mcb 186 circadian biology week 1 biological rhythms & circadian clocks free running period &...
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![Page 1: MCB 186 CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Week 1 Biological rhythms & Circadian Clocks Free running period & environmental effects September 19, 2007 J. W. Hastings](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061614/56649d375503460f94a0fde0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MCB 186CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY
Week 1
Biological rhythms & Circadian Clocks
Free running period & environmental effects
September 19, 2007J. W. Hastings
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THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS WITH
PERIODS RANGING FROM MILLISECONDS TO YEARS
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BIOLOGICAL CYCLES SHORTER (ULTRA) & LONGER(INFRA) THAN CIRCADIAN
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YEAST ULTRADIAN OSCILLATION of DISSOLVED OXYGEN
2001 Murray et al. J. Bacteriol.~44 min/cycle
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GOLDEN MANTLED SQUIRRELS - CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS OF HIBERNATION
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ANNUAL RHYTHM: DINOFLAGELLATE CYST GERMINATIONAlexandrium fundyense PATRICIA MATRAI,
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MENSTRUAL PERIODS (FOUR BIRTHS; WINFREE, 1980)
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MOST ORGANISMS also EXHIBIT CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS in
MANY DIFFERENT PROCESSES
SUCH RHYTHMS CONTINUE in CONSTANT CONDITIONS = FREE RUNNING RHYTHM
PERIOD NOT EXACTLY 24 HOURS
CIRCA = ABOUT
DIAN = ONE DAY
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FREE RUNNING RHYTHMS HUMAN IN CONSTANT CONDITIONS FOR 24 DAYS
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How can we more easily measure or visualize the period (tau)?
RASTER PLOTS
Double, triple etc. raster plots
Modulo tau raster plots
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SLEEP-WAKE RHYTHM IN HUMAN: LD & LL
Variability in sleeponset has meaning
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CIRCADIAN LEAF MOVEMENT RHYTHM
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BACTERIAL COLONIES EXPRESSING BIOLUMINESCENCE
NIGHTPHASE
DAYPHASE
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BACTERIAL LUCIFERASE as a REPORTER of a CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of GENE EXPRESSION in BACTERIA
KONDO, STRAYER,KULKARNI, TAYLOR, ISHIURA, GOLDEN & JOHNSON, 1993
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CIRCADIAN PHOTOACCUMULATION IN PARAMECIUM Hasegawa et al.
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The clock controls an overt developmental rhythm in Neurospora.
movie courtesy of Van Gooch
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DROSOPHILA PERIOD GENE: FIRST CLOCK MUTANTS
WILD TYPE per+
ARHYTHMIC pero
SHORT PERIOD perS
LONG PERIOD perL
NOTE: SLOPEis a MEASUREof PERIOD (tau)
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CIRCADIAN CLOCKS TIMING MAY BE VERY PRECISE DECOURSEY, 1961
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SLEEP-WAKE RHYTHM IN HUMAN: LD & LL
Variability in sleeponset has meaning
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NIGHT HAULING by ANDREW WYETH showing BIOLUMINESCENCE
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DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE (Hastings’Lab)
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GONYAULAX CELL AT DAY (LEFT) AND NIGHT PHASE FLUORESCENCE OF LUCIFERIN IN SCINTILLONS
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DINOFLAGELLATE FLASH & GLOW BIOLUMINESCENCEand its CIRCADIAN EXPRESSION
scale: ~ 24 hours peak to peak
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CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of LUMINESCENCE: top, LD; below, LL
LD
DD
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GONYAULAX PEAK TIMES OF GLOW UNDER ENTRAINED AND FREE RUNNING CONDITIONS
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Academic Press, New York, 1970
View 1: Environmental signals detected by organisms Provide information on time of day
View 2: Organisms have internal biological clocks
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THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
POSTULATED CELLULAR MECHANISMRESPONSIBLE FOR DAILY RHYTHMS
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN CLOCK
To be called circadian the organism must be kept under constant conditions
CIRCA-: ABOUT -DIAN: ONE DAY
Other circa- periodicitiesCIRCALUNAR: ~MONTHLY
CIRCANNUAL: ~YEARLY
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCKOrigin and Evolution of Circadian Rhythms
TIME ACTIVITIES TO CERTAIN TIMES OF DAY OR NIGHT
- Insect eclosion, Drosophila (temperature compensation) - Plant rhythms, flower openings, bee visitations - Cyanobacteria, photosynthesis by day, nitrogen fixation by night
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION - Animal migration, sun compass; knowledge of time of day required
PHOTOPERIODISM: MEASURE DURATION OF DAY AND NIGHT - Plant rhythms: seasonal flowering, spring summer or fall - Animal seasonal reproduction; hamster only once per year
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CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES
(1) RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN THE ABSENCE OF LIGHT/DARK
CYCLES WITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24H
exact period length is a function of environmental conditions
(2) TEMPERATURE ALSO AFFECTS CIRCADIAN PERIOD BUT MUCH
LESS SO THAN FOR TYPICAL BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Cellular
compensation is postulated to be responsible
(3) PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to
DAILY LIGHT / DARK or OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES
resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice
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CIRCADIAN CLOCKS TIMING MAY BE VERY PRECISE DECOURSEY, 1961
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BUT PERIOD VALUES VARY WITHIN & ACROSS SPECIES
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PERIOD (Tau) DEPENDS on LIGHT INTENSITY
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EFFECT of LIGHT INTENSITY on Tau in SPARROWS MENAKER, 1969
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EFFECT of INTENSITY of WHITE LIGHT on PERIOD in DIFFERENT SPECIES
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EFFECT of INTENSITY on TAU DEPENDS on COLOR of INCIDENT LIGHT
Gonyaulaxpolyedra
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PERIOD (Tau) of CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DEPENDS on PRIOR L/D CYCLE PERIOD (T=20)
MOUSEPITTENDRIGH & DAAN
ENTRAINMENTto 20 hr CYCLEMUST be DONEGRADUALLY
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PERIOD (Tau) of CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DEPENDS on PERIOD (T=28) OF PRIOR L/D CYCLE
MOUSEPITTENDRIGH & DAAN
ENTRAINMENTto 28 hr CYCLEMUST be DONEGRADUALLY
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MOUSE: AFTER EFFECTS ON PERIOD PITTENDRIGH & DAAN
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DRUGS MAY ALSO HAVE an EFFECT ON PERIOD e.g., PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS
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PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS AFFECT PERIOD
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CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES
(1) RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN ABSENCE OF LIGHT / DARK CYCLES
WITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24 HOURS
exact period length is a function of environmental conditions
(2) TEMPERATURE ALSO AFFECTS CIRCADIAN PERIOD BUT MUCH
LESS SO THAN FOR TYPICAL BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Cellular
compensation is postulated to be responsible. THIS GAVE RISE
TO THE CLOCK IDEA
(3) PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to
DAILY LIGHT / DARK or OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES
resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice
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TEMPERATURE HAS ONLY SMALL EFFECT ON PERIOD
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PHOTOACCUMULATION IN EUGLENA Bruce & PIttendrigh,1956
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GONYAULAX TEMPERATURE COMPENSATIONHastings and Sweeney, 1957
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TEMPERATURE EFFECT on TAU in GONYAULAX
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TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED CIRCADIAN PERIOD IN VARIOUS ORGANISMS
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LOSS OF RHYTHMICITY
Several environmental conditions, notably low temperature and bright
light, lead to the loss of rhythm; has it stopped or simply not seen?
Return to initial conditions results in the rhythm reappearance of at a fixed phase, CT12, no matter when the return occurs
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LOSS OF RHYTHMICITY BELOW 12O C
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LOW TEMPERATURE for 12 hr “ STOPS” the CLOCK for 12 hr
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“STOPPED” Gonyaulax CLOCK RESTARTS with PHASE at CT12
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LOSS OF RHYTHMICITY
Bright light also leads to the loss of rhythmicity and return to initial
conditions causes rhythm to return at a fixed phase, no matter when.
Occurs in many different organisms
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EFFECT of WHITE LIGHT INTENSITY on PERIOD and AMPLITUDE in Gonyaulax
680 fc
380 fc
120 fc
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JCCP 1957 Fig 3
After an extended period in bright LL, with no detectable bioluminescence rhythm, transfer to
DD re-initiates a rhythm.
Phase is determined by the time of transfer, as if a stopped clock had restarted
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RHYTHM in Gonyaulax INITIATED by SHIFT from LL to DD is PHASED STARTING at CT 12
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ANOTHER EXAMPLE of a CLOCK “STOPPED” in BRIGHT WHITE LIGHT
Peterson and Saunders J. Theor Biol 1980
Eclosion rhythm of flesh-fly Sarcophaga argyrostoma. White triangle represents time of light exposure. Each point is the median eclosion time for the culture from the end of the light exposure. Note that the duration between end of light exposure and eclosion is constant (11.5 hrs, dotted line), as if the clock is stopped and restarts when the stimulus ends. Note the slight ~24 hr oscillation around the dotted line.