mcgraw-hill copyright © 2001 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. punctuation u...

McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

PUNCTUATION

Punctuation Terminology Fragments Comma Usage Run-on Sentences


Punctuation Terminology Clause: a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Independent Clause (IC): a clause that can stand alone as a

sentence. Dependent Clause (DC): a clause that does not express a complete

thought and can not stand alone.

A simple sentence is one independent clause. Example: IC. A compound sentence is two independent clauses joined by a comma

and a coordinating conjunction. Example: IC, and IC. A complex sentence is one dependent clause and one independent

clause joined together by a subordinating conjunction. Example: IC because DC.


Compound Sentence

ONE sentence with TWO simple sentences joined by a comma (,) and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, so, for, nor, yet)– Ilhan is on time today, and he has his books

with him.


Coordinating Conjunctions AND

– Joins two sentences that are BUT

– Joins sentences together that show SO

– Joins sentences where the second sentence shows a of the first sentence.

OR– Joins sentences with


Compare comma usage

Compound Sentence (comma)– Ilhan is on time today, and he has his books

with him. Simple Sentence with compound verbs (no

comma)– Ilhan is on time today and has his books with

him.


Practice Combine the following independent clauses with the correct

punctuation and conjunctions:1. Ayse likes to drive fast.

She is a danger to other drivers.2. Melike loves Spain.

She spent the summer there.3. His writing is terrible.

His spoken English is excellent.4. Canan loves Kadikoy.

The traffic is terrible.5. Zehra dropped her laptop.

It was not damaged.6. Aydin loves basketball.

He is always shooting hoops.


FRAGMENTS

A ‘sentence’ that is not really a sentence


Identifying a Sentence and a Fragment

A sentence is an independent clause. It contains a subject and verb.– Zeynep laughed.– Zeynep laughed at Ahmet.

It expresses something that makes sense to a reader: a thought, a belief, an opinion, a fact, an observation, etc.


Fragment

A sentence that has no subject or verb– Goes to the library everyday.

A sentence has only part of a verb.– Ece working hard in class. NO.– Ece is working hard in class. YES.


Fragments….continued

The sentence is a dependent clause. It doesn’t make sense until it is connected

to the main idea. Fragment: When the singer went to Izmir. Sentence: The singer went to Izmir.


It’s missing something…

A sentence fragment tries its best to be a sentence, but it just can’t make it. It’s missing something.

Often, it’s missing a verb or part of a verb string:

John working extra hard on his hook shot lately.

Here, for instance, we’re missing an auxiliary — has been, in this case, probably — that would complete the verb string and the sentence.


Avoiding Sentence Fragments

Be alert for strings of prepositional phrases that never get around to establishing a subject-verb relationship:

Immediately after the founding of the college and during those early years as the predominant educational institution in Istanbul.

Again, be careful of sentences which give their share of information but still don’t contain a subject and verb.


PracticeFind and fix the fragments:

1. While visiting Bodrum.2. Rushing to class.3. When you are dieting.4. To play in a band.5. I have already read the book. That I borrowed last week.6. The CD I bought last week.7. Because Mustafa was late.8. Since the quiz is not graded.9. I lost point for grammar. And punctuation.10. Amazed by his A.11. Bored by the class.12. During the concert at Babylon, which was very loud and crowded with a

boisterous crowd of young excited people.

McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. All rights reserved.14

Prepared by Professors

Rita Perkins and Paul Harris

Camden County College


15

To separate items in a series. To set off introductory material. On both sides of words that interrupt the flow of

thought in a sentence. Between two complete thoughts connected by and,

but, for, or, nor, so, yet. To set off a direct quotation from the rest of the

sentence. In letter writing and related informal situations.


16

Examples...– We have a vivid picture of the Civil War

because almost every soldier sent letters, kept journals, or wrote memoirs.

– Young boys managed to enlist in the military during the Civil War because in 1861 people did not have a driver’s license, a school transcript, or a student identification card to prove their age.

Use a comma between items in a series:


17

Use a comma after an introductory word, an introductory phrase, or an introductory clause.· An example of an introductory word:

Unfortunately, many boys who were sixteen years old and younger fought as soldiers in the Civil War.

· An introductory phrase: After the war, an army statistician managed to

do a study of the ages of the soldiers.

Use a comma after introductory material:


18

®An introductory clause:When the war actually broke out, Americans

did not seem to realize that the dispute would be devastating.

Use a comma after introductory material:


19

Example…– Because the drum

beat told the soldiers how and when to maneuver, drummers were important.

– COMMA AFTER INTRODUCTION

But:– Drummers were

important because the drum beat told the soldiers how and when to maneuver.

– NO COMMA BECAUSE NO INTRODUCTION

NOTE: If a dependent clause comes at the end of thesentence, there is NO NEED for a comma.


20

Interrupting words are set off by commas. If you remove the words from the sentence and it still makes sense, the words are interrupters. Such nonessential information is set off by commas.– Examples:

» Agriculture, especially the growing of cotton, was vital to the South’s economy.

» Sometimes American civilians, who actually picnicked in the battle areas to watch the fighting, were trampled by retreating soldiers.

Use commas around words interrupting the flow of thought.


21

Examples:– Emotions ran so high that thousands of men

rushed to enlist, and young boys were caught up in this movement.

– The drum beat was needed to give directions to the men in the Civil War, but the bugle began to take over this role because it was easier to hear.

Use a comma between complete thoughts connectedby a joining word.


22

There are two distinct uses of the word however with the comma.¨ When the word however is used as an interrupter, it

requires the comma.¥ Example: The approval of the parents, however, was

rare.¨ When the word however is used between two complete

thoughts, both the semicolon and the comma are needed.¥ Example: The military easily decided on a uniform

color and design; however, producing the uniforms for an entire army was more difficult.


23

Example:–The students

complained, “Reading about these boys in the war is very depressing.”


24

Use commas with dates, addresses, numbers, and with the openings and closings of letters.

The armistice of World War I was November 11, 1918.

There were 270,000 letters written. Dear Elise, Sincerely,


25

We wrote to our governor and telephoned our senator.

(No comma is needed because there are not two complete sentences.)


26

Practice Review Exercises

Lacrosse __ a game played by two competing teams __ is a sport which involves a ball and a special netted stick.

,

,

(No comma)

The game was originally played by the

Native Americans as a training for war __ and was adopted by the French-Canadians.


27


The French players called the netted stick la crosse __ because it resembled a bishop’s cross.

,,

(No comma)

Today __ lacrosse players use a stick that has a wooden __ graphite __ or metal handle.

,


28


Of course, the goalkeeper uses a crosse __ but he may defend the goal with his hands and body as well.

,If teams are tied at the end of sixty

minutes ____ they play sudden-death overtime periods.

,


29


The game may seem chaotic ___ however ___ there are rules that must be followed.

,

,Long throws ___ although allowed ___ are usually not attempted.

;

,


30


If the ball is thrown out of bounds ___ an opposing player is given a free throw.

,

,The women’s game ___ however___ varies slightly from the men’s game.

,

31

Run-On Sentences


There are Two Types of Run-On Sentences

Volkan exercises everyday he should be in good condition.

Volkan exercises everyday, he should be in good condition.Error Error

Fused Sentences:They are fused or

joined together as if they were only one

thought.

Comma Splices:A comma is used to connect

or “splice” together the two complete thoughts. A

comma alone is NOT ENOUGH to connect two

complete sentences.


How to Correct Run-Ons

There are three common methods of correcting a run-on:–Use a period and a capital letter.–Use a comma plus a joining word (and,

but, for, or, nor, so, yet) to connect the two complete thoughts.

–Use a semicolon to connect the two complete thoughts:

Note:A fourth method of

correcting a run-on is to use subordination.


Correcting Run-On Sentences

One way of correcting a run-on is to use a period and a capital letter between the two complete sentences. Use this method especially if the thoughts are not closely related.– Yonca plays the guitar well she hopes to start

her own band.– Revision: Yonca plays the guitar well. She

hopes to start her own band.



Another way of correcting a run-on is to use a comma plus a joining word to connect the two complete thoughts. There are seven joining words (also called conjunctions).– Yonca plays the guitar well, and she hopes to

start her own band.


Adding a Coordinating Conjunction

One way to remember the seven coordinating conjunctions is to put them in

this order:

AndFor Nor

But Or Yet So

“FANBOYS”

Emre plays the trumpet well, so he hopes to be selected for the jazz band.



A third method of correcting a run-on is to use a semicolon to mark the break between two sentences.

A semicolon looks like a period above a comma.

When it is used to correct run-ons, the semicolon can be used alone or with a transitional word.

Yonca plays the guitar well; she hopes to start her own band. Also correct:

Yonca plays the guitar well; consequently,she hopes to start her own band.


Learning to Identify and CorrectComma Splices

Practice Review: Identify each entry as correct or incorrect.

1. The temperature dropped below freezing last night. We had to bring our plants indoors.




1. The temperature dropped below freezing last night. We had to bring our plants indoors.

Correct




2. The temperature dropped below freezing last night; we had to bring our plants indoors.




2. The temperature dropped below freezing last night; we had to bring our plants indoors.

Correct




3. The temperature dropped below freezing last night, so we had to bring our plants indoors.




3. The temperature dropped below freezing last night, so we had to bring our plants indoors.

Correct




4. The temperature dropped below freezing last night, we had to bring our plants indoors.




4. The temperature dropped below freezing last night, we had to bring our plants indoors.

Incorrect




5. Because the temperature dropped below freezing last night, we had to bring our plants indoors.




5. Because the temperature dropped below freezing last night, we had to bring our plants indoors.

Correct




6. If the temperature drops below freezing tonight, we must remember to bring our plants indoors.




6. If the temperature drops below freezing tonight, we must remember to bring our plants indoors.

Correct




7.The temperature dropped below freezing last night, therefore, we had to bring our plants indoors.




7.The temperature dropped below freezing last night, therefore, we had to bring our plants indoors.

“Therefore” is not one of theseven coordinating conjunctions,

so it cannot be used with acomma between two independent clauses.

Incorrect




8.The temperature dropped below freezing last night, thus we had to bring our plants indoors.




8.The temperature dropped below freezing last night, thus we had to bring our plants indoors.

Incorrect




9.The temperature dropped below freezing last night we had to bring our plants indoors.




9.The temperature dropped below freezing last night we had to bring our plants indoors.

It is a fused sentence.

Incorrect


Do you have any questions about fragments, run-ons or comma splices?

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