #ama0$2 s,!n #!s$as$2 s&$a&!&$s2

N$%*r'%a&*2 /$""u"ar n$/r's!s an# ,$ra&!&!s)

+) Plum bum: n$u&ra" %ara"s!s2 mus/"$ %ara"s!s2 +ra!n #ama0$2

/'%r's&as!s2 an'r$!a2 an$m!a2 n$%*r'%a&*2 #s,!n$s!a2 /an/$r an#

n$uras&*$n!a)

/) Arsenium:Can/$r2 n$u&ra" %ara"s!s2 /'ns/!'usn$ss #!s'r#$r2 #$rma&!&!s

an# %$%&!/ #!s$as$s)

#) Cadmium:Can/$r2 'm!&2 *$a#a/*$2 r$s%!ra&'r #!s&ur+an/$2 #$rma&!&!s2

*!0* +"''# %r$ssur$2 &ra/*$!&!s2 an$m!a2 0as&r!/!sm2 +a"!s&$r!s!s2

*%'0"'+u"!a an# #!!n$ss)

$) Zinc: A"'%$/!a2 s,!n #$0$n$ra&!'n2 'm!&2 *$a#a/*$2 mus/u"ar /ram2

"$u/'s!s an# !m+$/!"$)

1) Ferrum:C'rn$a !rr!&a&!'n an# s,!n r'u0*n$ss)

0) Cuprum:V'm!&2 #!arr*$a2 s&'ma/*a/*$2 0as&r!/!sm an# !n1an& #$a&*)

*) Natrium:+ra!n #ama0$2 #!arr*$a2 'm!&2 s,!n #ama0$2

I) Magnesium: "'( 1$r&!"$ a/&!!&2 +'n$ a+n'rma"!& an# n$'na&$ a&a.!a)

) Chlorine:#$/a$# &$$&* /aus$# + un$$n a+s'r%&!'n am'un&)

'.3 Is %oile" ater safe)

Man %$'%"$ &*!n, +'!"$# (a&$r !s sa1$) T*$ 1a/& !s n'& a/&ua"" "!,$ &*a&2 &*$

+'!"!n0 %'!n& '1 (a&$r !s >444/) B +'!"!n02 m's& +a/&$r!a !n (a&$r /an +$ ,!""$#) In %as&

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >@


15/87


as &*$ (a&$r (as "$s %'""u&$#2 +'!"!n0 !s a ,!n# '1 $11$/&!$ #!s!n1$/&!n0 m$&*'#s)

H'($$r2 &*$ 'r0an!/ ?r$s!#u$ P$s&!/!#$2 1$r&!"!$r2 (as*!n0 %'(#$r $&/2 *$a m$&a"

!'ns an# '&*$r *aar#'us $"$m$n&s !n &'#a6s (a&$r ar$ mu/* m'r$ &$rr!+"$ &*an

+a/&$r!a) B'!"!n0 !s *$"%"$ss a& a"") On &*$ /'n&rar2 +'!"!n0 !n/r$as$ &*$ /'n/$n&ra&!'n '1

*aar#'us su+s&an/$s) Fur&*$rm'r$2 &*$n +'!"$# (a&$r /'n&$n& #$/"!n$s s*ar%"2 (*!/*

0'$s a0a!ns& m$&a+'"!sm '1 *uman +'#)

A//'r#!n0 &' &*$ r$%'r& '1 Am$r!/an N$(s ($$," #a&$# O/&'+$r2 2 >72

%$rs'n ma +$ $as &' /a&/* r$/&a" /an/$r an# +"a##$r /an/$r !1 #r!n,!n0 &*$ +'!"$#

(a&$r 1r' a "'n0 &!m$)

T*$ r$as'n !s &*a& +'!"!n0 ma s&!mu"a&$ /*"'r!n$ &' /'m+!n$ (!&* 'r0an!/

su+s&an/$s !n (a&$r &' /'n$r& n!&ra&$ &' &'.!/ n!&ra&$2 (*!/* ma /*an0$ *$m'0"'+!n !n

*uman &' n!&ra&$ *$m'0"'+!n &' ma,$ r$# /$""s "'s$ &*$ a+!"!& &' /arr '.0$n)

I1 %$'%"$ &a,$ N!&ra&$ 1'r a "'n0 &!m$2 n!&r!&$ ma %r'#u/$ a ,!n# '1 /ar/!n'0$n

N!&r'sam!/ + r$a/&!n0 (!&* 0as&r!/ a/!# a1&$r $n&$r!n0 *uman +'#)

'.6 Is Chlorine Har$f#l)

C*"'r!n$ (as 1!rs& a##$# &' a /'mmun!& (a&$r ss&$m !n >4; !n C*!/a0' an#

(as !ns&rum$n&a" !n $"!m!na&!n0 man &%$s '1 (a&$r +'rn$ #!s$as$ su/* as /*'"$ra an#

T%*'!# 1$$r) Pr!'r &' /*"'r!na&!n0 man ma'r /!&!$s *a# #$a&* &'""s '1 > !n >44 %$'%"$

1r'm T%*'!# a!" /*"'r!n$ *as +$$n us$# &' #!s!n1$/& mun!/!%a" (a&$r 1'r '$r ;4 $ars

K *as *a# s'm$ %'s!&!$ $11$/&s 'n %u+"!/ *$a"&*) In &*$ >436s !& (as #!s/'$r$# &*a&

/*"'r!n$2 (*$n a##$# &' (a&$r 1'rms Tr!*a"'m$&*an$s /*"'r!na&$# + /'m+!n!n0 (!&*

/$r&a!n na&ura"" '//urr!n0 'r0an!/ ma&&$r su/* as $0$&a&!'n an# a"0a$) In >7 &*$

Am$r!/an 'urna" '1 Pu+"!/ H$a"&* %u+"!s*$# a r$%'r& &*a& s*'($# a >85 &' 85

!n/r$as$ !n /$r&a!n &%$ '1 /an/$r 1'r %$'%"$ (*' /'nsum$ /*"'r!na&$# (a&$r) T*!s r$%'r&

a"s' s&a&$# &*a& mu/* '1 &*$s$ $11$/&s ($r$ #u$ &' s*'($r!n0 !n /*"'r!na&$# (a&$r)

T*$ Na&!'na" /an/$r !ns&!&u&$ $s&!ma&$s /an/$r r!s,s 1'r %$'%"$ (*' /'nsum$

/*"'r!na&$# (a&$r &' +$ 5 *!0*$r &*an 1'r %$'%"$ (*' #' n'& (as #$+a&$# 1'r #$/a#$s)

H'($$r2 m's& $.%$r&s n'( a0r$$ &*a& &*$r$ ar$ s'm$ s!0n!1!/an& r!s,s r$"a&$# &'

/'nsum!n0 /*"'r!n$ an# /*"'r!na&$# + %r'#u/&s)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >8


16/87


V!$(s 0!$n + s'm$ '1 r$n'(n$# 'r0an!a&!'n an# #'/&'rs ar$: Can/$r r!s,

am'n0 %$'%"$ #r!n,!n0 /*"'r!na&$# (a&$r !s 5 *!0*$r &*an am'n0 &*'s$ (*'s$ (a&$r

#'$s n'& /'n&a!n /*"'r!n$)>US C'un/!" '1 En!r'nm$n&a" ua"!&)

WATER FIT DRINJ ?B'',2 + C'r'" J$'u0*2 A 0u!#$ &' &*$ *!##$n *aar#s

'1 #r!n,!n0 (a&$r) T*$ %r!m$ sus%$/& !n &*$s$ /an/$r #$a&*s (as /*"'r!n$)))

SAVE YOUR LIFE ?B'',2 + M!/*a$" Cu!+an T*$ #$a&* ra&$ 1r'm /an/$r

am'n0 #r!n,$rs '1 /*"'r!na&$# (a&$r (as @@5 *!0*$r &*an &*'s$ (*' #!# n'& #r!n,

/*"'r!na&$# (a&$r)

http://www.answers.com/topic/#wp-_note-1http://www.answers.com/topic/#wp-_note-1http://www.answers.com/topic/#wp-_note-1


17/87


CHAPTER -

WATER SCENARIO AT SA4P,E UNDER STUD;

.1 Infor$ation > ;a5at$al Cit& an" So#r!es of Drin8a%le Water

T*$ nam$ #$r!$s 1r'm Yaa&2 m$an!n0 m'un&a!n an# ma"2 m$an!n0 r'()

=$'0ra%*) Yaa&ma" !s "'/a&$# a& '


18/87


Ma'r +us!n$ss $s&a+"!s*m$n& !n Yaa&ma" !n/"u#$s &*$ Ram'n#s 1a/&'r (*!/*

%r'#u/$s &*$ G$ans F!+$r) I&s !s >445 $.%'r& un!& 1r'm Ram'n#6s2 (*!/* !s a 1am'us/"'&*s +ran#)

O&*$r "'/a" +us!n$ss$s !n &'(n ar$ #'m!na&$# + %r$s$n/$ '1 a0r!/u"&ura" su%%"

1a/!"!&!$s (*!/* ar$ $r us$1u" 1'r &*$ n$ar+ 1arm$r /'mmun!&)

N$( 0$n$ra&!'n !s +$!n0 m'#$rn s"'(" an# &*$r$ ar$ num+$r '1 /'m%u&$r "$arn!n0

/$n&$rs2 $#u/a&!'na" !ns&!&u&$s) T*$r$ ar$ 0'$rnm$n& m$#!/a" an# $n0!n$$r!n0 /'""$0$s

an# '&*$r $#u/a&!'na" !ns&!&u&$s) Yaa&ma" *as num+$r '1 $#u/a&!'na" 1a/!"!&!$s (*!/*

!n/"u#$ En0!n$$r!n02 M$#!/a"2 %*s!/a" $#u/a&!'n !ns&!&u&$s) T*$ s&u#$n& %'%u"a&!'n !s

!n/r$as!n0 !n &*$ /!&!$s (*!/* /'m$ 1r'm a"" '$r &*$ /'un&r n'() Ma!n "an0ua0$s !n

Yaa&ma" /!& !s Mara&*!2 H!n#!2 =uaara&! an# S!n#*!)

A//'r#!n0 &' /$nsus 744 r$%'r&2 T'&a" %'%u"a&!'n '1 Yaa&ma" /!& !s 2 >82444

P$r /a%!&a /'nsum%&!'n !s 34 "!&$rs '1 (a&$r) T'&a" su%%" '1 #r!n,a+"$ (a&$r 1r'm

Mun!/!%a" C'r%'ra&!'n !s 8 m!""!'n %$r #a) S'ur/$s '1 #r!n,a+"$ (a&$r !n Yaa&ma"

/!& ar$ N!"'na #am2 L'/a" ?'%$n2 +'r$ an# ($""s)

N!"'na an# B'r0a'n #am ar$ 'n$ '1 &*$ s/ar$# an# m's& !m%'r&an& #ams '1

Yaa&ma") An# !& %r'!#$s 45 '1 (a&$r r$u!r$m$n& '1 %'%u"a&!'n an# !n#us&r!$s2 @45

%'%u"a&!'n #$%$n# 'n 0r'un# (a&$r)

A//'r#!n0 &' s&a&!s&!/a" #a&a '1 Yaa&ma" #!s&r!/& ?F!nan/$ an# s&a&!s&!/s2 ='&) '1

Ma*aras*&ra2 >;2 s$$ra" num+$r '1 #$a&*s '//urr$# + (a&$r +'rn$ #!s$as$ !n >;

a& Yaa&ma") T*$ N!"'na #am '1 Yaa&ma" /!& *as +$$n 0r'ss" %'""u&$# 1r'm &*$ /!&

/'n&am!na&!'n2 +$s!#$ '1 &*$ #am m!""!'ns '1 "!&$r '1 s$(a0$2 #'m$s&!/ (as&$ an#

a0r!/u"&ur$ $11"u$n/$s /'n&a!n!n0 su+s&an/$s ar!n0 !n /*ara/&$r!s&!/s 1r'm s!m%"$

nu&r!$n&s &' *!0*" &'.!/ su+s&an/$ su/* as m$&a"s) T*$ 1a/&s '1 0r'un# (a&$r ar$ a"s'

s!m!"ar !n m's& '1 &*$ ar$a !n Yaa&ma" /!&)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n >;


19/87


.' (rief Infor$ation a%o#t Stan"ar" Esta%lish for Drin8a%le Water

ua"!& s&an#ar# r$/'mm$n#$# 1'r #'m$s&!/ an# #r!n,!n0 (a&$r %ur%'s$ ar$

%u+"!s* !n APHA manua" ?>72 In#!an s&an#ar#s ?Is: 7@42 >4 an# Is: >48442 >2

WHO s&an#ar#s ?> an# ICMR s&an#ar#s ?>38) T*$s$ s&an#ar#s /'n&a!n &*$

a//$%&a+"$ an# man#a&'r "!m!&s '1 ar!'us $"$m$n&s2 /'m%'un#s an# 'r0an!sms

/'n&a!n$# !n (a&$r an# s*'u"# +$ s&r!/&" 1'""'($#) F'r s&u#!n0 Yaa&ma" (a&$r ua"!&2

IS: >48442 >2 (as us$#

Ta+"$s )> &' ) s*'(s Yaa&ma" (a&$r ua"!& (!&* r$1$r$n/$ &' s&an#ar# 1'r #r!n,!n0

(a&$r)

Ta%le .1 Ph&si!al +ara$eters E!ee"s ISI ,i$its

Sr.

No

Para$eters

Drin8ing ater

Stan"ar" IsB

1


20/87


Ta%le .' Che$i!al Para$eter E!ee"s ISI ,i$its

Sr.

No

Para$eters Drin8ing ater stan"ar"s

Is* 184 M09 L N!"'na #am

B'r0a'n #am

B'r$ ($""

D$$% ($""

S*a""'( ($""

Ta% (a&$r

>44 5

7@ 5

>44 5

>44 5

>44 5

44 5

P*'s%*a&$ 4)> M09 L N!"'na #am

B'r0a'n #am

B'r$ ($""

D$$% ($""

S*a""'( ($""

>44 5

; 5

; 5

; 5

; 5

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 74


21/87


Ta% (a&$r 44 5

C'n&!nu$#

Sr.

No


Is* 1@ 5

4 5

4@ 5

4@ 5

44 5

>4 Ca#m!um 4)4> M09 L N!"'na #am

B'r0a'n #am

B'r$ ($""

D$$% ($""

S*a""'( ($""

Ta% (a&$r

;4 5

@4 5

44 5

47 5

44 5

44 5

Ta%le . (a!teriologi!al Para$eters E!ee" ISI ,i$its

Sr.

No


Is* 144 5

5

4 5

3 5

34 587 5

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 7>


22/87


C'n&!nu$#

Sr.

No


Is* 19 >44 m" N!"'na #am

B'r0a'n #am

B'r$ ($""

D$$% ($""

S*a""'( ($""

Ta% Wa&$r

>44 5

>44 5

@ 5

@ 5

8 5

; 5

; F) C'"!1'rms NMT >9 >44 m" N!"'na #am

B'r0a'n #am

B'r$ ($""D$$% ($""

; 5

; 5

4 57 5

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 77


23/87


S*a""'( ($""

Ta% Wa&$r

4 5

; 5

. Water Infe!ting Agents

..1 Total Heterotro+hi! (a!teria TH(/

T'&a" *$&$r'&r'%*!/ +a/&$r!a" %'""u&!'n !n N!"'na #am ($r$ r$/'r#$# 1r'm @4 &'

7;;44 /1u 9 m" 2 ;4 &' 444 /1u 9 m" !n B'r0a'n #am2 >84 &' 77844 /1u 9 m"2 !n +'r$

($""2 84 &' 78878 /1u 9 m" !n D$$% ($""2 >84 &' @>744 /1u 9 m" !n S*a""'( ($""2 4 &'

88 /1u !n Ta% (a&$r)

T*$ (a&$r sam%"$ /'""$/&$# 1r'm +'r0a'n #am a& &*$ "'/a&!'n '1 B'r0a'n

/'n&a!ns &*$ ma.!mum num+$r THB %'%u"a&!'n) T*$ (a&$r sam%"$ /'""$/&$# 1r'm

N!"'na #am a& B*'sa /'n&a!ns &*$ ma.!mum num+$r '1 THB %'%u"a&!'n) T*$ (a&$r

sam%"$ /'""$/&$# 1r'm B'r$ ($"" a& T!ru%a&! "a 'u& /'n&a!n ma.!mum num+$r '1 THB

%'%u"a&!'n (a&$r /'""$/&$# 1r'm D$$% ($"" a& P'"!/$ m!&ra s'/!$& ?MIDC ar$a

/'n&a!n$# a ma.!mum THB %'%u"a&!'n (*$r$as !n Ta% (a&$r /'""$/&$# 1r'm T!"a, (a#!

/'n&a!n num+$r '1 TBH %'%u"a&!'n)

Wa&$r sam%"$ /'""$/&$# 1r'm N!"'na #am 1'un# 7 5 THB /'un& !n &*$ ran0$ '1

7444->42444 /1u 9 m") ; 5 THB /'un& !n &*$ ran0$ '1 844->44 /1u 9 m" !n B'r0a'n

#am) Wa&$r sam%"$ /'""$/&$# 1r'm B'r$ ($"" 1'un# 7@ 5 THB /'un& +$&($$n 744-@44

/1u 9m") @@ 5 THB /'un& !n &*$ ran0$# >444-7444 /1u 9 m" !n D$$% ($""2 ; 5 sam%"$

!n ran0$# +$&($$n @44-7444 /1u 9 m" !n S*a""'( ($"") In Ta% (a&$r sam%"$2 4 5 THB

/'un& 1'un# !n &*$ ran0$# @44-744 /1u 9 m")

A"&*'u0* THB #$ns!&!$s #' n'& r'&a&$ &' s%$/!1!/ *$a"&* *aar#s $"$a&$#

m!/r'+!a" #$ns!& /an +$ ass'/!a&$# (!&* #$ns!&!"!a&!'n '1 s&an#ar# /'"!1'rm #$&$/&!'n)

..' Total Colifor$s an" Fae!al Coilfor$s

A"" sam%"$ /'""$/&$# 1r'm sur1a/$ (a&$r su/* as B'r0a'n #am2 N!"'na #am ar$

$./$$#$# &*$ "!m!&s '1 &'&a" /'"!1'rms an# ;52 @5 sam%"$ r$s%$/&!$") A"" sam%"$s



24/87


/'""$/&$# 1r'm B'r0a'n #am2 N!"'na #am $./$$# &*$ "!m!&s 1'r 1a$/a" /'"!1'rms (*$r$

as

@5 sam%"$s 1r'm +'r$ ($""2 #$$% an# S*a""'( ($"" $./$$#$# &*$ "!m!&s 1'r T'&a"

/'"!1'rms an# ;52 75 an# 45 sam%"$s r$s%$/&!$" /'""$/&$# 1r'm a+'$ s'ur/$s '1

0r'un# (a&$r $./$$# &*$ "!m!&s 1'r Fa$/a" C'"!1'rms) 85 an# ;5 Ta% (a&$r sam%"$

$./$$# &*$ "!m!& 1'r &'&a" /'"!1'rms an# 1a$/a" /'"!1'rms r$s%$/&!$")

T*$ Fa$/a" /'"!1'rms 0r'u% !s 'r0an!sms 'r!0!na&!n0 !n !n&$s&!na" &ra/& '1

*umans an# '&*$r an!ma"s)

H!0* a"u$s '1 T'&a" /'"!1'rms an# Fa//a" /'"!1'rms a& ma.!mum "'/a&!'n '1

0r'un# (a&$r an# sur1a/$ (a&$r /'n1!rms /'n&am!na&!'ns '1 (a&$r #u$ &' #'m$s&!/

s$(a0$ 1'rms n/! + !""a0$s an# /!&)

T*$ *!0* /'n/$n&ra&!'n '1 /'"!1'rms ma +$ #u$ &' &*$ %$r/'"a&!'n '1 #'m$s&!/

s$(a0$)

Ma.!mum sam%"$ /'n&a!n$# &'&a" an# Fa//a" /'"!1'rms $./$$#!n0 &*$ (a&$r

ua"!& s&an#ar# !)$) 'n$ %$r >44 m" '1 sam%"$ as %$r sa1$ #r!n,!n0 (a&$r a/&) #$%!/&!n0

%'""u&!'n '1 &*$ 0r'un# an# sur1a/$ (a&$r *!0*"!0*&s m'r$ s$$r$ $n!r'nm$n&a"

%r'+"$m !n &*$ r$0!'n &*r'u0* Fa//a" /'n&am!na&!'n)

.. Other (a!terial Isolates

a) E-C'!" (as %'s!&!$ !n >445 sam%"$ '1 N!"'na #am2 5 sam%"$ '1

B'r0a'n2 45 sam%"$ '1 B'r$ ($""2 35 an# 345 sam%"$s 1'rm D$$% an#

S*a""'( ($"" r$s%$/&!$")

E-C'!" !s (!#$" us$# as !n#!/a&'rs '1 s$(a0$ /'n&am!na&!'n '1 0r'un#)

Am'n0 Ta% (a&$r ana"s!s 878 sam%"$s ($r$ %'s!&!$ 1'r E-/'!") F'r &r$a&$#

Mun!/!%a" su%%" &*!s 1!0ur$ !s $r *!0* an# '+$/&!'na+"$)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 7@


25/87


26/87


&*$ !n1'rma&!'n 'n (a&$r 'n (a&$r ua"!& &$n#s &' 0$n$ra" %u+"!/ 'r &' &*$ %'"!/

ma,$rs an# !n (a&$r ua"!& mana0$m$n&)

T*$ WI a"u$ '1 N!"'na #am (as )3@2 B'r0a'n #am (as 1'un# &' +$

@7)872 In 0r'un# (a&$r WI a"u$ $r '+s$r$# @@)38 1'r B'r$ ($"" @8)7 1'r

D$$% ($""2 @8)7 1'r S*a""'( ($"" an# ;) 1'r &a% (a&$r) T*$ %$rm!ss!+"$ a"u$s 1'r

#r!n,!n0 (a&$r a//'r#!n0 &' &*!s m$&*'# ar$ >44 an# *$n/$2 &*!s !m%"!$s &*a& &*$ (a&$r !s

n'& 1!& 1'r #r!n,!n0 (!&*'u& %r'%$r &r$a&m$n& !n a"" a+'$ s'ur/$s $./$%& &a% (a&$r)

0ra+h 0-.1 Co$+arati5e Water :#alit& In"e of Different ater

Reser5oir



27/87


CHAPTER -

WA;S TO PURIF; WATER

.1 ario#s 4eans A"o+te" for P#rif&ing Water

Var!'us m$ans ar$ +$!n0 us$# +$!n0 a& *'m$ &' %ur!1 (a&$r &*$s$ ar$:

.1.1 Water Strainer

Wa&$r s&ra!n$r !s $!&*$r ma#$ u% '1 /"'&*$ 'r %"as&!/ n$&) I& /an r$m'$ 'n"

r$"a&!$" "ar0$ %ar&!/"$s) In1$/&!n0 a0$n&s an# /*$m!/a" %'""u&an&s /an $as!" %ass

&*r'u0* !&) S' !& !s n'& $11$/&!$ (a '1 %ur!1!n0 &*$ (a&$r)

.1.' (oiling

I& !s &*$ '"#$s& an# m's& !n$.%$ns!$ an# sur$ s*'& (a '1 %ur!1!n0 (a&$r) I&

,!""s a"" %a&*'0$ns2 !n/"u#!n0 !rus$s2 +u& !& !m%ar&s 1"a& &as&$ &' (a&$r an# us$s) U% a "'&

'1 1u$") M'r$'$r &*!s /ann'& r$m'$ sus%$n#$# /*$m!/a"s)

.1. Al#$

R$"a&!$" "ar0$ %ar&!/"$s ar$ r$m'$# 1r'm (a&$r + s!m%"$ s$&&"!n0 an#

1!"&ra&!'n) T*$ r$m'a" '1 /'""'!# s'"!#s ?4)44>&' 4)> m!/r'm$&$r !n s!$ 1r'm (a&$r

r$u!r$s /'a0u"a&!'n) Sa"&s '1 a"um!num an# !r'n ar$ &*$ /'a0u"an&s m's& '1&$n us$# !n

(a&$r &r$a&m$n&) O1 &*$s$2 a"um an# 1!"&$r !s m's& /'mm'n" us$#)

W*$n a##$# &' &*$ (a&$r2 a 0$"a&!n'us *#r'.!#$ !s 1'rm$# /arr!n0 Sus%$n#$#

ma&$r!a" (!&* !& as !& s$&&"$s) T*!s *#ra&$# a"um!num !'n !s a/!#!/2 an# W*$n a##$# &'

(a&$r r$a/&s (!&* +as$ &' &rans1'rm !n&' a 0$"a&!n'us s&a&$)

.1. Che$i!als

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 73


28/87


T*$ a##!&!'n '1 !'#!n$ 'r /*"'r!n$ !s an'&*$r '%&!'n 1'r r$n#$r!n0 /'n&am!na&$#

(a&$r #r!n,a+"$) A *arm1u" $11$/& '1 /*"'r!n$ *as a"r$a# m$n&!'n$#) I'#!n$ /rs&a"s2

&a+"$&s an# &!n/&ur$ ar$ !n$.%$ns!$2 "!0*&($!0*&2 /'m%a/& an# (*$n us$# /'rr$/&$#

a//'r#!n0 &' &*$ manu1a/&ur$r6s !ns&ru/&!'ns2 $11$/&!$ a& #$s&r'!n0 +a/&$r!a2 !rus$s

an# m's& %r'&''a)

Disa"5antages are

!) I& &a,$s &!m$ &' ('r,

!!) I&s $11$/&!$n$ss #$%$n#s 'n &*$ a/!#!& '1 (a&$r ?%H2

T$m%$ra&ur$ ?+$"'( >4 #$0r$$ C$"s!us !& !s r$#u/$# an# s!"&a&!'n "$$" '1

(a&$r

!!!) I& a11$/&s &*$ &as&$ '1 (a&$r)

!) I& s*'u"# n'& +$ us$# 1'r "'n0 &$rm as !& a11$/&s *$a"&*) Pr$0nan& ('m$n

an# %$rs'ns (!&* &*r'!# %r'+"$m 'r !'#!n$ a""$r0!$s (!"" *a$ &' /'nsu"&

a %*s!/!an +$1'r$ us!n0 !'#!n$)

) I& a"s' #'$s n'& r$m'$ s'"!#s an# #$+r!s 1r'm &*$ (a&$r)

.1.3 Water +#rifier

A #!11$r$n& &%$ '1 (a&$r %ur!1!$r !s +$!n0 us$# &' %ur!1!$r (a&$r) T*!s ar$

#$s/r!+$# as 1'""'(s-:

a/ Re5erse os$osis RO/

Wa&$r !s 1'r/$# &*r'u0* a s$m!-%$rm$a+"$ m$m+ran$2 "$a!n0 /$r&a!n un(an&$#

su+s&an/$s +$*!n#2 %r'#u/!n0 /"$ar2 1r$s*-&as&!n0 #r!n,a+"$ (a&$r)

T*$ un(an&$# su+s&an/$s ar$ 1"us*$# #'(n &*$ #ra!n) RO us$s n' /*$m!/a"s 'r

$"$/&r!/!&) I& !s r$0ar#$# as 'n$ '1 &*$ m's& $11$/&!$ &$/*n'"'0!$s n'( &' %ur!1!$r (a&$r)

I& !s us$# &!n /'nun/&!'n (!&* '&*$r 1!"&$r) T*$ 'u& /'m$s !s 5 %ur$

/'n&am!na&$ 1r$$ (a&$r I& a"s' r$m'$s 5 '1 m!n$ra"s) I& !s 0$n$ra" us$# !n r$s!#$n&!a"

*'m$s2 !n !n#us&r an# '&*$r a%%"!/a&!'n (*$r$ m!n$ra" 1r$$ (a&$r !s n$$#$#) T*!sm$&*'# !s a"s' us$# &' #$sa"!na&$ s$a(a&$r)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n 7;


29/87


In r$$rs$ 'sm's!s ss&$m2 &(' &%$s '1 m$m+ran$s CTA 'r /$""u"'s$

Tr!a/$&a&$ an# TFC 'r &*!n /'m%'s!&!'n ar$ us$#)

T*$ CTA m$m+ran$ !s "$ss $.%$ns!$) I& r$m'$s a+'u& 45 '1 m's& %'""u&!'n

an# &'0$&*$r (!&* an a/&!a&$# /ar+'n %'s& 1!"&$r2 %r'!#$s a"" &*$ 1!"&ra&!'n r$u!r$# +

%$'%"$ an# m's& auar!ums)

T*$ TFC m$m+ran$ !s m'r$ $.%$ns!$) I& mus& *a$ /ar+'n 1!"&ra&!'n a*$a# '1

&*$ m$m+ran$ &' r$m'$ /*"'r!n$) C*"'r!n$ run$s &*$ m$m+ran$) T*!s r$u!r$s (a&$r2

+'&* %r'#u/& an# (as&$ &' 1"'( &*r'u0* &*$ /ar+'n 1!"&$r2 $.*aus&!n0 !& mu/* u!/,$r

an# r$u!r!n0 1r$u$n& /*an0$s ?8 &!m$s as '1&$n) F'r0$&&!n0 &' /*an0$ &*$ /ar+'n 1!"&$r

ma /aus$ &*$ m$m+ran$ &' s$"1-#$s&ru/&) T*$ TFC m$m+ran$ r$m'$s a "!&&"$ *!0*$r

%$r/$n&a0$ '1 m's& %'""u&!'n)

Fig#re .1 Shos The F#n!tion of The 4e$%rane.



30/87


T*$ ma!n #!11$r$n/$ +$&($$n CTA an# TFC !s &*a& n!&ra&$ r$m'a" 1'r &*$ CTA

!s 84 345 an# !& !s a+'u& 85 1'r &*$ TFC) T*us2 (a&$r %ur!1!$r us!n0 a s$m!

%$rm$a+"$ TFC m$m+ran$ r$$/&s u% &' 4 &' 5 '1 !m%ur!&!$s an# /'n&am!nan&s 1r'm

(a&$r) C'n&am!nan&s su/* as !r'n2 "$a#2 n!&ra&$2 n!&ra&$2 /'%%$r2 s'#!um2 ma0n$s!um2

!rus an# !rus +a/&$r!a2 0$rms2 sa"&s ar$ 1"us*$# 'u& &' 0!$ sa1$ s($$& (a&$r)

S&a0$s '1 1!"&ra&!'n !n R$$rs$ 'sm's!s ?RO %r'/$ss us$# (!&* /ar+'n +"'/,

1!"&$r an# 0ranu"a&$# /ar+'n +"'/, 1!"&$r)

Stage l

>4 'r 8 m!/r'n %'"%r'%"$n$ s$#!m$n& 1!"&$r $.&ra/&s a"" %*s!/a" !m%ur!&!$s

?Dus&2 D!r&2 an# Rus&)

Stage '

=ranu"ar a/&!a&$# /ar+'n $.&ra/&s /*"'r!n$ +! %r'#u/&s)

Stage

> m!/r'n 'r /ar+'n +"'/, %r$ 1!"&$r $.&ra/&s +!'"'0!/a"2 'r0an!/ ma&&$r 1r'm

(a&$r)

Stage

CTA 'r TFC m$m+ran$ r$m'$s 4 &' 5 '1 !m%ur!&!$s an# /'n&am!nan&s)

Stage 3

In"!n$ /'/'nu& s*$"" /ar+'n 1!"&$r r$m'$ '#'ur ?Ba# sm$"" an# !m%r'$s &as&$)

T*$ a+'$ s&$%s /an +$ $.%"a!n$# (!&* &*r'u0* &*$ 1!0ur$)

T*$ a+'$ s&$%s /an +$ $.%"a!n$# ($""



31/87


Fig#re .' Ste+s in RO

Pro!ess of RO

T*$ra( (a&$r !s 1!rs& %ur!1!$# + RO %r'/$ss &*a& /'ns!s&s '1 a s$#!m$n& 1!"&$r2

A/&!a&$# /ar+'n 1!"&$r2 *!0* %r$ssur$ %um% 1'""'($# + a RO m$m+ran$) Ess$n&!a"

na&ura" ar$ &*an !n&$""!0$n&" r$"$as$# !n&' RO %ur!1!$# (a&$r + 'ur %a&$n&$# m!n$ra"

RO Pr'/$ss) A /'n&r'" a"u$ !s a"s' %r'!#$# &' a#us& T)D)S '1 &*$ %ur!1!$# (a&$r 'n

s!&$)

T*$ $ss$n&!a" m!n$ra" !n/'r%'ra&$# RO (a&$r !s 1ur&*$r s&$r!"!$# + UV %r'/$ss

&' 0!$ #'u+"$ %r'&$/&!'n 1r'm +a/&$r!a an# !rus$s)

%/ Distillation

Wa&$r !s +'!"$# /r$a&!n0 s&$am) T*!s s&$am /''"s an# /'n#$ns$s &' 1'rm (a&$r

#r'%"$&s2 (*!/* !n &urn ar$ #$%'s!&$# !n a /'n&a!n$r) T*$ "!&&"$ r$ma!n!n0 (a&$r "$1&

/'n&a!ns /'n&am!na&$s an# !s #!s/ar#$#) T*$ r$su"& !s %ur$ m!n$ra" 1r$$ (a&$r) W*$n !& !s

us$# !n /'nun/&!'n (!&* '&*$r 1!"&$r m$#!um su/* as /ar+'n2 &*$ r$su"& !s ) 5 %ur$

/'n&am!na&$ 1r$$ (a&$r) I& !s 0$n$ra"" us$# !n *'m$s an# !n#us&r (*$r$ %ur$ m!n$ra"

1r$$ (a&$r !s n$$#$#) I& !s 'n$ '1 &*$ m's& $11$/&!$ (a &' r$m'$ /'n&am!na&$s 1r'm

(a&$r)



32/87


!/ ATP

A/&!a&$# &r!/a"/!um %*'s%*a&$ 'r /a"/!um *#r'.a%a&!&$) I& !s ($"" ,n'(n 1'r

!&s a+!"!& &' r$m'$ 1"u'r!#$ an# *$a m$&a"s &*r'u0* a+s'r%&!'n an# !'n $./*an0$

%r'/$ss$s) I& !s &*$ 'n" ,n'(n m$#!um &*a& (!"" r$m'$ m's& '1 &*$ 1"u'r!#$ !n (a&$r

(!&*'u& r$m'!n0 &*$ na&ura" m!n$ra"s 1r'm (a&$r) I& us$s n' $"$/&r!/!&) I& !s us$s !n

/'nun/&!'n (!&* '&*$r %ur!1!n0 m$&*'#s)

"/ ,on e!hange

I& !s a"s' ,n'(n as R$s!n m$#!um) T*!s m$#!um !s #$s!0n &' r$m'$ #!ss'"$#

sa"&s !n &*$ (a&$r2 su/* as /a"/!um L'n E./*an0$ s'1&$n &*$ (a&$r 'r $./*an0$ na&ura"

1'rm!n0 m!n$ra" !'ns !n &*$ (a&$r (!&* !&s '(n !'ns2 &*$r$+ n$u&ra"!!n0 &*$!r *arm1u"

$11$/& '1 /r$a&!n0 s/a"$ +u!"# u%) I& us$s n' $"$/&r!/!&) I& !s us$# !n +'!"$rs an# '&*$r

!n#us&r r$"a&$# s!&ua&!'ns) I& !s !#$a" (*$n us$# !n /'nun/&!'n (!&* '&*$r 1!"&$r m$#!um

su/* as /ar+'n) I& !s (!#$" us$# !n r$s!#$n&!a"2 *'m$ %ur!1!n0 un!&s)

e/ Io"ine resin

I& !s a"s' ,n'(n as *!0*" $11$/&!$ m$ans !n ,!""!n0 %a&*'0$n!/ 'r0an!sms a& &*$

%r!mar #!s!n1$/&!'n s&a0$) T*!s m$&*'# /an %r'!#$ 0''# ua"!&2 m!/r'+!'"'0!/a""

%ur$ (a&$r !n $r #!11!/u"& /'n#!&!'ns) N' $"$/&r!/a" $n$r0 us r$u!r$# &' '%$ra&$ &*$

#$!/$ 'r a/*!$$ #$a/&!a&!'n '1 !rus$s an# +a/&$r!a an# r$s!n ss&$m ar$ una11$/&$#

+ TDS ?&'&a" #!ss'"$# s'"!#s) T*$ s*$"1 "!1$ '1 &*$ r$s!n !s /'ns!#$r$# !n1!n!&$) I'#!n$

ss&$ms #$a/&!a&$ +'&* +a/&$r!a an# !rus$s &' $r *!0* "$$"s) I'#!na&$# r$s!n ss&$ms

ar$ a "$0!&!ma&$ '%&!'n 1'r &r$a&!n0 (a&$r a"" '$r &*$ ('r"#) I& *as &*$ 1"$.!+!"!& &' +$

us$# !n "'( %r$ssur$ an# 0ra!& 1"'( #$!/$s an# '11$r /'nsum$rs &ru"m!/r'+!'"'0!/a"" sa1$ (a&$r)

f/ Ultra5iolet +#rifi!ation

U"&ra!'"$& (a&$r %ur!1!$r !s 0r'(!n0 'n %'%u"ar!& !n r$s!#$n&!a"2 /'mm$r/!a"

an# mun!/!%a" a%%"!/a&!'ns) I&s 0r'(!n0 %'%u"ar!& !s #u$ !n "ar0$ %ar& &' 1a/& &*a& !& !s

'n$ '1 &*$ 'n" (a&$r &$/*n'"'0!$s &*a& #'$s n'& !n'"$ &*$ a##!&!'na" '1 /*$m!/a" &'

&*$ (a&$r

What is #ltra5iolet)



33/87


U"&ra!'"$& "!0*& !s !n!s!+"$2 !'"$& $n# '1 &*$ "!0*& s%$/&rum) E$n &*'u0*2 ($

/an6& s$$ UV "!0*&2 ($ ar$ $.%'s$# &' UV ra 1r'm a"" "!0*& s'ur/$s2 !n/"u#!n0 sun)

Ho it or8)U"&ra!'"$& %ur!1!/a&!'n us$s a UV "!0*& s'ur/$s ?"am% (*!/* !s $n/"'s$# !n a

%r'&$/&!$ &rans%ar$n& s"$$$ ?usua"" uar&) T*$ "am% !s m'un&$# su/* &*a& (a&$r

%ass!n0 &*r'u0* a 1"'( /*am+$r !s $.%'s$# &' &*$ UV "!0*& ras) W*$n a *arm1u"

m!/r'+$ !s $.%'s$# &' UV ras2 &*$r$ nu/"$!/ a/!# a+s'r+s &*$ UV $n$r02 (*!/* &*$n

s/ram+"$s &*$ DNA s&ru/&ur$ '1 &*$ 'r0an!sm) T*$ /$"" !s n'( /'ns!#$r$# #$a# an# !s n'

"'n0$r a &*r$a&)

What !onta$inant "oes #ltra5iolet re$o5es)

T*$r$ !s n' m!/r''r0an!sm ,n'(n &' +$ r$s!s&an& &' UV2 un"!,$ /*"'r!na&!'n) UV

!s ,n'(n &' +$ *!0*" $11$/&!$ a0a!ns& +a/&$r!a2 !rus$s2 a"0a$2 m'"#s an# $as&s !n

%ra/&!/$2 +a/&$r!a an# !rus$s ar$ &*$ /aus$ ma'r (a&$r +'rn$ %a&*'0$n!/ #!s$as$s '1

&*$s$ $n&$r!/ !rus$s2 *$%a&!&!s !rus an# "$0!'n E""a %n$um'%*!""!a *a$ s*'(n &'

sur!$ 1'r /'ns!#$ra+"$ %$r!'# !n &*$ %r$s$n/$ '1 /*"'r!n$s2 +u& ar$ r$a#!" $"!m!na&$#

+ UV &r$a&m$n&) F'r m's& m!/r''r0an!sms2 &*$ r$m'a" $11!/!$n/ '1 UV 1'r

m!/r'+!'"'0!/a" /'n&am!nan&s su/* as +a/&$r!a an# !rus 0$n$ra"" $./$$#s ) 5)E-/'!"2 sa"m'n$""a $n&$r!&!#!s ?=as&r'$n&r$n&$r!&!s2 !+r!' /*'"$ra$ ? /*'"$ra2

m/'+a/$n&r!um Tu+$r/u"'s!s ?Tu+$r/u"'s!s2 L$0!'n E""a %n$um'%*!"!a

?L$0!'nna!r$6s #!s$as$2 In1"u$na !rus2 %'"!' !rus an# H$%a&!&!s) A !rus ?+$&&$r &*an

4 5)

A++li!ations

UV &r$a&m$n& !s an $./$""$n& /*'!/$ &' $"!m!na&$ +!'"'0!/a" /'n&am!na&!'n 1r'm

m's& *'m$ #r!n,!n0 (a&$r) T! !s s'"$ %ur%'s$ !s &' ,!"" *arm1u" +!'"'0!/a" /'n&am!nan&s

an# &*$r$1'r$ s*'u"# a"(as +$ /'m+!n$# (!&* '&*$r 1'rm '1 1!"&ra&!'n ?=AC 9 /ar+'n

+"'/,2 JDF 1'r r$#u/!n0 '1 *$a m$&a"2 /*"'r!n$ an# '&*$r /*$m!/a" /'n&am!nan&s)

g/ DF 8ineti! "egra"ation fl#ion/

JDF !s a %a&$n&$# (a&$r &r$a&m$n& ss&$m &*a& *as +$$n %r'$n &' +$ $11$/&!$ !n

r$m'a" '1 /*"'r!n$2 /*"'ram!n$s2 !r'n2 +a/&$r!a2 a"0a$2 1un0us an# *#r'0$n su"1a&$)

Heres ho it or8s



34/87


T*$ /'m+!na&!'n /'%%$r an# !n$ /r$a&$s an $"$/&r'-/*$m!/a" r$a/&!'n)

Dur!n0 &*!s r$a/&!'n2 $"$/&r'ns ar$ &rans1$rr$# +$&($$n m'"$/u"$s an# n$( $"$m$n&s ar$

/r$a&$#) S'm$ *arm1u" /'n&am!nan&s ar$ /*ar0$# !n&' +$n!0n (a&$r s'"u+"$ /*"'r!#$2

(*!/* !s &*$n /a""$# *arm"$ss" &*r'u0* (a&$r su%%") S!m!"ar"2 s'm$ *$a m$&a"s

su/* as /'%%$r2 "$a#2 m$r/ur an# '&*$rs2 r$a/& &' %"a&$ 'u& 'n &' &*$ m$#!um6s sur1a/$2

&*us +$!n0 $11$/&!$" r$m'$# 1r'm (a&$r su%%")

A *!0* %ur!& /'%%$r !n/ a""'2 (*!/* $"!m!na&$s 1r'm (a&$r + u&!"!!n0 &*$

%r!n/!%"$ '1 $"$/&r'/*$m!/a" '.!#a&!'n r$#u/&!'n ?r$#'. &' r$m'$ /*"'r!n$2 *#r'0$n

su"1!#$2 (a&$r s'"u+"$ *$a m$&a"s an# m!/r''r0an!sms 1r'm (a&$r

JDF /'n&r'"s an# !n*!+!&s m!/r''r0an!sms + s$&&!n0 u% an $"$/&r'"&!/ 1!$"# an#

a"s' + 1'rm!n0 %$r'.!#$ an# *#r'." ra#!/a" + r$a/&!'ns) I& us$s s%$/!a" *!0* %ur!&

!n/ an# /'%%$r a""'s $r $11$/&!$ !n r$m'!n0 "$a# an# '&*$r *$a m$&a"s) I& !s

#$s!0n$# &' r$m'$ !n'r0an!/ /'nun/&!'n (!&* /ar+'n2 (*!/* !s m'r$ $11$/&!$ &*an

JDF !n 'r0an!/ /'n&am!na&$s2 r$su"&s !n an $.&r$m$" $11$/&!$ (a&$r %ur!1!$r) I& us$s n'

$"$/&r!/!&)

h/ OGone

A!r !s #ra(n !n &' an ''n$ 0$n$ra&!'n a& (*!/* %'!n& &*$ a!r !s /*ar0$# (!&*

*!0* '"&a0$) T*$ a!r !s ma#$ u% '1 #!a&'m!/ '.0$n ?O 7 an# n!&r'0$n ?N7) D!a&'n!/

'.0$n !s a m'"$/u"ar /'m%'s$# '1 &(' '.0$n a&'ms ?O *$"# &'0$&*$r + 1'ur $ua""

s*ar$# $"$/&r'ns) As &*$ a!r !s #ra(n &*r'u0* &*$ ''n$ 0$n$ra&'r2 &*$ *!0* '"&a0$ s%"!&s

s'm$ '.0$n m'"$/u"$s !n &' '.0$n a&'ms)

S'm$ '1 &*$s$ a&'ms &*$n u!/," r$a/& (!&* '.0$n m'"$/u"$s &' 1r'm ''n$

?O7O O O'n$ s$/'n#ar 'n" &' 1"u'r!n$ as &*$ m's& %'($r1u" '.!#an&) O'n$

!na/&!a&$s an# '.!#!$s 'r0an!/ m$&a"s2 /'n&am!na&$s an# %$s&!/!#$s2 !rus$s an#

+a/&$r!a 1as&$r &*an /*"'r!n$) O'n$ a"s' 1un/&!'ns as a m!/r' 1"'//u"a&!n0 a0$n& &'

%'"!s* (a&$r an# !m%r'$ /"ar!& an# &as&$)

I& ,!""s $$r *arm1u" 'r0an!sm ,n'(n) I& !s us$# !n *'m$ an# !n#us&r!a" (a&$r

&r$a&m$n&) I& !s $r $11$/&!$ an# %'($r1u" m$&*'# &' %ur!& (a&$r)

.1 6 Filters

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @


35/87


a/ Car%on %lo!8 filters

A/&!a&$# /ar+'n !s %u"$r!$# !n&' /urs$ 1"'ur "!,$ /'ns!s&$n/ an# !s

/'m%r$ss$# &' 1'rm a +"'/,) Wa&$r !s 1'r/$# &*r'u0* &*!s m$#!um an# 1!"&$rs %ar&!/"$s

#'(n &' 4)8 m!/r'n) In $ss$n/$ $a/* (a&$r m'"$/u"$ !s %'"!s*$# + &*$ /ar+'n "$a!n0

+$*!n# m's& /'n&am!nan&s su/* ass %$s&!/!#$s2 'r0an!/ ma&$r!a"2 +a/&$r!a2 !rus$s an#

/s&s !n a##!&!'n &' /r%&'s%'r!#!um2 0!ar#!a2 as+$s&'s2 #a# &as&$s an# +a# '#'rs)

I& !s (!#$" us$# !n /'nun/&!'n (!&* RO2 D!s&!""a&!'n2 u"&ra!'"$&2 ''n$ an#

'&*$r ss&$ms &%$s) I& #'$s n'& r$m'$ m!n$ra"s an# us$s n' $"$/&r!/!&)

%/ 0ran#lar a!ti5ate" !har!oal 0AC/

=ranu"ar a/&!a&$# /*ar/'a" sam$ as a+'$ $.%$/&$# &*$ /ar+'n %!$/$s ar$ mu/*

"ar0$r) I& !s $r $11$/&!$ !n r$m'!n0 '11$ns!$ &as&$s an# '#'rs) I& r$m'$s m's&

/'n&am!na&$s +u& #u$ &' "ar0$ s!$ %"a/$s n'& as $11$/&!$ ass /ar+'n +"'/, &' m'r$ su+

m!/r'n %ar&!/"$s) I& !s us$# (!&* man '&*$r ss&$m &%$s)

I& !s !#$a" !1 us$# as a %'s& 1!"&$r) I& #'$s n'& r$m'$ m!n$ra"s) I& #'$s n'& us$

$"$/&r!/!&)

!/ Cera$i!

T*$ &!n %'r$s '1 a /$ram!/ 1!"&$r $"$m$n& ma,$ !& an $.&r$m$" $11!/!$n& 1!"&$r

1'r &*$ r$m'a" '1 %ar&!/u"a&$ ma&&$r an# 1!n$ s$#!m$n& 1'r &*$ !n1"u$n& %r'#u/& (a&$r)

C$ram!/ /an#"$ (!&* m!/r' ra&!n0 +$&($$n >&'@8 m!/r'ns a"s' ua"!1 as a /$r&!1!$#

%r'#u/& 1'r &*$ #!s!n1$/&!'n (a&$r2 (*!/* ma +$ /'n&am!na&$# (!&* +a/&$r!a) T*!s

%ar&!/u"ar su+-m!/r'n ra&!n0 a""'(s 1'r &*$ %*s!/a" r$m'a" '1 +a/&$r!a an# /s&s 0!!n0

&*$m a Ba/&$r!'"'0!/a" s&$r!"$ ra&!n0) H!0* ua"!& /an#"$ (!"" /'n&a!n s!"$r &*a& !s

!m%r$0na&$# &*r'u0* &*$ /$ram!/ (a"" &' %r$$n& &*$ 0r'(&* '1 +a/&$r!a (!&*!n &*$ %'r$s

'1 &*$ /$ram!/ &*$r$+ $nsur!n0 &*a& &*$ m$$& &*$ s&an#ar# '1 +$!n0 +a/&$r!'s&a&!/

a"s' ,n'(n as m!&'s!s)

.' A"5antages an" Disa"5antages of Different P#rifi!ation S&ste$

a/ A"5antages of gran#late" a!ti5ate" !ar%on= !ar%on %lo!8

i. I& r$m'$s /*"'r!n$2 &as&$2 '#'ur an# /*$m!/a"s)

!!) Car+'n +"'/,2 !1 %'r$ s!$ !s m!/r'n a+s'"u&$ 'r "$ss2 /an r$m'$ /s&s)



36/87


Disa"5antages

!) I& #'$s n'& r$m'$ *$a m$&a"s ? /ar+'n +"'/, /an r$m'$ un-#!ss'"$#

"$a#

!!) Ba/&$r!a /an mu"&!%"$ !n 1!"&$r) ?S!"$r !s '1&$n us$#2 +u& !s /'ns!#$r a

&'.!n

!!!) L!m!&$# "!1$ +$/aus$ '1 #ua" #u&-/*"'r!n$ an# /*$m!/a"s) Car+'n +"'/,

1!"&$r /an a"'n0 (!&* s$#!m$n& "'n0 +$1'r$ 1!"&$r !s $.*aus&$#)

%/ A"5antages of #ltra5iolet

!) I& !s 'n$ '1 &*$ 1$( a11'r#a+"$ &$/*n!u$s 1'r &*$ *'m$ &*a& $11$/&!$"

,!""s &*$ ma'r!& '1 +a/&$r!a2 !rus$s an# '&*$r *arm1u" m!/r''r0an!sms)

!!) En$r0 $11!/!$n& ?r$u!r$s a+'u& &*$ sam$ am'un& '1 $n$r0 as a 4 (a&&

"!0*& +u"+)

Disa"5antages

!) R$u!r$s $"$/&r!/a" /'nn$/&!'n usua"" s&an#ar# %"u0-!n

!!) R$u!r$ %r$-1!"&ra&!'n &' ma!n&a!n $11$/&!$n$ss- s$#!m$n& an# '&*$r

/'n&am!nan&s /an /r$a&$ a s*a#'( (*!/* %r$$n& &*$ UV ras 1r'm

r$a/*!n0 &*$ *arm1u" m!/r''r0an!sms)

!/ A"5antages of re5erse os$osis RO/

!) I& r$m'$s /*"'r!n$2 &as&$2 '#'ur an# /*$m!/a"s ?(!&* /ar+'n %r$- 1!"&$r 'r

%'s& 1!"&$r)

!!) I& r$m'$s *$a m$&a"s2 su/* as "$a#)

!!!) I& /an r$m'$ /s&s)

Disa"5antage

!) S"'(-7 *'urs &' ma,$ > 0a""'n '1 &r$a&$# (a&$r)

!!) I& (as&$s (a&$r @-8 0a""'ns '1 (a&$r 0' #'(n &*$ #ra!n &' &r$a& > 0a""'n)

!!!) I& r$m'$ *$a"&*1u" m!n$ra" su/* as /a"/!um an# ma0n$s!um)



37/87


!) R$m'a" '1 &*$s$ m!n$ra"s "$a$s 1"a& &as&!n0 (a&$r)

) E.%$ns!$ &' ma!n&a!n

"/ A"5antages of "istillation

!) I& r$m'$s /*"'r!n$2 &as&$ an# /*$m!/a"s ?(!&* /ar+'n %'s&- 1!"&$r)

!!) I& r$m'$s *$a m$&a"s su/* as "$a#)

!!!) I& ,!""s +a/&$r!a an# /s&s)

Disa"5antages

!) S"'(- 8 *'urs &' ma,$ > 0a""'n '1 &r$a&$# (a&$r)

!!) I& (as&$s $n$r0)

!!!) I& r$m'$s *$a"&*1u" m!n$ra"s2 su/* as /a"/!um an# ma0n$s!um)

!) R$m'a" '1 &*$s$ m!n$ra"s "$a$s ma 1"a& &as&!n0 (a&$r)

) I& r$u!r$s 1r$u$n& /"$an!n0 '1 &an,s2 1r$u$n& r$%"a/$m$n& '1 /ar+'n

%'s& 1!"&$r)

e/ A"5antages of ID = 0AS FI,TER

!) N' (a&$r 'r $n$r0 (as&$)

!!) R$m'$s (!#$ ran0$ '1 /'n&am!nan&s2 !n/"u#!n0 *$a m$&a"s)

!!!) I& "$a$s *$a"&*1u" m!n$ra" !n&a/&2 "$a!n0 &as&!$r m!n$ra" (a&$r)

!) L'( ma!n&$nan/$s2 L'( '%$ra&!n0 /'s&s)

) JDF m$#!a !n*!+!&s +a/&$r!a 0r'(&* &*r'u0*'u& &*$ un!&s) Us$s n' s!"$r)

!) 8 &' >4 &!m$6s "'n0$r "!1$ &*an =AS 'n" 1!"&$r)

!!) O%&!'na" /$ram!/ %r$- 1!"&$r /an r$m'$ +a/&$r!a an# /s&s)

. (enefits of P#re Water P#rifie" %& Water P#rifier

..1 P#re ater in "isease +re5ention an" %ea#tifi!ation

a Pr$$n&!n0 a0!n0

+ R'u&!n0 +"''# %r$ssur$ &' n'rma"

/ Pr$$n&!n0 1!&n$ss



38/87


# Im%r'!n0 +'# /'n#!&!'n

$ D!s%$""!n0 a"/'*'" an# #$&'.!1!/a&!'n

1E11$/&!$ &' &r$a& anus #!s$as$s)

0 E11$/&!$ &' &r$a& #!a+$&$s

* Pr$$n&!n0 #!s$as$s

! Pr$$n&!n0 an# &r$a&!n0 #an#ru112 #$rma&'%*&'s!s2 ma"ar!a an# (*$", +

#r!n,!n0 %ur$ (a&$r an# us!n0 %ur$ (a&$r 1'r +a&* 1'r a "'n0 &!m$)

S,!n +$au&!1!/a&!'n $"!m!na&!n0 &*$ (as&$s !n 1a/$ *'rn "a$r) E$n as&r!n0$n&

!s n'nus$2 %ur$ (a&$r a"s' ma,$ 1a/$ /"$an an# +r!0*&)

, Pr$$n&!n0 /an/$r2 /'ns&!%a&!'n2 #!arr*$a2 '%%r$ss$# 1$""!n0 !n /*$s& an#

#s%$%s!a

..' Other %enefits of +#re ater

a/ Fish far$ing

I1 ($ us$ &a% (a&$r 'r un#$r0r'un# (a&$r &' /u"&ur$ 1!s*2 &*$r$ (!"" +$ "!/*$n !n

&*$ 1!s* ar !n "$ss &*an 'n$ m'n&*) H'($$r2 !1 ($ us$ %ur$ (a&$r2 &*$r$ (!"" +$ n'

"!/*$n $$n !n &*r$$ an# 1'ur m'n&*s)

%/ I8e%ana

I1 as$ !s 1!""$# (!&* %ur$ (a&$r2 &*$ /'"'r an# 1ra0ran/$ '1 1"'($r /an r$ma!n 1'r

m'r$ &*an a ($$,)

!/ (r#sh +en han"riting

I1 %ur$ (a&$r !s us$# &' ma,$ !n,2 &*$ !n, (!"" +$ +"a/,$r &*an ma#$ (!&* &a%

(a&$r2 an# &*$ (r!&!n0 (!"" a"s' +$ m'r$ !!#)

"/ H#$i"ifier

Hum!#!1!$r (!"" n'& 0$n$ra&$ s$#!m$n& !1 us!n0 %ur$ (a&$r an# %$'%"$ /an

+r$a&*$ !n /"$an an# sa1$ a!r)

e/ Ironing !lothes

E"$/&r!/ !r'n (!"" ma,$ /"'&*$s m'r$ $$n an# s&ra!0*& !1 us!n0 %ur$ (a&$r) I1

s&$am !r'n !s us$#2 %ur$ (a&$r (!"" +$ a+"$ &' %r'"'n0 !1 s$r!/$ "!1$)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n ;


39/87


.. P#re ater in "ail& life

a/ Drin8ing

Pur$ (a&$r *as n' %$/u"!ar sm$""2 an# !s su!&a+"$ 1'r #r!n,!n02 1'r !& /an s&!mu"a&$

=as&r!/ 0"an#2 !n/r$as$ a%%$&!&$2 #!s/*ar0$ (as&$ !n !'2 an# +$ *$"%1u" !n %r$$n&!n0

%/ Ri!e !oo8ing

Pur$ (a&$r /an sa$ r!/$ /'',!n0 + *a"1) W!&* %ur$ (a&$r2 ($ /an /'', s'1& an#

#$"!/!'us /'',$# r!/$ (!&*'u& 1'r$!0n 1"a'r2 an# /'',$# r!/$ /an a"s' +$ ,$%& 1'r a "'n0

&!m$)

!/ Dish !oo8ing

D!s*$s /'',$# (!&* %ur$ (a&$r (!"" "'', %"$as!n02 sm$"" 0''# an# &as&$ #$"!/!'us

+$/aus$ %ur$ (a&$r (!"" n'& #$s&r' &*$ 'r!0!na" nu&r!$n&s ?%r'&$!n2 !&am!n2 /a"/!um an#

$&/) !n ra( /'',!n0 ma&$r!a"s)

"/ Washing 5egeta%le an" fr#its

I1 $0$&a+"$ an# 1ru!&s ar$ (as*$# (!&* %ur$ (a&$r2 &*$ (!"" r$ma!n 1r$s* an#

+r!0*& 1'r a "'n0$r &!m$2 an# &*$ %$s&!/!#$ an# un/"$an su+s&an/$ 'n &*$ sur1a/$ '1

$0$&a+"$s an# 1ru!&s /an a"s' +$ /"$an$# /'m%"$&$")

e/ Salting 5egeta%le

I1 ($ us$ %ur$ (a&$r &' sa"& $0$&a+"$s2 sa"&$# $0$&a+"$ (!"" n'& +$ $as &' 0'

s'ur2 an# *a$ %"$as!n0 /'"'r)

f/ Fr#it 7#i!e

W*$n ($ us$ &a% (a&$r &' ma,$ 1ru!& u!/$2 *'n$ 'r (*!&$ su0ar !s usua""

a##$# &' !n/r$as$ &*$ !s/'s!& '1 1ru!& u!/$) I1 ($ us$ %ur$ (a&$r2 1ru!& u!/$ (!"" &as&$

$r "us/!'us (!&*'u& a##!n0 *'n$ 'r (*!&$ su0ar)

g/ (oiling eggs

I& &a,$s 'n" >8 m!nu&$s &' ma,$ an $00s 1u"" +'!"$#2 an# 'n" >4 m!nu&$s &'

ma,$ !& *a"1 +'!"$#) A1&$r an $00 !s +'!"$#2 !&s /an s*a"" +$ r$m'$# $as!")

i/ 4a8ing I!e

H$.a0'na" !/$s 1r'$n (!&* %ur$ (a&$r ar$ as &rans%ar$n& as /rs&a"2 an# *ar# &'

m$"&)



40/87


7/ (oiling 4e"i!ine Her%s

Us!n0 %ur$ (a&$r &' +'!" m$#!/!n$ *$r+s /an #!ss'"$ &*$ !n0r$#!$n&s !n m$#!/!n$

*$r+s ra%!#" an# !m%r'$ &*$ $11!/!$n& '1 m$#!/!n$)

CHAPTER - 3

RESEARCH 4ETHODO,O0;

R$s$ar/* m$&*'#'"'0 !s a (a &' ss&$ma&!/a"" s'"$ &*$ r$s$ar/* Pr'+"$m) In

r$s$ar/* m$&*'#'"'02 ($ s&u# &*$ ar!'us s&$%s &*a& ar$ 0$n$ra"" a#'%&$# +

r$s$ar/*$r !n s&u#!n0 *!s r$s$ar/* %r'+"$m a"'n0 (!&* "'0!/ +$*!n# &*$m s' &*a&

r$s$ar/* r$su"&s ar$ /a%a+"$ '1 +$!n0 $a"ua&$# $!&*$r + r$s$ar/*$r H!ms$"1 'r + an

'&*$r %$rs'n)

Var!'us s&$%s a#'%&$# !n r$s$ar/* ar$

Pr'+"$m F'rmu"a&!'n

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @4


41/87


E'"u&!'n '1 A%%r'%r!a&$ R$s$ar/* D$s!0n

S$"$/&!'n '1 Sam%"$

Da&a C'""$/&!'n S&ra&$0

Da&a %r'/$ss!n0

Da&a Ana"s!s an# In&$r%r$&a&!'n

Fig#re 3.1 Shoing Ste+s in Resear!h Pro!ess

3.1 Pro%le$ For$#lation

In 7>s& /$n&ur2 ($ ar$ m'!n0 !n &*$ #!r$/&!'n '1 #$$"'%$# na&!'n) Lar0$

num+$r '1 1am!" *as a"s' +$$n $n&$r!n0 !n&' &*$ m!##"$ /"ass s$0m$n& s!n/$

!n#$%$n#$n/$) Earn!n0 /a%a/!& an# s&an#ar# '1 "!!n0 '1 %$'%"$ *a$ a"s' +$$n ra!s$#)

P$'%"$ ar$ /a%a+"$ '1 +u!n0 &('-(*$$"$rs2 r$1r!0$ra&'rs2 T$"$!s!'n 1'r &*$ %ur%'s$ '1

$n&$r&a!nm$n& an# /'n$n!$n/$)

Bu&2 (!&* &*$ #$$"'%m$n&2 n$( %r'+"$ms *a$ a"s' $'"$#) En!r'nm$n&

%'""u&!'n !s *u0$ %r'+"$m +$1'r$ #$$"'%$# s'/!$&) Wa&$r %'""u&!'n !s &*$ %ar& '1

En!r'nm$n& %'""u&!'n

Wa&$r %'""u&!'n ma#$ m$ an0$r &' m$asur$ a(ar$n$ss am'n0 %$'%"$) A+'u&

ua"!& '1 #r!n,a+"$ (a&$r an# r$u!r$m$n& '1 (a&$r %ur!1!$r)

A1&$r %r'"'n0 #!s/uss!'n (!&* &*$ 0u!#$ an# 1r!$n#s2 !& "$a#s &' &*$) F'rma&!'n '1

s%$/!1!/ r$s$ar/* %r'+"$m) T*$ %r'+"$m (*!/* I *a$ 1'rmu"a&$# !n /'nsu"&a&!'n (!&*

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @>


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0u!#$ !s ASSESS4ENT OF CONSU4ER AWARENESS A(OUT RO- WATER

PURIFIER A STUD; AT ;AAT4A, CIT;)

T*$ %r'+"$m #$1!n!&!'n s&a0$ "$a#s &' &*$ #$$"'%m$n& '1 /"$ar '1 r$s$ar/*

'+$/&) O+$/&!$ #!r$/&!'n &' &*$ r$s$ar/*) I& m'+!"!$s &*$ ('r, '1 r$s$ar/* &'(ar#

%r$#$&$rm!n$# 0'a"s) T*$ a/& as m'&!a&'rs)

O%7e!ti5e of the +resent resear!h are*

> T' ass$ss a(ar$n$ss a+'u& %ur!1!$# (a&$r)

7 T' $a"ua&$ %$'%"$6s a&&!&u#$ a+'u& r$u!r$m$n& '1 (a&$r %ur!1!$r)

T' $.%"'r$ n$( '%%'r&un!&!$s 1'r RO-(a&$r %ur!1!$r)

3.' E5ol#tion of A++ro+riate Resear!h Design.

A r$s$ar/* #$s!0n !s &*$ arran0$m$n& '1 /'n#!&!'n 1'r /'""$/&!'n 1'r /'""$/&!'n

an# ana"s!s '1 #a&a !n a mann$r &*a& a!ms &' /'m+!n$ r$"$an/$ &' &*$ r$s$ar/*

%ur%'s$ (!&* $/'n'm!/ %r'/$#ur$) In 1a/&2 &*$ r$s$ar/* #$s!0n !s &*$ /'n/$%&ua"

s&ru/&ur$ (!&*!n (*!/* r$s$ar/* !s /'n#u/&$#) I& /'n&r!+u&$s &*$ +"u$ %r!n& '1 &*$

/'""$/&!'n2 m$asur$m$n& an# ana"s!s '1 #a&a)S!n/$2 ($ *a$ &' m$asur$ a(ar$n$ss am'n0 %$'%"$ a+!"!& '1 (a&$r an#

r$u!r$m$n& '1 (a&$r %ur!1!$r) W$ (!"" *a$ &' a#'%& D$s/r!%&!$ r$s$ar/* #$s!0n as

#$s/r!%&!$ r$s$ar/* #$s!0ns ar$ r$"a&$# (!&* s&u#!n0 /*ara/&$r!s&!/s '1 &*$

%'%u"a&!'n)

In &*$ #$s/r!%&!$ #$s!0n2 s&a&!s&!/a" m$&*'# *as +$$n us$#

Statisti!al $etho"

H$r$ a "ar0$ num+$r '1 /as$s ar$ !n$s&!0a&$# &' s&u# 1$( 1a/&'rs)

S&a&!s&!/a" m$&*'# 1'/us 'n /"ass$s2 a$ra0$2 %$r/$n&a0$ $&/) !n &*!s m$&*'#2

u$s&!'nna!r$s2 sur$ m$&*'# an# '+s$ra&!'ns ar$ us$# !n $r /'m%r$*$ns!$

mann$r)

Reason for sele!ting statisti!al $etho"

1/ In'"$s r$"a&!$" "ar0$ num+$r '1 '+s$ra&!'ns)

'/ Ana"s!s !s m'r$ '+$/&!$)

/ A$ra0$ an# %$r/$n&a0$ ar$ /a"/u"a&$#)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @7


43/87


/ P$rm!& &*$ r$s$ar/*$r &' ma,$ m'r$ a//ura&$ 0$n$ra"!a&!'ns)

3. Sele!tion of Sa$+le

Sam%"$ a""'(s us &' /'n/$n&ra&$ 'ur a&&$n&!'n u%'n a r$"a&!$" sma""$r num+$r

'1 %$'%"$9!&$ms an# *$n/$2 &' #$'&$ m'r$ $n$r0 &' $nsur$ &*a& &*$ !n1'rma&!'n

/'""$/&$# 1r'm &*$m !s a//ura&$) T*$ ma!n r$as'n 1'r r$s'r&!n0 &' sam%"!n0 !s &*a&

sam%"!n0 sa$s &!m$ an# m'n$ an# %r'!#$s a//ura&$ !n1'rma&!'n a+'u& %'%u"a&!'n)

3..1 Ste+s in sa$+ling "esign are

See+ I* Defining the +o+#lation

T*$ 0r'u% '1 !n#!!#ua" 'r &*$!r a&&r!+u&$s (*!/* /an +$ #!r$/&" 'r !n#!r$/&"

s%$/!1!$# num$r!/a"" !s ,n'(n as %'%u"a&!'n) T*$ /*ara/&$r!s&!/s '1 &*$ %'%u"a&!'n

mus& +$ #$s/r!+$# !n &$rm '1 s%$/!1!/a&!'n) A %r'%$r" #$s!0na&$# %'%u"a&!'n mus& +$

#$1!n$# !n &$rm '1 $"$m$n&s2 sam%"!n0 un!&s2 $.&$n& an# &!m$) In %r$s$n& s&u#2

%'%u"a&!'n !s /*ara/&$r!$# +

Ele$ent : M$n an# ('m$n *a!n0 %ur/*as!n0 %'($r an# &*$!r

E#u/a&!'n ua"!1!/a&!'n

Etent : Yaa&ma" /!&

Ti$e : Dur!n0 &*$ %$r!'# S$%&$m+$r 7443 &' F$+ruar 744;

Ste+ II* S+e!if&ing sa$+le #nit

T*$ sam%"$ un!& !s &*$ +as!/ un!& /'n&a!n!n0 &*$ $"$m$n&s '1 %'%u"a&!'n &' +$

sam%"$#) In %r$s$n& s&u#2 sam%"!n0 un!&s ar$ n'r&* 'n$2 s'u&* 'n$2 $as& 'n$ an# ($s&

'n$

Ste+ III* Sele!tion of sa$+le "esign

I& !s &*$ %r'/$#ur$ '1 s$"$/&!n0 sam%"$ un!& !n &*$ sam%"$) Pr$s$n& s&u#2 n'n-

%r'+a+!"!& /'n$n!$n/$ sam%"!n0 *as +$$n us$# 1'r s$"$/&!n0 sam%"$ un!&s) T*!s m$&*'#*as +$$n a#'%&$# &' /'$r a"" sam%"$s 1r'm Yaa&ma" /!&)



44/87


Ste+ I* Deter$ination of sa$+le siGe

S!n/$ #$0r$$ '1 *$&$r'0$n$!& !s "$ss2 sma"" s!$ '1 sam%"$ as a r$%r$s$n&a&!$ '1

%'%u"a&!'n /an +$ us$# &' s&u# /*ara/&$r!s&!/s '1 %'%u"a&!'n) In %r$s$n& s&u#2 1


45/87


a/ :#antati5e "ata*

In /as$ '1 uan&a&!$ /*ara/&$r!s&!/s2 #!r$/& uan&!&a&!$ m$asur$m$n& !2

*$!0*&s ($!0*& '1 &*$ %*$n'm$n'n !s n'& %'ss!+"$ $)0) a(ar$n$ss2 *'n$s&2 !n&$""!0$n/$$&/) T*$s$

ar$ ,n'(n ass a&&r!+u&$s) H$r$ 'n" &*$ %r$s$n/$ 'r a+s$n/$ '1 /*ara/&$r!s&!/s !n &*$

%'%u"a&!'n /an +$ as/$r&a!n$#

%/ Pri$ar& "ata*

T*$s$ ar$ 0$n$ra&$# !n an !n$s&!0a&!'n a//'r#!n0 &' &*$ n$$# '1 &*$ %r'+"$m !n

*an#) Pr!mar #a&a ar$ &*'s$ (*!/* ar$ /'""$/&$# a 1r$s* an# 1'rr &*$ 1!rs& &!m$ an# &*us

!& !s an 'r!0!na" 'n$)

!/ Se!on"ar& "ata*

S$/'n#ar #a&a ar$ &*'s$2 (*!/* *a$ a"r$a# +$$n /'""$/&$# + s'm$'n$ $"s$

1'r '&*$r %ur%'s$) S$/'n#ar #a&a ma $!&*$r +$ %u+"!s*$# #a&a 'r un%u+"!s*$# #a&a)

'/ I"entifi!ation of so#r!es fro$ here the infor$ation !an %e a5aila%le

T*$ aa!"a+!"!& an# &*$ ua"!& '1 !n1'rma&!'n ar$ ma!n" #$%$n#$n& 'n &*$

s'ur/$ '1 !n1'rma&!'n) T*$ ar!'us s'ur/$s '1 !n1'rma&!'n /an +r'a#" /"ass!1!$# !n &('/a&$0'r!$s2 nam$"

a) S$/'n#ar

+) Pr!mar

a/ Se!on"ar& So#r!es

T*$ s$ar/* 1'r !n1'rma&!'n s*'u"# +$!n0 am'n0 s$/'n#ar s'ur/$s) T*$s$ ar$

&*$ s'ur/$s (*$r$ &*$ #a&a ar$ #$$"'%$# 1'r s'm$ %ur%'s$ '&*$r &*an &*$ %r'+"$m a&

*an# +u& ar$ a%%"!/a+"$ &' &*$ %r$s$n& !n$s&!0a&!'n)S$/'n#ar s'ur/$s us$# 1'r %r$s$n&

s&u# ar$

i/ (oo8s

Var!'us +'',s r$"a&$r &' (a&$r %'%u"a&!'n ar$ aa!"a+"$ !n &*$ "!+rar) T*$s$

+'',s *a$ +$$n us$s 1'r 0$&&!n0 &*r'u0* ,n'("$#0$ a+'u& (a&$r %'""u&!'n

ii/ We% Sites

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @8


46/87


D!11$r$n& ($+ s!&$s /'n/$rn$# (!&* (a&$r an# %'""u&!'n a/&$# as *u0$ s'ur/$ '1

!n1'rma&!'n)

iii/ Re+ort Pre+osationF'r m$asur!n0 a(ar$n$ss am'n0 %$'%"$ a+'u& (a&$r ua"!&) D#ur!n0 &*!s

r$s$ar/* s&u# &*$ r$u!r$# !n1'rma&!'n a+'u& ua"!& '1 0r'un# an# &a% (a&$r !n

Yaa&ma" /!& ar$ /'""$/&$# &*$s !n1'rma&!'n &*r'u0* a"r$a# %u+"!s*$# r$s$ar/* &*$s!s)

L!s& '1 +'',s2 ($+ s!&$s2 r$s$ar/* r$%'r& *a$ +$$n 0!$n !n +!+"!'0ra%*)

Pre!a#tion ta8en hile #sing Se!on"ar& so#r!e

T*$ !n1'rma&!'n2 &*'u0* $as!" aa!"a+"$ 1r'm s$/'n#ar2 n$$#$# +$ us$# (!&*

/au&!'n) T*$ 1'""'(!n0 %r$/au&!'ns *a$ +$$n /'ns!#$r$# (*!"$ /'""$/&!n0 !n1'rma&!'n

1r'm s$/'n#ar s'ur/$s:

>) P$r&!n$n/$ &' &*$ %r'+"$m)

7) Or0an!a&!'n 'r %$rs'n /'""$/&!n0 !n1'rma&!'n)

) R$as'ns 1'r %u+"!s*!n0 #a&a

@) E!#$n/$ '1 /ar$1u" ('r,)

Reason for #sing se!on"ar& so#r!es

1/ E!ono$&

Da&a 0a&*$r 1r'm s$/'n#ar s'ur/$s ar$ /*$a%) T*$ am'un& '1 m'n$ s%$n& !n

a/u!r!n0 s$/'n#ar #a&a !s 0$n$ra"" a 0r$a& #$a" "$ss &*an &*a& n$$# &' '+&a!n %r!mar

#a&a) T*$ ar!'us s$/'n#ar #a&a 1r'm "!+rar /an +$ '+&a!n$# a& n' /'s&)

'/ :#i!8ness

M's& '1 &*$s$ #a&a ar$ !ns&an&6) S!n/$ &*$ a"r$a# $.!s& an# m$r$" n$$# &' +$

#!s/'$r$#) T*us &*$ &!m$ !n /'""$/&!n0 s$/'n#ar #a&a r$u!r$# 1$( *'urs 'r #a)

/ :#alit&

I& (as n'& %'ss!+"$ 1'r m$ &' /arr !n #$%&* s&u# '1 #$&$rm!n!n0 &*$ ua"!& '1

0r'un# an# &*$ &a% (a&$r !n Yaa&ma" /!&) S'2 &' 0$& a//ura&$ #a&a2 I *a$ r$s'r&$# &'

r$s$ar/* &*$s!s



47/87


%/ Pri$ar& So#r!es

T*$ s'ur/$s 1r'm (*!/* !n1'rma&!'n !s 0a&*$r$# 1'r &*$ 1!rs& &!m$ !s ,n'(n as

%r!mar s'ur/$ an# !n1'rma&!'n &*us 0a&*$r$# !s /a""$# %r!mar #a&a) In &*$ /as$ '1

%r!mar s'ur/$s2 m'r$ $11'r&s an# &*!n,!n0 !s r$u!r$# 1'r #$s!0n!n0 #a&a /'""$/&!'n

%r'/$#ur$) H$r$ &*$ s'ur/$s $.%$/&$# &' *a$ #$s!r$# !n1'rma&!'n ar$ /'n&a/&$# &*r'u0*

ar!'us m$&*'# '1 #a&a /'""$/&!'n

/ Sele!tion of a++ro+riate +ri$ar& "ata !olle!tion $etho"

In %r$s$n& s&u#2 sur$ m$&*'#s *as +$$n us$# as m$ans '1 /'""$/&!n0 %r!mar

#a&a Sur$ m$ans a %"ann$# $11'r&s &' /'""$/& &*$ #$s!r$# !n1'rma&!'n 1r'm a

r$%r$s$n&a&!$ sam%"$ '1 &*$ r$"$an& %'%u"a&!'n) I& /an a"s' +$ &$rm$# as ss&$ma&!/

0a&*$r!n0 '1 &*$ #a&a 1r'm r$s%'n#$n& &*r'u0* u$s&!'nna!r$s)

P$rs'na" !n&$r!$( (!&* u$s&!'nna!r$ &$/*n!u$ *as +$$n us$# &' /'""$/&

%r!mar #a&a)

a/ Personal inter5ie

In &*!s m$&*'#2 &*$ !n&$r!$($rs /'n&a/& &*$ r$s%'n#$n& a& s'm$ /'n$n!$n& %"a/$

an# &*$ &!m$ an# !n!&!a&$ &*$ !n$s&!0a&!'n &*r'u0* s'm$ %r$-#$s!0n$# s/*$#u"$ !n &*$

1'rm '1 u$s&!'nna!r$) H$r$ &*$ !n$s&!0a&!'n u$s&!'ns &*$ r$s%'n#$n& !n 1a/$ &' 1a/$

m$$&!n0) H$r$ &*$ !n1'rma&!'n !s '+&a!n$# (!&* &*$ *$"% '1 s&ru/&ur$# u$s&!'nna!r$

&*r'u0* #!r$/& an# !n-#$%&* !n&$r!$( '1 &*$ sam%"$

T*$ ma!n s&a0$s '1 &*$ %$rs'na" !n&$r!$( ar$

> L'/a&!'n '1 sam%"$# r$s%'n#$n&

7 In&$r!$( (!&* &*$ r$s%'n#$n& an#

u$r!$s 1r'm u$s&!'nna!r$ s/*$#u"$ an# r$/'r#!n0 &*$ r$%"!$s a//'r#!n0

&' 0!$n !ns&ru/&!'ns 'r 1'rma&

Reason for the sele!tion of this $etho"

> T*$r$ !s m'r$ #$0r$$ '1 r$"!a+!"!&2 a"!#!& an# /'n1!#$n/$ !n &*$

!n1'rma&!'n 0a&*$r$# #u$ &' %$rs'na" !n&$ra/&!'n +$&($$n &*$ !n$s&!0a&'r

an# &*$ r$s%'n#$n&)

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @3


48/87


7 Am+!0u!& 'r a0u$n$ss !n &*$ u$s&!'n$r2 !1 an2 /an +$ r$m'$# + &*$

!n&$r!$()

T*$ "an0ua0$ '1 &*$ !n&$r!$( /an +$ a#'%&$# &' &*$ a+!"!& '1 $#u/a&!'n

"$$" '1 &*$ %$rs'n !n&$r!$($# an# ass su/* m!s!n&$r%r$&a&!'n /'n/$rn!n0

/an +$ a'!#$#)

%/ :#estionnaire

A u$s&!'nna!r$ !s a "!s& '1 u$s&!'n &' +$ as,$# 1r'm &*$ r$s%'n#$n&s) I& a"s'

/'n&a!ns su!&a+"$ s%a/$ (*$r$ &*$ ans($r /an +$ r$/'r#$#)

A u$s&!'nna!r$ !s a m$&*'# '1 '+&a!n!n0 s%$/!1!/ !n1'rma&!'n a+'u& a #$1!n$#

%r'+"$m s' &*a& &*$ #a&a a1&$r ana"s!s an# !n&$r%r$&a&!'n2 r$su"&s !n a +$&&$r a%%r$/!a&!'n

'1 &*$ %r'+"$m

I&s ma!n 1un/&!'n !s m$asur$# '1 #$s!r$# !n1'rma&!'n an# !s 'n$ '1 &*$ m's&

/'mm'n 1r'm '1 m$asur$m$n& !n +us!n$ss r$s$ar/*) I& !s a #$!/$ 1'r s$/ur!n0 ans($rs

&' u$s&!'ns + us!n0 a 1'rm (*!/* &*$ r$s%'n#$n& 1!""s !n *!m)

A/ The !ontent of in"i5i"#al J#estion

T*!s /an +$ #'n$ + as,!n0 &*$ 1'""'(!n0 u$s&!'ns (!&* r$s%$/& &' $a/*

u$s&!'ns 1'rmu"a&$# !n &*$ u$s&!'nna!r$)

! Is &*$ u$s&!'nna!r$ an# %$r&!n$n& D'$s !& r$"a&$ &' &*$ '+$/&!$s '1 &*$

s&u# T*!s (!"" #$%$n# 'n n$$# '1 &*$ #a&a a+!"!& '1 &*$ u$s&!'n &'

%r'#u/$ &*$ #a&a) T*$ !n1'rma&!'n %r'!#$# + &*$ u$s&!'ns s*'u"# %"a a

#$1!n!&$2 %r$/!s$ r'"$ !n ana"s!s an# s'"u&!'n '1 &*$ %r'+"$m)

!! D'$s &*$ r$s%'n#$n& %'ss$ss &*$ r$u!s!&$ ans($r &*$ u$s&!'n

!!! Is !& (!&*!n &*$ /a%a/!& an# $.%$r!$n/$ '1 &*$ r$s%'n#$n& &' un#$rs&an#

an# ans($r &*$ u$s&!'n

! W!"" r$s%'n#$n& "!,$ &' #!s/"'s$ &*$ !n1'rma&!'n R$s%'n#$n& ma n'&

0!$ an ans($r !1 &*$ u$s&!'n ma r$u!r$ s'm$ %r$s&!0$6 'r

n'rma&!$6 !n1'rma&!'n) D!s/"'s!n0 &*$ s$"1 !n/'m$ !s su/* &%$ '1

!n1'rma&!'n)

In 'r#$r &' ,n'( &*$ %ur/*as!n0 %'($r '1 r$s%'n#$n&2 ($ mus& ,n'(

In/'m$ '1 &*$ r$s%'n#$n&) M's& '1 &*$ r$s%'n#$n& #'$s n'& #!s/"'s$ /'rr$/&

D)B)A)R)S)S)=)M)C)E2 S*$0a'n @;


49/87


$arn!n0 /a%a/!&) S' 1'r ,n'(!n0 %ur/*as!n0 %'($r2 &*$ 1'""'(!n0 u$s&!'n *as

+$$n as,$# &' &*$ r$s%'n#$n&

:#e. Whi!h of the folloing "o &o# ha5e) Ti!8 all that a++l&/

a) C'"'ur T)V +) (as*!n0 ma/*!n$

/) R$1r!0$ra&'r #) P$rs'na" /'m%u&$r

$) T('-(*$$"$r 1) Wa&$r %ur!1!$r

I1 &*$ r$s%'n#$n&s %'ss$ss a& "$as& C'"'ur T)V an# &('-(*$$"$r !& !n#!/a&$s *$

*as $n'u0* %ur/*as!n0 %'($r &' + (a&$r %ur!1!$r)

(/ T&+es of anser = res+onse "esigne"

T*!s !m%"!$s &*a& (*$&*$r &*$ u$s&!'ns s*'u"# +$ s&ru/&ur$# 'r n'n-s&ru/&ur$#2

#!s0u!s$# 'r n'n-#!s0u!s$# !)$) /an &*$s$ +$ '%$n2 mu"&!%"$ 'r #!/*'&'m'us)

a/ 4#lti+le !hoi!e J#estions

T*$s$ u$s&!'ns "!s& a num+$r '1 s%$/!1!/ a"&$rna&!$ ans($r 1r'm (*!/* &*$

r$s%'n#$n& /an s$"$/& 'n$ 'r m'r$ ans($r '1 *!s /*'!/$) H$r$ /ar$ s*'u"# +$ &a,$n &'

a'!#$# '$r"a% am'n0 a"&$rna&!$ !)$) ans($r "!s&$# mus& +$ mu&ua"" $./"us!$) H$r$

r$s%'n#$n& !s 0$n$ra"" as,$# &' ma,$ $.a/&" 'n$ /*'!/$ 'u& '1 &*$ 0!$n r$s%'ns$s 'r

*$ ma +$ as,$# &' ma,$ a /*'!/$ m'r$ &*$n 'n$ an# 0!$ a ran,!n0 '1 *!s /*'!/$)

T*$s$ u$s&!'ns ar$ 1as&$r &' a#m!n!s&$r2 su!&a+"$ 1'r #$s!r$# s&a&!s&!/a" ana"s!s2

1a/!"!&!$s #a&a %r'/$ss!n0 an# $"!m!na&$s !n&$r!$($r6s +!as) In %r$s$n& s&u#2

In &*$ %r$s$n& s&u#2 ?3 s$$n mu"&!%"$ /*'!/$ u$s&!'ns *a$ +$$n as,$# &' r$s%'n#$n&)

%/ Di!hoto$o#s J#estions

I& !s an $.&r$m$ 1'rm '1 mu"&!%"$ /*'!/$ &%$s) T*$r$ ar$ 'n" &(' /*'!/$s 1'r

&*$ ans($r '1 su/* u$s&!'ns) T*$s$ u$s&!'ns ar$ u!/, an# $as 1'r &*$ !n$s&!0a&'rs)

In &*$ %r$s$n& s&u#2 ? &*r$$ #!/*'&'m'us u$s&!'ns *a$ +$$n as,$# &' r$s%'n#$n&)

!/ S!ales



50/87


L!,$r& s/a"$ *as +$$n us$# &' ass$ss a(ar$n$ss a+'u& %ur!1!$# (a&$r an# &'

$a"ua&$ %$'%"$6s a&&!&u#$ a+'u& r$u!r$m$n& '1 (a&$r %ur!1!$r)

In L!,$r& s/a"$2 a s$r!$s '1 s&a&$m$n& *as 0!$n &' ,n'( &' (*a& $.&$n&

r$s%'n#$n& a0r$$ 'r #!sa0r$$ (!&* s&a&$m$n& 1'r !ns&an/$2

On$ s&a&$m$n& !s (#&ing ater +#rifier $eans astef#l e+en"it#re.

S&r'n0" S"!0*&" N$!&*$r a0r$$ S"!0*&" S&r'n0"

A0r$$ A0r$$ N'r D!sa0r$$ D!sa0r$$ D!sa0r$$

R$s%'n#$n& (!"" &!/, &' &*$ %'!n& (*$n *$ a0r$$ 'r #!sa0r$$ (!&* &*$ s&a&$m$n&)

3.3 Pro!essing of Data

T*$ #a&a (*!/* !s 0a&*$r$# !n &*$ 1'rm '1 a *$"% '1 1!$"# u$s&!'nna!r$ !s n'&

su!&a+"$ 1'r 1ur&*$r ana"s!s an# !n&$r%r$&a&!'n) T*$s$ ar$ '1 n' us$ un"$ss arran0$# !n a

n$a& an# ss&$ma&!/ mann$r)

T*$ !n1'rma&!'n /'""$/&$# ma +$ !""$0!+"$ an# !na//ura&$ &' /$r&a!n $.&$n&) T*$

ra( #a&a s*'u"# +$ %r$s$n&$# !n summar!$#2 s!m%"$ an# 'r0an!$# 1'rm) T*!s /an +$

#'n$ + $#!&!n02 an# /'#!n0 !n#!!#ua" u$s&!'nna!r$s2 $s&a+"!s*!n0 /a&$0'r!$s !n &'

(*!/* #!11$r$n& r$s%'ns$s /an +$ /"ass!1!$# !) $) /"ass!1!/a&!'n an# 1!na"" arran0$ &*$

!n1'rma&!'n !n&' r'(s an# /'"umns !)$) &a+u"a&!'n 'r + r$%r$s$n&!n0 &*$ #a&a (!&* &*$

*$"% '1 #!a0rams)

T*us #a&a %r'/$ss!n0 /'ns!s&s '1 &*$r$ a/&!!&!$s

a/ E"iting

Ra( #a&a *a$ +$$n !ns%$/&$#2 C'rr$/&$# an# m'#!1!$# &' $nsur$ &*a&

!n1'rma&!'n !s aa!"a+"$ /'rr$/&"2 a#$ua&$" an# r$"a&!$")

%/ Co"ing

C'#!n0 r$1$rs &' ass!0n!n0 '1 num+$r #!0!&2 "$&&$r 'r +'&* &' ar!'us r$s%'ns$s &'

$na+"$ &a+u"a&!'n '1 !n1'rma&!'n $as) T*$ %ur%'s$ /'#!n0 !s &' /"ass!1 &*$ ans($r &' a

u$s&

mba study water filter

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