mcas review mrs. mccarthy’s middle school science review
TRANSCRIPT
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MCAS ReviewMrs. McCarthy’s
Middle School Science Review
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Grade 8 MCAS
Physical Science
Earth Science
Life Science
Technology/Engineering
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Test Set-up
• 2 Testing Days– Wednesday May 20th
– Thursday May 21st
• About 47 Total Questions– 41 Multiple Choice Questions
– 6 Open Response Questions
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Open Response
• Multi-part open response questions are included on your MCAS.
• You will need to answer ALL of the questions asked.
• Be sure to:• Pre-write / Plan / Graphic Organizer• Include Vocabulary Words & Definitions• Explain Thoroughly• Give Examples• Include Labels• Create Diagrams
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• 8th Grade Curriculum–Properties of Matter
–The Atom–Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
–Motion–Forms of Energy & Heat
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• Particle Motion & Phase Changes (15)• Mass vs. Weight (1)• Volume vs. Mass; Density (2)• Measuring Tools (3)• Conservation of Mass (4)• Melting Point & Boiling Point (9)• Physical & Chemical Changes (10)
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Solid
• Has a definite shape and a definite volume
• Particles are held tightly in place and vibrate in place
Looks Like
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Liquid
• Have a definite volume and no definite shape
• Take the shape of a container
• Can Pour
• Particles slide past one another
Looks Like
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Gas
• Have NO Definite Shape or Volume
• Fill their containers
• Particles spread out and move independently
Looks Like
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Plasma
• Very high in energy• Plasma has no definite shape or volume• Particles are broken• Plasma is the most common phase of
matter in the universe• Examples: Auroras, lightning, fire, neon
lights
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Charles’ Law
• The volume of a gas increases as its temperature increases
• For Example: – A balloon expands and pops when it is
heated.– A balloon contracts and gets smaller when it
is cooled.
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Boyle’s Law
• The volume of gas increases as the pressure decreases
• Example: Piston– Lifting the Plunger Decreases the Pressure– Pushing the Plunger Increases the Pressure
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States of Matter
PhasesChanges
Solid Liquid Gas
Matter changes phases due to a change in the heat energy of an object’s particles.
Add Energy/Heat
Lose Energy/Heat ←
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Measurement
• Mass • Weight
• Volume • Temperature
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Mass
• The amount of matter in an object
• Doesn’t change with gravity
• Measured with a triple-beam balance
• SI unit of grams
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Inertia
• A resistance to a change in motion
• The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has
• Example: Grocery Carts & Cars
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Weight
• The amount of gravitational pull on an object
• Changes with gravity
• Measured in Newtons
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Volume
• The amount of space an object takes-up
• Can be measured with a ruler using the formula:
Volume = length * width * height
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OR
• Volume can be measured with water and a graduated cylinder using displacement
• Solid SI Unit of cm³
• Liquid SI Unit of mL
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Density
• The amount of mass in a given volume
• Measured with the Formula:
Density = Mass / Volume
Mass______________
Density * Volume
* Labeled in g/cm³
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Density Stackers
• Many liquid mixtures will stack up into layers by their densities
– More dense materials will be below less dense materials
– Example:
Salad Dressing
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Characteristic Properties
• Describe substances based upon their characteristics
• Example:
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
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Physical Properties
• Physically describe an object based upon observable and measurable observations
Examples:COLOR Density Solubility
Mass Malleability Texture Volume Temperature State Weight Ductility Melting
Boiling
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Melting Point & Boiling Point
• Each Substance has its own Melting & Boiling Points that are always the same temperature regardless of the size
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Particle Motion & Temperature Increases
• Melting- the change from a solid to a liquid
• Adding energy
• Boiling- the change from a liquid to a gas
• Adding Energy
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Melting & Boiling Points
• Melting Point: All Water Melts at 0˚C
• Boiling Point: All water boils at 100˚C
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Physical Changes• A change in a substance that affects one
or more physical properties of a substance
• The substance does not change
• Examples:
Cutting Hair Crushing a Can
Sanding Wood Broken Glass
Melting Butter Freezing Water
Dissolving Salt Bending Metal
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Chemical Properties
• Describe substances based upon their ability to change into a new substance with different properties
• Chemical properties are not easily observed with your senses and often need to be tested
• Examples:
Reactivity: Tarnishing, Rusting,
Flammability
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Chemical Changes
• When substances change into new substances with different properties
• Examples:
Reactivity
Gas Formation & Bubbles
Burning Cooking
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Conservation of Mass• Mass cannot be created or destroyed
• Even during a chemical reaction, the mass will remain the same.
• Example- Lab with: Vinegar, Baking Soda, Baggies, Film Canister, & T.B.B.
Before After
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• There are more than 100 elements on the periodic table that make up ALL things (5)
• Atoms of Elements vs. Molecules of Compound (6)
• Examples of Elements and Compounds (7)
• Mixtures vs. Pure Substances (8)
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Atomic Theory
• Democritus- Proposes the Atom 440 B.C.
• Dalton- Atoms are the Smallest Particle
• Thomson- “Plum Pudding” with Electrons
• Rutherford- Gold Foil → Atom’s Nucleus
• Bohr- Electrons Travel in Energy Paths
• Schrödinger & Heisenberg- Electron Clouds
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Atom
• The Smallest Unit of an Element
• Everything is made of Atoms
Electrons
Energy
LevelsNucleus
with Protons
and Neutrons
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Protons
• Charge: Positive
• Mass:1 amu
• Location: Nucleus
• Proton count determines the element
• Protons = atomic number
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Neutrons
Charge: none
Mass: 1 amu
Location: Nucleus
*To find the neutrons: atomic mass – atomic
number
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Electrons
• Charge: Negative
• Mass: Almost Zero
• Location: Electron Clouds
• Balanced Atoms: Protons = Electrons
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Periodic Table
• Organized Data of Elements
• Organized by Atomic Number
• Over 100 Elements
• Contains Many Patterns
• Element Cube:2
HeHelium
4.0
Atomic Number
Chemical Symbol
Element Name
Atomic Mass
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Pure Substances
• A substance with only one type of particle
• Examples: Elements & Compounds
• Pure Substances Cannot be Broken Down and Retain their Properties
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Elements
Elements
MetalsShiny, Strong Conductors,
Malleable, Ductile
NonmetalsDull, Poor
Conductors, Brittle
MetalloidsSemiconductors,
Have Properties of Metals & Nonmetals
Left of zigzag line Right of zigzag line Border the zigzag line
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Mixtures
• A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
• A mixture is easily separated by physical means
• A mixture is NOT a pure substance.
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Separating MixturesTechniques:
- Magnet: uses a magnet
- Filter: uses a sifter
- Centrifuge: uses spinning (densities)
- Solutions: uses dissolving
- Distillation: uses boiling point
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Chemical Reactions
• The process where one or more substances changes to become one or more different substances.
• LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS– Mass is never gained or lost in a chemical
reaction
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Clues to Chemical Reactions
• Gas Formation
• Solid Formation
• Color Change
• Energy Change
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Chemical Formulas & Equations
• A chemical formula uses symbols and numbers to represent a compound
• Chemical Equations uses formulas and symbols to show a chemical reaction– Chemical Equations MUST be Balanced and
follow the Law of Conservation of MassExample: C + O2 CO2
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• Motion is described by Position, Direction, & Speed
• Graphs of Distance vs. Time (S= D/T)
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A change in an object’s position relative to reference point(s)
during a specific length of time
Motion
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Distance
Speed * Time
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Speed an object travels in a given direction
The unit label is ALWAYS a: Distance/Time The unit label is ALWAYS a: Distance/Time & Direction Word& Direction Word
Example: 60 miles/hour WestExample: 60 miles/hour West
Velocity
Example Direction Words: North, South, East, West, Left, Right, Up, Down
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ForceForce
• ExertedExerted on one object on one object
by by anotheranother objectobject
•A pushpush or a or a pullpull
•Can affect an object’s Can affect an object’s speed or directionspeed or direction
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Unbalanced forcesUnbalanced forces
If the net force on an object is If the net force on an object is NOT ZERO.NOT ZERO.
The resulting effect is the The resulting effect is the object changes its motion.object changes its motion.
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Balanced forcesBalanced forces
If the net force on an object If the net force on an object is is ZEROZERO
the resulting effect is the the resulting effect is the object has object has
NO changeNO change in its motion. in its motion.
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Friction Friction
•Resists Motion Between 2 Resists Motion Between 2 ObjectsObjects
•Dependent on Texture of Dependent on Texture of SurfacesSurfaces
•4 major types: Rolling, Sliding, 4 major types: Rolling, Sliding, Static, FluidStatic, Fluid
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GRAVITYGRAVITYGravity is a force of attractionGravity is a force of attraction
• Exists between any two objectsExists between any two objects•The force is The force is dependent upon dependent upon The size of the The size of the objects and the objects and the distance they distance they are from one are from one anotheranother
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•The force of Gravity is The force of Gravity is dependent upon the size of the dependent upon the size of the object and the distance they object and the distance they are from one another.are from one another.
Law of Universal GravitationLaw of Universal Gravitation
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Gravitation force Gravitation force increasesincreases• as masses increaseas masses increase• as the distance decreasesas the distance decreases•Bigger & CloserBigger & Closer
Gravitation force Gravitation force decreasesdecreases• as masses decreaseas masses decrease• as the distance increasesas the distance increases•Smaller & FartherSmaller & Farther
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•WeightWeight is a measurement of a planet’s gravitational pull on the mass of an object.
•Therefore, weight is Therefore, weight is different on different different on different
planets and planets and other other celestial celestial bodies.bodies.
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• Measured with a triple beam balance.
• Measured with a Newton spring scale.
Mass vs. Weight
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• Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.
• Gravity causes all objects, regardless of size, to fall at the same acceleration
• On Earth, all objects fall at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s
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Occurs when an object has two forces acting on it:
gravity & a push-horizontal- force.
Projectile Motion
The result is a curved path
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• Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy and Energy Changes (13)
• Heat is Energy that causes temperature changes (14)
• Heat causes Phase Changes (15)
• Heat moves from warmer objects to cooler objects (16)
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Nuclear
Different forms of Energy
Light
Sound
Elastic
Heat/Thermal
Electromagnetic
Chemical
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•Energy
•Work occurs when an object moves in the direction of the applied force
•the ability to do work
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Energy, like work, is measured in joules (J).
Energy exists in many different forms and can change between them:
Energy conversion Energy transformation
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Types of Energy
• Potential Energy: –Stored Energy
• Kinetic Energy:–Energy of
Motion
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Energy Changes
• Energy can be Transferred between Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can not be created or destroyed.It can change forms.
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HeatHeat is a form of thermal energy.
Heat is Energy that causes temperature changes.
Each Substance has unique Melting and Boiling points.
Heat Changes Particle Motion and Causes Phase Changes.
Heat Moves from Warm Objects to Cooler Objects.
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Temperature• Temperature is a Measurement of Heat
• Temperature is Measured with a Thermometer
• Temperature Scales:– Celsius (˚C)– Fahrenheit (˚F)– Kelvin (k)
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Melting Point & Boiling Point
• Each Substance has its own Melting & Boiling Points that are always the same temperature regardless of the size
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Particle Motion & Temperature Increases
• Melting- the change from a solid to a liquid
• Adding energy
• Boiling- the change from a liquid to a gas
• Adding Energy
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Melting & Boiling Points
• Melting Point: All Water Melts at 0˚C
• Boiling Point: All water boils at 100˚C
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States of Matter
PhasesChanges
Solid Liquid Gas
Matter changes phases due to a change in the heat energy of an object’s particles.
Add Energy/Heat
Lose Energy/Heat ←
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Heat Transfer
• Heat moves in predictable ways from warm objects to cooler objects
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Heat energy Heat energy movesmoves in three ways in three ways: :
Conduction Conduction Convection Convection RadiationRadiation
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Conduction :occurs Conduction :occurs when energy is when energy is passed directly from passed directly from one item to anotherone item to another
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ConvectionConvection : movement of
gases or liquids from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.
Examples- Air Masses, Earth’s Mantle; Ocean
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ConvectionConvection : movement of FLUIDS (GAS OR LIQUID)
from a coolercooler spot to a warmerwarmer spot.
BOILINGBOILING
WINDWIND
EARTH
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Radiation :The sun's rays travel in straight lines called heat rays. When sunlight hits the earth, its radiation is absorbed or reflected.
Darker surfaces absorb more of the radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the
radiation.
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7th Grade Curriculum–Mapping the Earth–Earth’s Structure
–Heat Transfer–Earth’s History
–The Earth in the Solar System
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Mapping the Earth
• Recognize, Interpret, & Create models of Earth’s Features with Mapping.
Topographic Maps show the elevation of an area of land using contour lines.
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Earth’s StructureThe Layers of the Earth
Crust- Solid, Oceanic & Continental
Mantle- Largest Layer with lithosphere & asthenosphere; convection currents
Outer Core- Liquid Molten Metal
Inner Core- Dense; Solid; Iron
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Heat Transfer• Heat moves in predictable ways
from warm objects to cooler objects
• Heat Energy Moves in 3 ways:• Conduction• Convection• Radiation
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Conduction :occurs Conduction :occurs when energy is when energy is passed directly from passed directly from one item to anotherone item to another
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ConvectionConvection : movement of
gases or liquids from a cooler spot to a warmer spot.
Examples- Air Masses, Earth’s Mantle; Ocean
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ConvectionConvection : movement of FLUIDS (GAS OR LIQUID)
from a coolercooler spot to a warmerwarmer spot.
BOILINGBOILING
WINDWIND
EARTH
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Radiation :The sun's rays travel in straight lines called heat rays. When sunlight hits the earth, its radiation is absorbed or reflected.
Darker surfaces absorb more of the radiation and lighter surfaces reflect the
radiation.
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Earth’s History
Millions of years ago all of Earth’s land masses were together in one large super continent called Pangaea.
Over time Pangaea spread apart due to continental drift and sea-floor spreading.
Today, we have 7 continents on Earth.
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EvidenceEvidence of the Continental Drift Theory
include:• Physical Evidence (Puzzle-like Continents)
• Fossil Evidence
• Glacial Evidence
• Climate Evidence
• Plant Evidence
Africa
South
America
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The Changing Surface• In addition to plate tectonics, Earth’s
surface is ever changing due to:
–Earthquakes
–Volcanoes–Weathering, Erosion & Deposition
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• Earthquakes occur when Earth’s plates shift and cause shaking on the surface
• Most Earthquakes occur at Plate Boundaries
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• A Tsunami is a tidal wave in the ocean caused by tectonic (Earthquake) movement of Earth’s plates.
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Most volcanoes form at plate boundaries
• Diverging- mid ocean ridge, rift valley
• Converging- island arcs/ Mt. St. Helens
• Hot spots- not on a boundary- Hawaii
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Rock is broken into smaller pieces by:
• Freezing & Thawing• Release of Pressure• Growth of Plants• Action of Animals• Water• Abrasion
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Earth in the Solar SystemAll objects are affected by GRAVITY. Gravity’s force is stronger on larger objects. Our solar system is held together by the Sun’s gravity. The Sun’s gravity keeps the planets orbiting around it.
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Just as the planets orbit around the sun due to the Sun’s strong gravity, the moon orbit’s Earth due to Earth’s Gravity.
The moon rotates on its axis and revolves around Earth at the same rate, that’s why only one side of the moon is visible from Earth.
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Phases of the Moon
Lunar PhasesThe Moon appears to go through a complete set of phases as viewed from the Earth because of its motion around the Earth, as illustrated in the following figure.
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Lunar Eclipses
During a Lunar Eclipse, the Sun, Earth, & Moon align so that the moon is not reflecting any of the Sun’s light. The moon is not visible from Earth at this time.
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Solar Eclipses
During a Solar Eclipse, the Sun, Moon, & Earth align so that the Sun’s light is not reflecting on Earth. The Sun is not visible from Earth at this time.
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Day & Night• Earth rotates on its axis once every 24
hours (1 day).
• When Earth is turned toward the Sun, it is daytime.
• When Earth is turned away from the sun, it is nighttime.
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Earth revolves around the sun once every 365 ¼ days (1 year).
When the Northern Hemisphere is angled toward the Sun (direct rays), it is summer.When Northern Hemisphere is angled away from the sun (indirect rays), it is winter.
Summer in N.H.
Winter in S.H.
Winter in N.H.
Summer in S.H.
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UNIVERSE
GALAXIES
SOLAR SYSTEMS
PLANET
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• The Universe is made of billions of Galaxies
• Galaxies are made of billions of Stars• We live in the Milky Way Galaxy• The Sun is the only Star in Our Solar
System • We live on Planet Earth
UNIVERSE
GALAXIESSOLAR SYSTEM
PLANET
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6th Grade Curriculum–Classification of Organisms
–Structure and Function of Cells–Systems in Living Things–Reproduction & Heredity–Evolution & Biodiversity
–Living Things & Their Environment–Energy & Living Things
–Changes in Ecosystems Over Time
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Structure and Function of Cells
Cells are the basic units of life.
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are very small and can only be seen with a microscope.
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Cells
• There are different types of cells:– Animal Cells– Plant Cells
• Some living things are multi-cellular– Example: plant, animal
• Some living things are unicellular– Example: bacteria, yeast
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Parts of the CellCell Wall-the outside of the cell that strengthens the cell membrane
Cell Membrane- keeps cytoplasm in; allows nutrients in & waste out
Chloroplasts-hold green chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Vacuoles- store water & fluid
Nucleus- holds cell’s DNA
Cytoplasm-fluid in cell
Mitochondria- breakdown food in the cell
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Plant Cell
Plant Cells are found in plants.
Unlike Animal Cells, Plants Cells contain: Cell Wall & Chloroplasts so that they can make food using photosynthesis.
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Animal Cell
Animal Cells are found in animals.
Unlike Plants Cells, Animal Cells do not contain: Cell Wall & Chloroplasts.
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Cellular Functions
• Cells function similar to living organisms:
–Extracting Energy from Food
–Disposing of Waste
–Reproduction (Mitosis)
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Heredity
• All living things have traits.• Traits are stored in chromosomes.• These are passed on from one
generation to the next in genes.• Human cells contain about 30,000
different genes on 23 different chromosomes.
• Punnett Squares show possible inheritance.
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ReproductionThere are 2 types of reproduction:
– Sexual: 2 Parent Cells Join Together to Form a New Individual; Offspring Inherit Half of Their Genes from each Parent• Example: Plants & Animals
– Asexual: only 1 Parent Cell is Needed; Parent Cell is Copied; Mitosis Occurs• Example: Single-celled Organisms
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Genes of DNA
Cells & Body Tissues
Organs
Systems
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Systems in Living Things• The Human Body’s Major Systems:
– Digestion: Food Energy
– Respiration: Breathing
– Reproduction: Population
– Circulation: Blood Flow
– Excretion: Waste
– Immune: Protection from Disease
– Movement, Control, Coordination: Moving, Thinking, Planning, Processing
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Classification of Organisms
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.Levels:
Kingdom- large general group
Phylum-
Classes-
Orders-
Families-
Genus-
Species- one kind
Kingdom’s are continuously broken down into classified groups until species
King----Kingdom
Philip---Phylum
Came--Classes
Over----Orders
For------Families
Grape--Genus
Soda---Species
Hint:
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Kingdoms
• All living organisms belong to one of the kingdoms
• There are five Kingdoms:
1. Bacteria- E. coli,
2. Protista- single-celled organisms
3. Plantae- plants, flowers & trees
4. Fungi- fungus, mold & mushrooms
5. Animalia- animals, people, pets, bugs
Fungi
Plantae Protista
Animalia
Bacteria
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Evolution & Biodiversity
• Evolution: organisms adapt and change over time
• Evidence: geology, fossils, comparative anatomy
• Extinctions: many species have not been able to adapt to habitat changes over time
Survival of the fittest
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Living Things & Their Environment
• Organisms interact with one another and have different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to survive.
• Circle of Life
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• Food Web- Energy from food flows from one organism to another
• Parts of the Food Web:– Producers- use sunlight to make food
• Example: Plants– Consumers-eat producers & organisms
• Example: animals– Decomposers-break down remains of dead organisms
• Example: bacteria & fungi
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Decomposers & Nitrogen Cycle
• Decomposers- Living organisms break down dead plants & animals (bacteria, fungus)
• Nitrogen is produced in this cycle.
• Broken down material is used for compost and has nutrients in it that contribute to the system.
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• Plants use energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis.
• This food can be used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other organisms.
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Photosynthesis• The process where plants capture light energy
from the sun and change it into food.
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Ecosystems• Ecosystem- the habitat of living
organisms
• Land: Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra
• Marine: Beaches, Seafloor, Reefs
• Freshwater: Moving Water, Still Water, Wetlands
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Changes in EcosystemsOver Time
• Changes in the ecosystem can cause extinction, habitat damage, & global warming.
• Ecosystems are effected by:– Pollution– Resource Depletion– Alien Species– Human Population Growth– Habitat Destruction
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Energy ResourcesEnergy Resources: Natural, Fossil Fuels, & AlternativesNatural Resources include wood, gasoline, wind
Fossil Fuels: nonrenewable energy resource- Made over millions of years from buried organisms
- Create environmental pollution problems- Examples: coal, natural gas, petroleum
Alternatives: renewable & easy to replace resources - Most are cleaner & safer. - Examples: Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Biomass, Nuclear (Dangerous)
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Middle School Curriculum–Materials, Tools, & Machines–Engineering Design–Communication Technologies–Manufacturing Technologies–Construction Technologies–Transportation Technologies–Bioengineering Technologies
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Materials, Tools, & Machines
• Appropriate materials, tools, & machines enable us to solve problems, invent, & construct
Tape Measure ScrewsWrench & Screwdriver Drill
Hammer & NailHand Saw
Skill Saw
Pliers
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Engineering Design
• Engineering Design Involves Modeling and Developing Solutions
• Example- Balloon Powered Car Challenge– Plan Materials– Sketch / Prototype / Model– Construct & Build– Test– Evaluate
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Communication Technologies• Ideas can be communicated
through drawings, reports, & pictures
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Manufacturing Technologies
• Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into physical goods
• Example-Sneaker Factory:– Research & Development– Production / Assembly– Marketing / Sales / PR– Quality Control– Store Distribution
Research
Production
Marketing
Distribution
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Construction Technologies
• Building structures for transportation, shelter, business, etc
Arch BridgeSuspension Bridge Beam Bridge
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Parts of a House• Foundation- base; stabilizes house
• Roof-covers house; protection
• Framing-shapes house; supports walls
• Insulation- temperature control
• Siding- protects insulation
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Transportation Technologies• Systems & Devices that move goods and
people from one place to another by land, air, water, or space.
Land
Air
WaterSpace
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Forces
• Force- a push or a pull
• Pressure- the amount of force in an area
• Lift- an upward force that opposes gravity
• Thrust- a forward force
• Drag- opposes motion in fluids
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Bioengineering Technologies
• Explore the production of mechanical devices, products, & natural substances that can improve health & daily life.