MCAS Science ReviewLife Science (Biology)

Characteristics of Plants and Animals

1.How are plants and animals classified by their shared characteristics in the system invented by Linnaeus?2.Why are all living things classified in this way?

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) invented a system for naming living things using Latin so that all the word’s scientists could communicate using one name for every living thing. He based the names on obvious characteristics of living things.

Linnaean Classification System Here is the classification for modern humans:

Kingdom AnimalPhylum Chordate

Class Mammal Order Primate

Family Hominidae Genus Homo (meaning “same” or “man”)

Species sapiens (meaning “wise”)

Scientists refer to modern humans as “wise men,” or Homo sapiens.

Plant Structures

What are the main structures in plants that

are responsible for:

food making,reproduction, growth, and protection?

Food Making in Plants

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food in their leaves.

In photosynthesis, plants use:sunlightwater (brought in by the roots)carbon dioxide from the air

Plants produce:sugar to feed the plant oxygen

Reproduction

Flowers are the structures responsible for plant reproduction.

After pollination in the anther, stigma, and style, seeds develop in the ovary.

Seeds

Inside the fruits are seeds that are transported by wind, gravity, water, and animals to another place where they make new plants.

Growth

Growth occurs in buds, stems, and roots. Vascular tissues bring food and water to different parts of the plants to provide energy for growth.

ProtectionSome ways plants protect themselves include:

•Thick bark can protect a tree from fire and insects.

•Thorns can protect plants from animals that might eat them.

•Thick stems can retain water in dry climates.

•Drip tip leaves can help leaves stay drier, so the plant doesn’t mold.

Life Cycles

• Describe the life cycle (including birth, growth, development, reproduction, and death) of a plant, amphibian, mammal, and butterfly.

• What is a metamorphosis in terms of the life cycle of a frog or butterfly?

• What are inherited characteristics?

• What are characteristics that aren’t inherited?

Plant Life Cycle

Amphibian Life CycleAn amphibian is an animal that is born in the water and has

gills, but develops lungs and lives on land for its adult life. Frogs are amphibians.

Mammal Life Cycle

Birth Growth Development

Death Reproduction

Butterfly Life CycleBecause the butterfly undergoes a complete change in form during its

development, its life cycle is called a metamorphosis.

InheritancePlants and animals receive inherited characteristics that you receive from

their parents.Plants and animals develop characteristics that aren’t inherited when they

are affected by their environment.

Inherited Characteristics Characteristics Not Inherited

Adaptations of Living Things 1. How do inherited characteristics change over time to

allow plants or animals to adapt and survive in their environment?

2. Describe how some changes in the environment have caused some plants and animals to die or move or migrate to new locations.

3. What are some seasonal changes in an environment that plants and animals must respond to regularly?

4. Describe how organisms change their behavior in response to different stimuli in their environment so they can meet some of their needs.

5. What are instinctive and learned behaviors and how are they different?

6. What are some ways that organisms can cause changes in their environment to ensure their survival? How can some of these changes affect their environment?

Whales Adapt to a Changing World

Horses Adapt to Grasslands

Ice Ages Expose Bering Land Bridge

In the Ice Age, sea levels were lower and ice covered much of the land. Many plants and animals died. Other animals migrated across exposed land bridges to escape the cold and ice.

What killed the dinosaurs? What forms of life survived

from this ancient event?

Hibernation

Bears have adapted to winter, a seasonal changes in their

environment by hibernating.

Migration

Caribou in Alaska migrate seasonally to find food and bear young.

Migration

Some species of whales migrate seasonally to find bear their young in warmer waters. They return to northern waters to feed when the newborns are big enough to make the long journey.

Humpback Whale Migration Gray Whale Migration

Adaptations of Plants

In northern forests, deciduous trees have adapted to the cold winter by dropping their leaves annually. If they became covered with snow, the leaves could bear down the limbs and cause them to break off. The needles of evergreen trees in northern forests have adapted to shed snow.

Four Seasons in a Northern Forest Pine Needles Shed Snow

Arctic Foxes Adapt to the Frozen Landscape

By changing the color of their fur coat, Arctic foxes can blend into a snow winter landscape and avoid predators.

?

Some organisms change their behavior in response to different stimuli in their environment so they can meet some of their needs.

What might have caused this gorilla to stand up and walk?

Instinctive and Learned BehaviorsSome animals are born with instinctive behaviors. Other behaviors

are learned during the animals’ lives.Instinctive Behaviors Learned

Behaviors

Changing the EnvironmentMany organisms cause changes in their environment to ensure their survival.

How can some of these changes affect their environment? Many Inuits live differently now than they did in the past. How has this changed their

environment?

Inuit Villages Past and Present

Many organisms cause changes in their environment to ensure their survival. How can some of these

changes in transportation affect the environment?

Changing the Environment

Changes made by plowing up the deeply rooted prairie grasses of the Great Plains affected the environment and caused drought in the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.

Changing the Environment

Beaver dams can cause flooding and kill trees, but the ponds that result establish rich areas for birds and other wildlife.

Changing the Environment

Energy and Living Things

1. Describe photosynthesis.2. What are food chains and food webs? 3. In terms of food webs or chains, what are

producers, consumers, and decomposers?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food in their leaves. Plants use energy from the Sun in the form of sunlight, water brought in by the roots, and carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugar, which feeds the plant and supplies anything that eats the plant with food. Photosynthesis also produces the oxygen animals need to live. Plants are the producers in most food chains.

In photosynthesis, plants use:

sunlightwater carbon dioxide

Plants produce:

sugaroxygen

Energy and Living Things

Food Chains

Food WebsProducers: Plants produce food using energy from the Sun, water from the ground, and carbon dioxide from the air.

Consumers: Animals eat plants. Other animals eat animals.

Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria break down dead plants and animals.

Food Chain Food Web

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