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Communication Values and Ethics

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The practical science of the morality of

human actions

The scientific inquiry into the principles of

morality The science of human acts with reference to

right and wrong

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The science which lays down the principles

of right living

The practical science that guides us in our

actions that we may live rightly and well A normative and practical science based on

reason, which studies human conduct and

provides norms for its natural integrity and

honesty

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Science

Not an experimental science but a philosophical

science

Morality Refers to rightness or badness of human acts

Human acts

Those done by persons with knowledge and

consent

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Morality

Human acts

Voluntariness and responsibility

Morality of human acts

Degree or types of voluntariness

Moral principle of act with double effects

Factors that lessen accountability

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Morality

Refers to the quality of the goodness or badness

of the human act

General name for a definite property which isfound in connection with the human act

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Human acts

Act done with full knowledge and deliberation

Act done with knowledge and consent

Free voluntary acts of man Acts which are proper to man as man; because of

all animals he alone has knowledge and freedom

of will

Acts of which we are conscious and are under our

control and for which we are responsible

Those of which man is master he has the power

of doing or not doing as he pleases

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Some acts are

morally

indifferent

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Voluntariness and responsibility

/lt/ voluntaswill

Voluntariness refers to the freedom of the human

agent to act or not to act

The property of a moral situation whereby action

or omission results from a source within the

agent and from some knowledge which the agent

possesses

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The morality of human acts

The constitutive parts of human act

End - objective

Means - object

Circumstances

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Perfect

Occurs when the person has full knowledge and full

consent

imperfect

Occurs when the agents knowledge and or consent is

only partial

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Direct

Act is intended for its own sake either as a means or as

an end

Indirect

Act is not intended for its own sake but follows as a

regrettable consequence of an action directly willed

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Moral principle of act with double effects

The act in itself should be good, or at least

morally indifferent

The evil effect should not be directly intended,

but morally allowed to occur as a regrettable

effect

There should be a reason sufficiently grave

enough for committing the action

The evil effect should not outweigh the goodeffect

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The end does

not justify

the means

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RESEARCH AND DEFINE

THE DIFFERENTFACTORS THAT

LESSENACCOUNTABILITY

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Ignorance

Concupiscence or passion

Fear Violence

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Ignorance

Absence of knowledge

Vincible

Invincible

Two principles related to ignorance

Vincible ignorance does not erase or remove

responsibility Invincible ignorance removes the responsibility of

the agent

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Concupiscence or passion

Can greatly affect the voluntariness of an action

The agent cannot act freely when under its influence

Two kinds of concupiscence

Antecedent

Consequent concupiscence

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Fear

When the agent acts due to fear, the agents will is

dragged alongfreedom is restricted

responsibility is diminished

Violence

Impulse from outside the agent and tends to force the

agent into acting against the will

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Shared values

Wisdom

Justice

Freedom Accountability

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Media is the primary source of information in

a democracy.

Transmission of persuasive communications

Production and dissemination of massentertainment

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Application of concepts and principles in the field of

Mass Communication

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Mass media, in modern societies, are

information systems vitally involved in

maintenance, change and conflict processes

at the societal as well as the group and

individual levels of social action (De-fleur

and Ball-Rokeach)

In modern societies, individuals increasingly

depend on mass media information forknowledge and orientation as to what is

happening around them. (McQuail and

Windahl)

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The degree to which a society is undergoing

change, conflict or instability

The degree to which the media are in reality

central and important as information source

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Governments in democratic states have less

control of the media than governments in

totalitarian states.

Accordingly, the quality of the goodness or

badness of the action of the three actors will

depend on how they live up to the demands

of their relationships with one another

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Parts of the framework

Specific media freedom and responsibility

Working principles and key factors affecting

media presentation and specific media content/s

The media audience/user and the success/failure

indicators of media effects or the benefits/harms

indicators

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TRUTH IN

REPORTING

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Completeness

Understanding

Objectivity and balance

Accuracy

--Klaidman and Beauchamp

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Structural

Situational

Cultural

These factors may either enhance or distort

media presentation

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The media contents that derive from the four

working principles of truth in reporting and

the optimal use of the key factors affecting

media presentation benefit the media users.

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the media should serve the public, and in

order to do so, should remain free of

government interference. It defined

guidelines that the media should follow in

order to fulfil its obligation of serving the

public.

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1-3 key factors

4-5;6-7degree of dependency conditions

8-10 working principles

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The relationships between the media, audience

and government have a moral character

Society individuals come increasingly to depend

on mass media information for knowledge

Democratic governments have more control over

the media

Failure to adhere to the working principles and use

of key factors bring benefits to media users

Media is obliged to provide all the info the public

needs

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As an influence results in value directed

departure from

Accuracy

Objectivity

Balance

Distorted presentation of facts

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Irrationality

Illusion

Greed

Ambition Religious fervour

May cause intentional or unintentional

distortion in the messages

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Factual statement

Objective and can either be true or false

Evaluative statement

Not easy to confirm or falsify Tends to assess or appraise

Must meet the following conditions

Used in news only when there is substantial factual

base to support it

Will surely contribute to the media users

understanding of the event

Use is properly identified and executed

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According to Georgie Anne Geyer

New diplomats

Media practitioner all of a sudden takes on a new role

Rampant careerism

The unhealthy obsession to advance ones career

Crisis coverage

Over-covering the crises of the world; under-covering

major trends

Dishonesty in style Adversariness

Tendency to make a simplistic map of the world :: our

side, their side two continually opposing sides

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Among the more negative consequences are

Public will pay less attention to the media

Public will become less informed

Media freedom will come under heavier attack

Public will resort to interpersonal communication

People will rely more on the foreign media

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Incompetence

Inaccuracy/incompleteness ofwork

Careerism

Sensationalism

Too frequently

biasedcallousness

Negligence

Arrogance

Contempt for the

publicAbuse of privilege/

right

Intense

competitionamongpractitioners

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Concept of accountability Being answerable and being liable to be called

for an accounting

Medias accounting to the different publics

should take the form of a clarification,explanation or justification

According to Klaidman and Beauchamp justifiability of medias accounting will dependon:

The reason why they did so The quality of reason given

To whom the media people viewed themselvesaccountable

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The media owe the following adequate

accounting

General public, readers/viewers

Subjects of stories

Sources of stories

Supervisors and employers

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Government and the Fairness Doctrine

News councils

Ombudsman practice

Schools of mass communication/education Pressure groups

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Among the virtues that the media persons

should cultivate are

Fairness

Justice

Being fair means giving or according a person, group or

institution what is due or owed them under specific

rules. But practising this virtue is not always easy

Prudence

Defined as the intellectual habit enabling the agent toreason to right conclusion to his moral problems

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Among the virtues that the media persons

should cultivate are

Fortitude

Courage or bravery

The virtue of keeping resolute in the face of

overwhelming odds

Humility

Good habit of the will restraining ones tendency to

immoderation in the desire of higher things or ofexcellence

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