FM 100-104MCRP 3-25A

NWP 3-56.3AFTTP(I) 3-2.23

Multiservice Proceduresfor

Joint Air Traffic Control

U.S. Marine Corps

PCN: 14400005500

Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

FOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respectivecommands and other commands as appropriate.

WILLIAM W. HARTZOG J. E. RHODESGeneral, USA Lieutenant General, USMCCommander Commanding GeneralTraining and Doctrine Command Marine Corps Combat

Development Command

B. . SMITH RONALD E. KEYSRear Admiral, USN Major General, USAFCommander CommanderNavy Warfare Development Command Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

This publication is available on the ArmyDoctrinal and Training Digital Library(ADTDL) at http: 11155.217.58.58

PREFACE

1. Scope

This multiservice procedurespublication acts as a ready reference sourcefor guidance on air traffic control (ATC)respcnsibilities, procedures, andemployment in a joint environment. Itdiscusses joint air traffic control (JATC)employment and Service relationships forinitial, transition, and sustained ATCoperations across the spectrum of jointoperations within the theater or area ofresponsibility (AOR). This publication isUNCLASSIFIED and specificallyaddresses Service ATC doctrine, forces,capabilities, equipment, and training.

2. Purpose

This JATC publication meets the needsof the Services by providing procedures onJATC employment and by detailing Servicerelationships for initial, transition, andsustained JATC operations within thetheater or AOR. It also outlines how tosynchronize and integrate JATC forces andspecialized ATC equipment.

3. Application

This publication applies to theoperating forces of all Services. Althoughthe focus of the publication is at the tacticallevel, it has application for planning andwarfighting personnel at all levels. Thetarget audience for this publicationincludes commanders, staffs, and agenciesat all levels within and supporting a jointforce.

4. Implementation Plan

Participating Service command officesof primary responsibility (OPRs) willreview this publication, validate theinformation, and reference and incorporateit in Service manuals, regulations, andcurricula as follows:

Army. The Army will incorporate theprocedures in this publication in UnitedStates (US) Army training and doctrinalpublications as directed by the commander,US Army Training and Doctrine Command(TRADOC). Distribution is in accordancewith DA Form 12-99-R.

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps willincorporate the procedures in thispublication in US Marine Corps trainingand doctrinal publications as directed bythe commanding general, US Marine CorpsCombat Development Command (MCCDC).Distribution is in accordance with MCPDS.

Navy. The Navy will incorporate theseprocedures in US Navy training anddoctrinal publications as directed by thecommander, Navy Warfare DevelopmentCommand (NWDC). Distribution is inaccordance with MILSTRIP Desk Guideand NAVSOP Publication 409.

Air Force. Air Force units will validateand incorporate appropriate procedures inaccordance with applicable governingdirectives. Distribution is in accordancewith AFI 37-160.

5. User Information

a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NWDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application (ALSA)Center developed this publication with thejoint participation of the approving Servicecommands. ALSA will review and updatethis publication as necessary

b. This publication reflects currentjoint and Service doctrine, command andcontrol (C2) organizations, facilities,personnel, responsibilities, andprocedures. Changes in Service protocol,appropriately reflected in joint and Servicepublications, will likewise be incorporatedin revisions to this document.

Marine Corps: PCN 14400005500Air Force Distribution: F

c. We encourage recommended paragraph and provide a rationale for eachchanges for improving this publication. Key recommendation. Send comments andyour comments to the specific page and recommendation directly to—

ii

FM 100-104MCRP 3-25A

NWP 3-56.3AFTTP(I) 3-2.23

FM 100.104 Us Army Training and Doctrine CommandFort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3-25A Marine Corps Combat Development CommandQuantico, Virginia

NWP 3-56.3 Navy Warfare Development CommandNewport, Rhode Island

AFTTP(I) 3-2.23 Headquarters Air Force Doctrine CenterMaxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

25 January 1999

JATC

Multiservice Procedures for Joint Air Traffic Control

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTiVE SUMMARY vi

CHAPTER I DOCTRINE, FORCES, CAPABILITIES, EQUIPMENT, ANDTRAINING

Background I-iArmy I-iMarine Corps 1-8

Navy 1-16Air Force 1-20

CHAPTER II OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURESBackground IllGeneral Duties, Responsibilities, Communications, and C2

Relationships Il-iArmy ATC Duties, Responsibilities, and C2 Relationships 11-4

Navy and Marine Corps ATC Duties, Responsibilities, andC2 Relationships 11-7

III

Air Force ATC Duties, Responsibilities, arid C2 Relationships 11-10

Joint ATC Force Deployment and Employment 11-13

CHAPTER III PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR INITIAL, TRANSITION,AND SUSTAINED JATC OPERATIONS

Background Ill-iInitial Operations Ill-iTransition Operations IH-5

Sustainment Operations 111-6

End of Operations 111-7

APPENDIX A AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL FORCE STRUCTURE A-i

APPENDIX B SERVICE COMPONENT CAPABILITIES MATRIX B-i

APPENDIX C TRAINING AND PERSONNEL COMPARISONS C-i

APPENDIX D ARMY AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES TASK-ORGANIZEDELEMENTS D-1

APPENDIX E AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL EQUIPMENT E-1

APPENDIX F NAVY TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SQUADRON DUTYPOSITIONS F-i

APPENDIX G TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SQUADRON REQUIREDOPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES (ROC) 0-1

APPENDIX H SPECIAL TACTICS SQUADRON (STS) MISSION TASKS H-i

APPENDIX I SAMPLE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HANDOVERCHECKLISTS I-i

REFERENCES References-i

GLOSSARY Glossary-i

INDEX Index-i

FIGURES I-i MAGTF 1-91-2 MACG Units and Subordinate Agencies and Detachments 1-101-3 MATCD and MMT Crew Structure I-li1-4 Marine Controller Training 1-16Il-i Command Relationships 11-2

11-2 Army ATS Structure 11-5

11-3 Navy TACS 11-8

11-4 MACCS 11-9

11-5 Air Force ATC Structure 11-1011-6 ST C2 Structure 11-12Ill-i Initial Planning Considerations 111-2

Iv

111-2 Transition to Sustainment. 111-3

111-3 Sustainment 111-3

111-4 Planner's Transition Checklist Ili-6

TABLES I-I USAF ATC. SEIs 1-25Ill-i Initial JATC Capabilities 111-4

111-2 Transition and Sustainment Operations 111-6

A-i Army ATC Force Structure A-2A-2 Air Force ATC Providers A-3E-i Army ATS and Support Equipment E-7E-2 Amphibious ATC Equipment E-14E-3 Communications Capabilities E-23

PICTURES E-1 AN/TSQ-198 E-2E-2 Mobile Tower System (MOTS) E-8E-3 Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and Coordination System

(ATNAVICS) E-8E-4 Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS) E-9

V

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

JATC

Multiservice Procedures for Joint Air Traffic Control

Overview

This publication—.

•Provides basic background information on JATC operations.

•Describes each Service's ATC doctrine, forces, capabilities, training, andequipment used to perform JATC operations.

•Outlines the duties, responsibilities, and command and control relationshipsthat influence JATC operations and handover procedures.

•Illustrates how Service ATC forces are deployed and employed to performATC operations.

•Describes how Service ATC forces conduct ATC during initial, transition, andsustained operations.

•Outlines the process for synchronizing and integrating JATC forces withinthe theater or AOR.

•Explains how to integrate the Services' ATC equipment and ATC forces.

Doctrine, Forces, Capabilities, Equipment, and Training

Chapter I provides details on the four Services' ATC doctrine, forces, capabilities, training,and equipment. It provides a baseline understanding of component capabilities forconducting ATC operations in a joint environment by providing a description of—

• The doctrinal framework each Service uses to execute JATC operations.

• The Service-specific ATC forces capable of deploying and executing JATC operations.

• The Service-specific equipment and systems used to control air traffic in the theateror AOR.

• The specific ATC capabilities each Service has available.

The training each Service provides for ATC personnel.

vi

Operations and Procedures

Chapter II describes JATC operations and procedures. It outlines the duties,responsibilities, communications, and command and control relationships that influenceATC operations and handover procedures. It illustrates how ATC forces are deployed andemployed to perform JATC operations. This chapter also provides a general descriptionof how ATC forces conduct ATC during initial, transition, and sustained operations.

Planning Considerations for Initial, Transition, andSustained JATC Operations

Chapter III explains how to integrate Services' ATC equipment and uniquely trainedATC forces. It also outlines a process for synchronization and integration of ATC forceswithin the theater or AOR. It provides ATC-speciflc checklists and considerations forjoint planners.

VII

INTRODUCTION

Although basic ATC operations throughout the Services share many commonalities,Service-unique requirements can cause operational problems if not anticipated.Improvements in JATC operations can be made by ensuring interoperable equipment;commonly accepted tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP); and application of the TTPduring development of joint and multiservice doctrine, joint training, exercises, andoperations.

Current Service doctrine, as well as Joint Vision 2010, asserts that operating jointly isimperative for success. To accomplish this, aviation related elements of each Servicemust become thoroughly familiar with the organization, capabilities, and TTP of theirown Service, and those of each force-providing Service or nation.

This publication provides the Service-unique information a planner requires to employATC services in a joint environment. Included are suggested handover considerationsand checklists for use in joint planning and execution of ATC services in the progression ofinitial, transition, and sustained operations. A void seems to exist from the missionconclusion of special tactics (ST) forces combat controllers to the introduction of robustsustainment forces. Ways to employ appropriately equipped transition forces and a planfor timely relief of ST forces are addressed as well as the organizational and commandstructure differences that contribute to deployment and handover problems.

In all Services there is a lack of guidance for the transition of ATC operations from oneService to another. The only guidance provided suggests each Service consider thecoordination and integration of air traffic services within their branch. In short, there areno TTP to plan the actual handover. This publication provides the TTP necessary tofacilitate viable multiservice ATC operations until joint doctrine fully evolves to supportJATC operations.

VIII

PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following commands and agencies participated in the development of thispublication:

Joint

Mobility Concepts Agency, Ft Monroe, VAJoint Warfighting Center, Ft Monroe, VAUnited States Southern Command, SCJ5-PS, Miami, FLUnited States European Command, ECJ5, APO AE 09128United States Pacific Command, J383, Camp H. M. Smith, HIUnited States Transportation Command, TCJ5-SR, Scott AFB, ILUnited States Space Command, SPJ5X, Peterson AFB, CONorth American Aerospace Defense Command, J-3, Peterson AFB, CO

Army

US Army Training and Doctrine Command, DCSDOC (ATDO-A), Ft Monroe, VAUS Army Aeronautical Services Agency, Ft Belvoir, VAUS Army Command and General Staff College, Ft Leavenworth, KS29th Air Traffic Services Group, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MDUS Army DCSOPS Aviation, Washington DCUS Army Air Traffic Control Activity (ATZQ-ATC), Ft Rucker, AL1-58 Aviation Regiment (ATC), Ft Bragg, NC18th Aviation Brigade, Ft Bragg, NC

Marine Corps

Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Joint Doctrine Br (C427), Quantico, VAMarine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron 1, Yuma, AZ

Navy

Commander, Naval Doctrine Command, Norfolk Naval Base, Norfolk, VACOMTACGRU-2, NAB Little Creek, Norfolk, VA

Air Force

Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center, Det 1, Langley AFB, VAHeadquarters Air Combat Command (SCX), Langley AFB, VAHeadquarters Air Combat Command (DOF), Langley AFB, VAHeadquarters Air Force Special Operations Command (DOOF), Huriburt Field, FLHeadquarters Air Force Special Operations Command (XPP), Hurlburt Filed, FLHeadquarters Air Mobility Command (DOA), Scott AFB, ILHeadquarters United States Air Force (XOOS), Washington DC720th Special Tactics Group, Huriburt Filed, FLOLA, 720th Special Tactics Group, Scott AFB, IL24th Special Tactics Squadron, Pope AFB, NC609th Combat Plans Squadron, Shaw AFB, SCAir Force Flight Standards Agency, Andrews AFB, MDAerospace Command and Control Agency, Langley AFB, VA

Air National Guard

Headquarters Air National Guard (XOB), Washington, DC—Ix

Chapter I

DOCTRINE, FORCES, CAPABILITIES,EQUIPMENT, AND TRAINING

1. Background

Each Service maintains its own airtraffic control (ATC) schools, which provideduplication of initial ATC training. Eachtrains to Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) standards and producesknowledgeable, technically competentgraduates capable of transitioning fromapprentice to full-performance level airtraffic controllers. These basic skills arethen honed to a higher level, consistentwith the level of air traffic serviced. AllService controllers start out with the samebasic skills, but unique missionrequirements dictate the experience leveland special skills that are developed tomeet mission requirements. Although eachService's advanced and sustainment ATCtraining and professional development isdifferent, they meet the peacetime focus todevelop the go-to-war skills required tosupport combat operations. This chapterdetails the ATC capabilities of all fourServices including a snapshot of theirdoctrine, forces, capabilities, equipment,and training.

2. Army

a. Doctrine.

Army air traffic services (ATSs) are anextremely important function in thesynchronization of combat power. ATStactical units function as an integralelement of joint, multinational, andinteragency forces. These units mustconduct both opposed and unopposed earlyentry operations. As a tailored force, ATSsupports the Army during all phases ofoperations.

ATSs are integrated with the theaterairspace management structure. Army ATS

tactical units support joint operations at allechelons within the theater and operateindependently of aviation brigades. ATSgroups are in general support (GS) to atheater; ATS battalions and/or ATScompanies are in GS to a corps. ATScompanies are in direct support (DS) toa division and/or GS to a corps. SeeAppendix D.

(1) ATS Tactical Units.

ATS tactical units augment theoperations (G-3 and J-3) of the field Armyand land component commander with Armyairspace command and control (A2C2)liaisons and airspace information center(AIC) services. The units augment atechelons above corps (EAC), corps, anddivision, including the aviation brigade ifresources are available. These A2C2 cellsprovide multinational or interagencyinterface for ATS systems throughout thetheater of operations. As part of the A2C2element, the ATS support is the Army'sprimary coordination link to the TheaterAir Ground System (TAGS).

ATS tactical units must coordinateairspace requirements, provide an interfacefor airspace coordination during execution,and provide an instrument recoverycapability. A2C2 elements enhance forceprotection by relaying real-time situationalawareness, deconfliction of airspace,synchronization, and integration of combatpower. This information is critical to thesurvival of all airspace users. ATS tacticalunits perform airspace control functionsbased on the airspace control order (ACO)and the airspace control plan (ACP). TheACO and the ACP outline approvedairspace control measures and other activeairspace control procedures. The airspacecontrol authority (ACA) publishes ACOs

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after aproval by the joint force commander(JFC'. ATS A2C2 personnel coordinateairspace control measures, controlfunctions, and special procedures at allechelons to provide commanders maximumflexibility while conducting operations.The ACA is responsible for developing,coordinating, and publishing airspacecontrol procedures in the area ofresponsibility (AOR)/joint operations area(JOA). Once airspace control measures andparameters have been approved, ATSelements operate in compliance with thisguidance. Therefore, liaison between theACA, ATS command and control (C2)structure, and other elements of theairspace control system (ACS) in theater isnecessary to ensure that airspace controlprocedures are integrated andsynchronized with Army forces (ARFOR)commander's requirements.

(2) Military Operations Other ThanWar (MOOTW). In MOOTW, the JFC'sconcept of operations often requires closeliaison and coordination with the hostnation's air traffic facilities and ACA (if itis separate). This is normally facilitatedthrough the United States (US)ambassador's country team. ATScommanders and their liaison elementsmust be involved from the outset in theplanning and execution of airspace andATC. They ensure that airspacerequirements supporting ATS operationsare coordinated with and approved by theproper agency. These units may participatein the development of a host nation airspaceinfrastructure. This may involve traininghost nation ATS personnel or aviators inATS operations and procedures. ATSpersonnel may provide planning, terminalairspace information, and forward-areasupport services to aviation assetsconducting nation assistance.

b. Forces.

The deployment of ATS tactical unitsin a theater of operations depends on theextent ARFOR are committed. ATS tactical

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units and their organic teams are taskorganized to provide DS and GS to theARFOR commander. They can also be taskorganized to support aviation operations aspart of a separate joint task force (JTF). SeeAppendix A for more information.

c. Capabilities.

Army ATS tactical units have C2responsibilities that provide forces withreal-time airspace information and enhancesynchronization of combat power. ATSs atall levels assist the A2C2 elements inintegrating airspace requirements in thecombined, joint, and/or interagencyenvironment. (Note: If resourced, A2C2liaison support can be provided to divisionlevel aviation brigades.) ATS capabilitiesinclude—effective ATS liaison, mobile ATSfacilities, reliable communications, timelyrelay of intelligence, airspace coordination,and relay of accurate weather information.

ATS terminal facilities provide EAC,corps, and division with a ground controlledapproach (GCA), instrument flight rules(IFR) airfield capability. Once established,these GCA approaches must meet terminalinstrument procedures (TERPS) criteria inaccordance .with (JAW) United StatesStandard Flight Inspection Manual(TM 95-225, NAVAIR 16-1-520, A.FM 11-225,FAAO8200.1A) and Terminal InstrumentProcedures Manual (TM 95-226,OPNAVINST 3722.16C, AFM 11-226, CG318, FAAH 8260.3B). The approaches mustalso be flight checked by FAA certifiedpersonnel and equipment to become acertified instrument approach for anyairspace user. AICs provide airspaceguidance and an airspace managementinterface. ATS commanders and their staffsoperating with liaison elements in tacticaloperations centers collect, process, display,issue, and coordinate critical C2information. ATS terminal operationsinclude a full range of ATC services (forhelicopter and limited fixed-wing aircraft)to regulate landings and takeoffs,especially in areas of high-density traffic.

Upon completion of military objectives,ATS units are often required to supportairspace and air traffic requirementsduring the post hostilities phase ofoperations. This support will normallyremain in theater while US Army aviationassets are deployed or until allied or hostnation ATS capabilities are adequate,sufficient, and proficient enough to supportthe JFC's requirements.

(1) Deep Operations. Tacticalaviation control teams (TACTs) conduct ATSterminal operations in the deep operationsarea. Using lightweight, portableequipment, these teams can deploy withairborne, special operations forces (SOF),and long range surveillance (LRS) units toprovide navigational assistance to aircraftduring deep operations. In the deep battlearea, ATS terminal operations include—providing weather and A2C2 information;conducting visual surveillance of austeredrop zones (DZs), pick up zones (PZs),landing zones (LZs) and airheads; providingaviation advisories as required; andproviding austere DZs, PZs, LZs, andairheads with on-call nonprecisionapproach navigational aids (NAVAIDS). SeeAppendix B.

(2) Close Operations. During closeoperations, ATS terminal operations will belimited. As required by the tacticalsituation, these operations will be set upin areas designated for priority logisticsand medical evacuation. They will also beset up in forward arming and refuelingpoints (FARPs) and maneuver forceassembly areas. During close operations,ATS terminal operations include—providing A2C2 situational updateinformation; providing visual surveillanceof landing areas; providing aviationseparation and sequencing of arriving anddeparting aircraft; providing NAVAIDS fornonprecision approaches for instrumentmeteorological conditions (IMC) recovery;providing short notice backup support ifthe battle tempo or the requirements to aidin resupply and reconstitution change;

providing positive or procedural controlmeasures as required by environmentalfactors, the density and complexity of airtraffic, and the airspace situation; andcoordinating the movement of air trafficwith other ATS facilities, A2C2 elements,and joint/multinational elements to effectan unimpeded flow of aircraft into and outof the close-battle area, This support isfacilitated by direct liaison augmentationto the A2C2 architecture.

(3) Rear Operations.

ATS terminal operations in the rearare more robust than in the forward areasand provide established airfields, satellite/recovery airfields and all-weather capable.landing areas in the theater, corps, anddivision AORs. Terminal operationsinclude—efficient movement of aircraft,providing visual and electronicsurveillance, providing traffic patternseparation and sequencing, providingprecision or nonprecision approachNAVAIDS, and designing terminal areaprecision and ncinprecision approaches.ATS airspace information centerssupporting rear operations provide on-calldemand activated en route NAVAIDS,dissemination of weather and critical flightdata, en route aircraft separation anddeconfliction on designated flight routes,interface with the other joint/multinational,interagency, and host nation airspacemanagement systems, and a transition tothe comprehensive en route airwaystructure used to support air traffic to andfrom the rear operations area.

When deployed as part of the initialentry forces, in combat operations orMOOTW, ATS tactical units will establishterminal operations at landing areas/sitesas required. ATS tactical units provide—

(a) AIC. Airspace informationservices will be provided by the AIC as asecondary mission. AICs will provide areal-time air picture and communicationswith A2C2 staff elements and other ATSfacilities and—

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•Act as the executors of A2C2elements by providing a real-time interfacewith A2C2 elements and airborne elementsof the TAGS.

•Maintain secure and redundantcommunications/data links with ATSfacilities, air defense facilities, and otherelements oftheACS, TACT, and all mannedusers of assigned airspace and controllingelements of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV). These services will link the user(the supported unit) and organic C2network through secure communications.

•Provide the full range ofairspace user information and weatherinformation (obscuring phenomena,extreme weather, pilot reports).

'Move with the maneuver/supported forces, while simultaneouslyproviding a communication link withairspace C2 system users.

'Provide navigational assistancewhile managing operations within thepreplanned en route structure.

•Coordinate en route traffic withTACTs and terminal facilities (airfields/landing areas).

•Provide deconfliction, synchro-nization, and airspace user separationthroughout the supported commander'sbattlespace as necessary.

'Coordinate movements to andfrom rapid refueling points (RRPs)IFARPs.

•Maintain locations and status ofRRPs/FARPs, terminal facilities, andNAVAJDS.

'Provide assistance forinstrument or maintenance recovery ofaircraft in distress/emergency.

'Provide a backup C2 link foroperational commanders.

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•Provide flight following for anymanned airspace user and situationalawareness of UAVs.

'Assist in combat search andrescue (CSAR) missions.

(b) Terminal Services. ATSpersonnel and equipment perform services/functions that facilitate movement, takeoff,and landing of aircraft to/from a particularpoint/place on the ground (landing area),regardless of weather conditions. Theamount and type of terminal servicesupport is mission, enemy, terrain andweather, troops and support available, timeavailable (METT-T) dependent. Terminalservice personnel and equipment aremobile, deployable, possess night visiondevices (NVDs), compatible with day/nightsignaling devices, and are capable ofproviding—

•Terminal services to a fullspectrum of rotary aircraft and limitedservices for fixed-wing aircraft; terminalservices can also provide fullyinstrumented precision approach/sequencing capability, tower, operations,and crash/rescue operations to temporary,austere, hastily prepared landing strips/areas. These services can be performedfrom captured enemy facilities (airheads),existing host nation facilities, or engineerprepared facilities.

'Airfield management support atEAC and division, as required (for example,airfield operations and airfieldcommanders supported by crash rescue).

'ATS terminal facilities with theorganic capability to provide mobile, light,ground to air communications, tacticallighting for rotary-wing LZ/PZ, weatherdissemination, and limited NAVAIDSsupport at selected landing areas.

'Arrival, departure, and specialinformation during all-weather conditionson a 24-hour basis.

'Precision and/or nonprecisionNAVAIDS for IMC recovery.

Sequencing and separation ofaircraft at designated landing areas.

'Input to the airspace proceduresguide (APG) after coordination withsupported users.

(c) Forward Area SupportServices/TACTs. TACTs provide path-finder/air assault capabilities to all airspaceusers operating in support ofpredominantly deep and close operations.They will be capable of supporting LZ, PZ,FARP, DZ, airhead, laager, and other similartype operations. They will be linked withthe overall A2C2/ATS support systemthrough organic voice and datacommunications. Additionally, they possesssome of the same capabilities as theterminal service. TACTs also possess andprovide—

'24-hour support for tactical and!or peacetime operations through the use ofportable long range, secure, jam resistant,data burst communication packages, globalpositioning system (GPS), and NVDs.

•Mobile, highly deployable teamswith pathfinder capabilities; teams requireminimal logistical support, but theirtactical movement is dependent upon themobility of the supported unit.

'Immediate support in responseto an ever changing, fluid battle field.

'Long range nonline of sight(NLOS), secure, and antijam commu-nications capability (voice and data),normally operating in the deep battle areacross forward line of own troops (X-FLOT)and close battle area supporting combatoperations (that is, communicating withairspace users and parent air interceptcontroller).

'Movement into and out ofunimproved and austere landing areas to

include PZs, DZs, FARPs/RRPs, andairheads.

'Force packagedorganized, capable ofoperations at multiplesimultaneously.

'Extended secure communica-tions capabilities of the AICs and forwarddeployed C2 elements and currentinformation about the air activity in andaround TACTs areas of operations.

'Portable NAVAIDS for pre-planned and on-call missions, for example,approach aids (includes visual multi-spectral NAVAIDS), identification andmanning passage points, FARPs/RRPslanding sites, navigational update points!fixes, and other missions as required by themaneuver or aviation commander.

'Near real-time information tosupported elements/commanders com-mand, control, communication, andintelligence (C31) networks directly andthrough the TACT's electronic link with theAICs.

'Meteorological/situationalupdates and interface with joint and hostnation forces operating in the same area ofoperations.

'Contingency or backup elementscapable of performing terminal and enroute functions.

(d) A2C2 Services.

•General. A2C2 provides a threedimensional data handling/displaycapability (computer and software) toprovide ATS A2C2 elements at all echelons,division and above (at the aviation brigadesif resources are available), plus thesituation awareness to quickly plan,coordinate, and deconflict airspace. A2C2staff elements must also possess thecapability to disseminate situationalawareness information to other ATSelements and airspace users.

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and taskperforming

locations

•Tactical. Army ATS tacticalunits must deploy early to enable JFCs toconduct force buildup operations andsustain early entry forces. These units arenormally integrated into the first echelonof deploying forces and provide criticalairspace management, C2, and terminalservices to ensure mission success. ATSpersonnel must be manifested on the samesorties as other joint airspace planners(that is, air operations center [AOC],battlefield coordination detachment [BCD],and A2C2 elements) with which theyhabitually operate. This allows Armyaviation operational requirements to befully integrated into the joint forceoperations airspace requirements. Earlyemployment of ATS personnel andequipment lays the foundation for effectivearrival and deployment of transition forces.

d. Equipment.

(1) Current Systems. Army ATCequipment and systems are designed tosupport the JFC's airspace and air trafficneeds. Appendix E contains a descriptionof the most current and the anticipated USArmy air traffic equipment and systems.Current ATS systems include—

(a) AN/TSW-7A, ATC Central—provides control tOwer operations fortransition and sustained ATS operations.

(b) ANtrSC-61B, Flight Coordi-nation Center (FCC)—provides proceduralflight following and airspace coordinationfor transition and sustained ATS operations.

(c) AN/TSQ-71B, (TPN-18)Landing Control Central—providesprecision approach radar services andlimited surveillance radar services fortransition and sustained ATS operations.

(d) ANITSQ-97 and ANITSQ-198,ATC Facility—provides visual flight rules(VFR) tower services for initial ATSoperations.

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(e) AN/TRN-30 (V) 1 and (V) 2,Radio Beacon Set—provides automaticdirection finding (ADF) navigational aid forinitial, transition and sustained ATSoperations.

(2) Communications Equipment. ATSforces must communicate on the move andmaintain and sustain the samecommunications capabilities as othermaneuver forces. Throughout the range ofmilitary operations, ATS tactical units mustbe able to communicate with local airspaceauthorities and host nation airspaceinfrastructures using telephones andradios. Radio is the primary means ofinternal and external communications. ATStactical units use frequency modulation(FM), high frequency (HF), amplitudemodulation (AM) voice, very highfrequency (VHF), ultra high frequency(UHF), common-user systems, and internalwire to expedite C2. The AIC requiresaccess to satellite communications(SATCOM) intelligence and weatherbroadcasts. SATCOM also serves as theNLOS backup means of communications.ATS tactical units require dual HF forsimultaneous voice and data transmissionand reception.

e. Acquisition Programs. ATS tacticalunits will continue to employ en route andNAVAIDS until space-based systems cansatisfr this requirement. Several modern-ization programs are underway to keeppace with requirements until this transitionoccurs. The following acquisition programswill greatly enhance ATS support in thefuture:

(1) AN/TSQ- 198, Tactical TerminalControl System (TTCS)—(62 systems) forworldwide use in the production/deployment phase. The ANITSQ-198 is areplacement for the current TSQ-97 andwill address deficiencies in security andmaintainability. This system is currentlybeing fielded.

(2)Air Traffic Navigation, Inte-gration, and Coordination System

(ATNAVICS)—(38 systems) for worldwideuse. First Unit Equipped (FUE) fiscal year(FY) 00. ATNAVICS is a replacement forthe ANtFSQ-71B and will provide a highlymobile surveillance and precision approachradar system that can be transported withits prime mover on a single C-130 andinstalled in 1 hour.

(3)Tactical Airspace IntegrationSystem (TAIS)—(52 systems) for worldwideuse—currently in. low rate initialproduction (LRIP). TAIS is a replacementfor the ANITSC-61B. TAIS will provide afully automated capability in support ofA2C2 and airspace information services(AIS). The TAIS is planned for employmentin any theater of operations for any missionwhere the Army will execute A2C2 and/orATS functions. Currently, the TAIS will beemployed at EACs, corps, and divisionlevel. TAIS wartime responsibilitiescenter on A2C2 planning and execution,battlespace synchronization, and ATSsupport. TAIS MOOTW functions centeron the task force mission and include A2C2planning and execution, expansion ofregional civil or host nation ATS/ATCresponsibilities, and/or governmentinteragency operations.

(4) Mobile Tower System (MOTS)—(38 systems) for worldwide use. It replacesthe AN/TSQ-70A and AN/TSW-7A. MOTSacquisition may be accelerated if theprogram is elevated via inclusion onDepartment of Defense (DOD) RapidAcquisition Program. A decision is pending.For further discussion, refer to AppendicesDandE.

f. Training. Initial training for Armyair traffic controllers is conducted at FortRucker, Alabama. Upon completion ofinitial training, a graduate is qualified forworldwide assignment to a fixed basetower, GCA radar, or a tactical ATC unit.AR 611-201 covers the requirements andqualifications of individuals completingthis training. See Appendix C.

(1) Fixed Base Ratings. There arefive classifications of fixed Army ATCfacilities: airfield/heliport ATC tower, GCAradar, Army flight following service, *Armyapproach control (nonradar), and *Armyradar approach control. (*The Army hasthese types of facilities; however, no activeduty Army personnel are assigned.)

(a) Fixed Facility Tower Rating.A fixed facility tower rating consists of thecontroller completing a facility orientationand rating program. The rating programrequires a controller to complete 6 monthsof on-the-job training (OJT), the facilitytraining program (FTP), limited weatherobserver certification, and an over-the-shoulder evaluation on all ATS facilitypositions, by an FAA Certified TrainingOperator (CTO)/Air Traffic ControlSpecialist Examiner. The certification isrecorded on DA Form 3479-1-R. The FAACTO/Air Traffic Control SpecialistExaminer is designated lAW AR 95-2, FAAOrder 7220.1, and FM 1-303. Evaluationsare administered lAW FAR, Part 65, FAAOrders 7220.1 and 8080.1. Once thecontroller has satisfactorily completed thisprocess, the rating will be annotated onboth the FAA Certified Tower OperatorCard and the FAA Form 7220-1 Air TrafficControl Specialist Card.

(b) Fixed GCA Rating. A fixedGCA rating consists of the controllercompleting a facility orientation and ratingprogram. The rating program requires acontroller to complete 4 months of OJT,the FTP, and an over-the-shoulderevaluation, on all ATS facility positions, bya FAA certified CTO/air traffic controlspecialist examiner and recorded on DAForm 3479-1-R. The FAA CTO/air trafficcontrol specialist examiner is designatedlAW AR 95-2, FAA Order 7220.1 and FM 1-303. Evaluations are administered lAWFAR, Part 65, FAA Orders 7220.1, and8080.1. Once the controller has satisfactorycompleted this process the rating will beannotated on the FAA Form 7220-1 AirTraffic Control Specialist Card. It takes 6to 8 months to train with the tactical GCA.

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(c) Fixed Flight FollowingFacility Rating. A fixed flight followingfacility rating consists of the controllercompleting a facility orientation and ratingprogram. The rating program requires acontroller to complete 3 months of OJT, theFTP, and an over-the-shoulder evaluationon all ATS facility positions, by a FAAcertified CTO/air traffic control specialistexaminer and recorded on DA Form3479-1-R. The FAA CTO/air traffic controlspecialist examiner is designated lAW AR95-2, FAA Order 7220.1 and FM 1-303.Evaluations are administered JAW FAR,Part 65, FAA Orders 7220.1 and 8080.1.Once the controller has satisfactorycompleted this process the rating will beannotated on the FAA Form 7220-1 AirTraffic Control Specialist Card.

(2) Tactical Certification Program.

Tactical Army ATC facilities aregrouped into three major classifications:ATC tower (tactical tower [tac twrl andTACT), GCA radar, and Army airspaceinformation services/A2C2 liaison officer(LNO).

The Tactical Certification Programwill consist of two phases, Qualification andRating, lAW FM 1-303. Phase-I,Qualification, consists of tactical equipmentknowledge. Phase-Il, Rating, evaluates thecontrollers ability to control traffic in atactical environment by applying standardATS rules and procedures, to use standardphraseology and to perform administrativeduties in a tactical ATS facility.

Within 60 days of assignment to anATS platoon, all controllers will' be enteredinto a Tactical Certification Program.Additionally, controllers must complete thetraining program within 4 calendar monthsfrom the date of entry. All controllersentered into the Tactical CertificationProgram are required to be proficient onthe installation, maintenance, andoperation of all assigned tactical ATS andservice support equipment associated withtheir unit's mission.I-8

Platoon sergeants/section sergeantsensure that each controller presents thefollowing documents to the examinerbefore entry into the certification program:Training and Proficiency Record-Air TrafficController, DA Form 3479-R, and FAAForm 7220.1 Air Traffic Control SpecialistCertificate.

A written examination will beadministered to effectively evaluate thetrainees training and proficiency. Thetactical examination will consist of apractical equipment knowledge evaluation(hands on evaluation) and an over-the-shoulder evaluation on all ATS facilitypositions, recorded on DA Form 3479-1-R.A FAA CTO/Air Traffic Control SpecialistExaminer conducts the evaluations.

The FAA CTO/Air Traffic ControlSpecialist Examiner is designated JAW AR95-2, FAA Order 7220.1, and FM 1-303.Evaluations are administered lAW FAR,Part 65, FAA Orders 7220.1 and 8080.1.

The A2C2 LNOs receive OJT at thedivision, corps, and EAC levels. The onlycurrent prerequisite to be assigned as anA2C2 LNO is the completion of the UnitedStates Air Force (USAF) Joint FirepowerCommand and Control Course at the AirGround Operations School (AGOS), NellisAir Force Base, Nevada.

3. Marine Corps

a. Doctrine/Organization.

The Marine Corps organizes its forcesfor employment by integrating fourfunctional elements: ground combat, aircombat, combat service support, andcommand into one cohesive task force, theMarine air-ground task force (MAGTF). AMAGTF can range in size from small specialpurpose units to large Marineexpeditionary forces (MEFs). The MAGTFis organized to meet the continuingdemands of modern combat by coordinatinga diverse array of assets under the controlof a single commander.

The aviation combat element (ACE)adds a unique capability and dimension tothe MAGTF by dramatically increasing itsfirepower, mobility, and area of influence.This common theme links the six majorfunctional responsibilities of Marineaviation and establishes the foundation foraviation support (see Figure I-i).

Marine ATC is a valuable asset in theforward operating base (FOB) concept forMAGTF aviation operations. Dependingon the scope of MAGTF operations, it isoften necessary to establish ATC service ata main air base, air facility, and air site butalso at a FARP, rapid ground refueling(RGR) points, and laager points. The FOBconcept typically requires mobile ATCcapabilities.

b. Forces.

The employment of a MAGTF requiresthe close integration of air and ground forceoperations. The MAGTF commander

employs the Marine Air Command andControl System (MACCS) to monitor,supervise, and influence ACE airoperations. The MACCS is not a piece ofhardware but rather an integrated groupof C2 agencies. The MACCS provides theACE commander with the air C2 supportfacilities and infrastructure necessary tocommand, coordinate, and control airoperations within an assigned area ofoperation or airspace sector and tocoordinate MAGTF air operations withother Services. Principal MACCS agenciesare provided, operated, and maintained bya Marine air control group (MACG).

The Marine ATC detachment (MATCD)is the principal terminal ATC organizationwithin the MACCS. Four MACTDs arestructured to operate as subordinateelements of the Marine air control squadron(MACS). Figure 1-2 depicts the MACGunits and their respective agencies anddetachments.

CombatAviation Ground ServiceCombatElement

CombatElement

SupportElement

Figure I-i. MAGTF1-9

Element

Six Functions ofMarine Aviation

Offensive Air Support

Antiair Warfare

Assault Support

Electronic Warfare

Air Reconnaissance

Control of Aircraft andMissiles

Figure 1-2. MACG Units and Subordinate Agencies and Detachments

Each MATCD is organized andequipped to provide continuous all-weatherATC services to an independent andgeographically separated main air base orair facility and/or remote air site or point.The MATCD also functions as an integralpart of a MAGTF Integrated Air DefenseSystem (lADS). Marine ATC equipment ismaintained by MATCD personnel andsupported by NAVAIR.

The MATCD's assigned mission andsupporting task organization determine theATC element's exact crew requirements.The MATCD is headed by a detachmentcommander who coordinates detachmentactivities and supervises the detachment'sATC watch officers. Watch officers are crewmanagers. MATCD crews are typically

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operationally organized into command,radar control, and tower control sections.

(1) Command Section. Thecommand section supervises andcoordinates each MATCD's activities. It iscomposed of an ATC watch officer, a radarsupervisor, and a tower supervisor.

(2) Radar Control Section. Theradar control section is responsible for themanagement of assigned/designatedairspace and is composed of an approachcontroller, an arrival/departure controller,a final controller, and a data linkcoordinator. The radar control sectiontransmits information via data link or voicecrosstell to other air control agencies,supervises MATCD execution of the

Manne AirControl Group•Headquarters

Marine AirSupport

Squadron

Marine TaccalAir Command

Squadron

Marine AirControl

Squadron

Low AltitudeAir Defense

Battalion

Direct Air SupportCenter 1

Marine WingCommunication

Squadron

Tactical AirCommand Center Tactical Air

Operations Center

Marine Air TrafficControl Detachment x4

Early WarningControl Detachment

emission control (EMCON) conditions setby the Marine tactical air command center(TACC), and employs electronic protection(EP) measures as appropriate.

(3) Control Section.

The control section is responsible forthe control of friendly aircraft operatingwithin the tower's assigned airspace. Thisairspace is typically limited to an area thatcan be visually observed and surveyed fromthe tower (approximately a 5-mile radiusfrom the airport up to an altitude of 2500feet above ground level). The tower controlsection is also responsible for air andvehicular traffic operating on runways,taxiways, and other designated areas of theairfield. The tower control section iscomposed of a local controller, groundcontroller, and a flight data operator.

Each detachment is organized toprovide the MAGTF with one Marine ATC

mobile team (MMT). The MMT is a task-organized subelement of the MATCD.Normally the lead element in establishinginitial ATC service, the MMT is responsiblefor rapidly establishing and controllingtactical landing zones (TLZs) for fixed-wingaircraft and helicopter landing zones(HLZs) for rotary-wing and vertical/shorttakeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft inremote locations under both visualmeteorological conditions (VMC) and IMC.MMTs typically deploy with a MEU. Figure1-3 depicts the crew structure for both theMATCD and MMT.

c. Capabilities (See Appendix B).

(1) Support Operations. The MATCDis capable of deploying and operatingindependent of the MAGTF, joint force, orJTF to provide ATC support for varioustypes of operations. Examples of this typeof ATC support include—

I-liFigure 1-3. MATCD and MMT Crew Structure

(a) Providing ATC service toassist humanitarian efforts (MOOTW).

services.(b) Assisting other joint/allied

(c) Supporting intergovern-mental ATC requirements.

(2) Missions. The MATCD functionsas an integral part of the MAGTF's airspacemanagement and air defense networks. Inthe accomplishment of its mission, theMATCD—

(a) Provides control tower, radar,and nonradar approach/departure controlservices within its assigned airspace.

(b) Provides precision andnonprecision NAVAIDS.

(c) Provides automatic landingsystem approach and landing servicesunder all-weather conditions.

(d) Displays and disseminatesappropriate air and ground situationinformation to designated higher andadjacent air C2 agencies to include—Marine TACC, tactical air operationscenter (TAOC), direct air support center(DASC), and low altitude air defense unitswhile functioning as an integral element ofthe MACCS.

(e) Serves as the operationalliaison between the MAGTF and national!international ATC agencies.

(f) Coordinates the activation ofthe airfield base defense zone (BDZ).

(g) Provides airspace control,management, and surveillance within itsdesignated airspace sector.

(h) Provides navigationalassistance to friendly aircraft, to includeitinerant ATC services.

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(i) Interfaces with the MACCS,other military air control agencies, and/orcivilian agencies/authorities, as necessary.

(j) Provides required ATCservices in support of MAGTF operations.

(k) Provides personnel to thesurvey liaison reconnaissance party (SLRP)team to ensure MATCD siting criteria andTERPS are considered and addressedduring the site survey.

(3) Employment Options.

The MATCD can be task organizedto meet any number of differentcontingency operations. The ATC servicesrequired at a FOB will dictate the specificnumber of personnel and types ofequipment necessary to support themission. While a particular MATCDconfiguration may normally be associatedwith a MEF, special purpose MAGTF(SPMAGTF), or MEU, the specificrequirements for a given tactical situationwill dictate the actual configurationsuitable for mission success.

Each MATCD is capable of providingthe full range of terminal ATC services.Primary employment options may include,but are not limited to—

(a) Full Service ATCD. Thisdetachment is designed to supportcontinuous all-weather ATC services at amain air base. Services provided by thesedetachments typically include—controltower, tactical air navigation (TACAN),radar approach, and arrival/departurecontrol, precision/nonprecision, andinstrument approaches.

(b) Tower and TACAN Detach-ment. This detachment's capabilities focuson providing all-weather ATC services at adesignated site. Services provided by thesedetachments include control tower andTACAN instrument approaches anddepartures.

•The MMT can provide nonradarATC services up to 40 nautical miles (NM)from a TLZ using a portable NAVAIDS andnonradar procedures. The MMT'srelatively small logistic footprint requiresfewer transportation assets than the largerMATCD option and is conducive to rapidsite establishment and retrogrades. TheMMT has a 72-hour capability withoutresupply or augmentation. It is capable ofsupporting a variety of ATC missions as anindependent unit or as a part of a largerforce in jointlmultinational operations. TheMMT is specifically designed for insertioninto remote locations to support MAGTFair operations. Common methods ofinsertion include—

'Tactical Vehicle. Tacticalvehicle insertion is the primary method ofdeploying a MMT to its air point. Tofacilitate movement of personnel andequipment to the air point, each MMT isequipped with a high mobility multipurposewheeled vehicle (HMMWV). Normally, allMMT personnel and equipment will fitwithin the HMMWV.

•'Air Insert. Air insert opera-tions deliver the MMT to their assigned airpoint by fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft.During these operations, the MMT istypically inserted with the first air elementinto the objective area. The earlyestablishment of ATC service at the airpoint ensures that all succeeding aviationelements have ATC and navigationalguidance available, thus enhancing the safeand expeditious flow of air traffic into andout of the air point and surroundingairspace.

•As a stand-alone unit distinctivefrom the MATCD, the MMT is typically taskorganized to provide ATC services forairfield seizures, noncombatant evacuationoperations (NEO), humanitarian/civilassistance operations, and other MEUoperations. The MMT is specificallytrained and task organized to—

•'Recommend/assist in TLZ andHLZ site selection.

•'Conduct TLZIHLZ operations.

•'Mark TLZIHLZ.

•'Provide ATC service atdesignated TLZsIHLZs.

"Coordinate with civil andmilitary control agencies.

'MAGTF Support. The MMTthe MAGTF by performing thetasks:

"Formulating and issuing ATCclearances, instructions, and advisories toeffect safe, orderly, and expeditiousmovement of air traffic in their assignedairspace.

••Surveying air sites todetermine each site's operational suitabilityfor both numbers and types of aircraft.

••Marking TLZs/HLZs as themission dictates.

"Establishing a control pointfrom which to exercise ATC.

"Establishing a terminal controlarea (TCA) around each TLZ andcontrolling all air traffic within this areaunder VFR and IFR conditions. This taskmay be extended to include nonradarapproach control services.

•'Developing terminal instru-ment procedures from TLZsIHLZs.

NAVAIDS.•'Providing and operating

••Providing limited weatherobservations and information.

•'Assisting in the selection ofsites for TLZ/HLZ operations.

'Establishing communicationsfor ATC and ATC coordination within theTCA and for MMT connectivity with theMACCS.

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(c) MMT.

supportsfollowing

(4) Expeditionary Operations.

Coordination of MAGTF airoperations during MEF-sized operationsrequires a considerable amount of ATCsupport. It will typically be based on thenumber of FOBs from which Marineaircraft are operating. Normally, 4 fullMATCDs will deploy in support of a MEFto provide continuous, all-weather ATCservices at up to 4 main air bases. The 4detachments can also field 4 MMTs toprovide limited ATC services at airfacilities or air sites as required. TwoMATCDs normally support the forwardelement of a MEF. The 2 detachments canprovide continuous, fully capable ATCservices at up to 2 main air bases and 2MMTs for ATC support at 2 air facilities orair sites. A SPMAGTF is normallysupported by a task-organized MATCDranging in capability from an MMT to a fullMATCD. The SPMAGTF's mission andtasks are situational dependent. LimitedATC services are typically provided to theMEU by one MMT. The MMT's mission andtasks are dependent on the situation.

The MAGTF commander usesMAGTF aviation to assist efforts in supportof the commander, amphibious task force(CATF), the naval expeditionary force(NEF) commander, or the JFC in preparingand defending the battlespace. In its mostcommon employment, the MATCD willoperate in support of expeditionaryoperations ashore. Each MATCD has thecapability of supporting one remote air siteor point. The detachment has a full rangeof ATC capabilities to include—airsurveillance radar, identification, friend orfoe (1FF), automatic carrier landing system(ACLS) radar, communications, NAVAIDS,and control tower.

This equipment provides a MATCDwith positive airspace control capabilitiesout to 60 NM from a main air base usingradar control procedures and out to thelimits of MACTD designated airspace usingnonradar procedures (procedural control).

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Elements of the MATCD, notable theMMT and liaison officers, may be among thefirst MACCS air control capabilitiesintroduced ashore. MMTs used in either astand-alone role or as a precursor for abuildup for a larger MATCD are initiallyestablished to coincide with initiation ofFOB air operations. As airfields aresecured, additional ATC capabilities may bephased in to the amphibious objective area(AOA)/area of operation (AO) to provideadditional, continuous ATC services forMarine, joint, and allied service aircraftoperating from AOA/AO airfields, Insituations where MAGTF aviationelements are forward based at an alliednation's airfield located in proximity to theAOA/AO, MATCD personnel may beassigned as liaisons to the host nation's ATCadministration. With the introduction ofATC radars into the MAGTF's AO, theMATCD will coordinate for the requisitevoice and data links necessary to contributeto the force's lADS through the Marinesector antiair warfare coordinator (SAWC),or as may be designated by the joint forceair component commander (JFACC).

d. Equipment.

The MATCD equipment consists of theMarine Air Traffic Control and LandingSystem (MATCALS), NAVAIDS ATCtowers, mobile electric power (MEP), andmaintenance shelters. The MATCALSshares various characteristics with the AirForce's (AF's) deployable air traffic controland landing system (DATCALS) that isdiscussed later in this publication. MATCDequipment is deployed by conventionalground, rail, air, and sealift means.Additionally, United States Marine Corps(USMC) CH-53E helicopters can transportall MATCD equipment. All MATCD radarsand communications-electronics sheltersare considered oversized cargo. A principalconcern when deploying the MATCD isensuring that adequate transportation andmateriels handling equipment (MHE) areavailable to support the carriers loadingand off loading, movement to the site, andequipment emplacement.

The MATCALS provides continuousradar approach, arrival/departure, and enroute ATC capabilities. MATCALS collects,evaluates, and displays air track data anddisseminates information to other aircontrol agencies. MATCALS consists ofthree subsystems: AN/TPS-73, air trafficcontrol subsystem, ANiTPN-22; all-weatherlanding subsystem (ALS); and theAN/TSQ-131, control and communicationssubsystem (CCS). A description of thesesystems and a variety of other MATCDsystems and equipment are contained inAppendix E.

e. Acquisition Programs. Plannedimprovements to Marine ATC equipmentinclude the remote landing site tower(RLST) and the common aviation commandand control system (CAC2S) describedbelow:

(1) RSLT. The RLST is intended asa replacement for the AN1TRC-195 controlcentral. The RLST will provide the meansfor rapid emplacement, establishment, andwithdrawal of communication and otherrelated capabilities required for VFR ATCservices at remote landing sites. The RLSTwill consist of an extendible roof S-250shelter containing the equipment requiredfor ATC services at remote sites. Thesystem will include a high-mobility trailerto carry antennas, generators, andcommunications equipment. The RLST willbe capable of operating in an HMMWV-mounted configuration or in a stand-aloneconfiguration. The RLST system willinclude 6 radios and has the capability tointroduce up to 6 landlines into itscommunication subsystem.

(2) CAC2S. The CAC2S and itscommunications suite may replace the ANtTSQ-131 upon the end of its service life.The CAC2S initiative will provide acommon equipment suite within theMACCS, thus enhancing interoperabilityand reducing logistics requirements.CAC2S's standardized hardware suite willbe equipped with an MACCS-commoncomplement of servers, workstations,

processors, etc. CAC2S's software willconsist of standardized commoncomponents with agency specific (TACC,TAOC, DASC, etc.) applications. Eachsystem will be modular in design andconfigured to meet each agency's missionrequirements.

f. Training. Marine Corps air trafficcontroller training is conducted at NavalAir Technical Training Center (NATTC)Pensacola, Florida, in the Air TrafficController "A" Course and 2 Air TrafficController "C" Courses. See Figure 1-4.

(1)Air Traffic Controller Course.Basic ATC trainees receive instruction inthe Air Traffic Controller Course, Al.Officers and enlisted personnel receive 14weeks of training. The trainees receive thebasic skills and knowledge required toperform routine duties in the control andhandling of aircraft in a tower and radarenvironment.

(2) Local Training. Upon successfulcompletion of this course, personnel areassigned to an ATC facility (or a MACS forreservists assigned to the 4th Marine AirWing [MAWI, New Orleans, Louisiana). Attheir assigned duty station, enlistedpersonnel receive further training andbecome qualified for military occupationalspecialty (MOS) 7252 Air Traffic Controller-Tower or MOS 7253 Air Traffic Controller-Radar and officers become qualified forMOS 7220 ATC Officer. This trainingcombines "OJT" and formal instruction.

(3) Advanced Radar ATC Course.Selected air traffic controllers receive 9weeks of training in Course Cl, AdvancedRadar ATC (ARATC). This phase of trainingprovides students with the skill andknowledge to perform at a basic level asradar approach controller at all operatingpositions at a radar approach facility.

(4)MATCALS Basic OperatorsCourse. This is a 1-week course thatprovides Marine ATC personnel withfamiliarization training on the MATCALSfollowing entry level schooling. Marines

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receive instruction on the operation ofMATCALS equipment and are introducedto the mission and structure of Marineaviation.

(5) MATCALS Advanced OperatorsCourse. This is a 4-week course that pro-vides senior Marine ATC personnel withcomprehensive training on the employmentand operation of MATCALS. Studentsreceive instruction on the operation, cap-abilities, and limitations of the MATCALS.Students are also instructed on developingldesigning US Standard TERPS.

4. Navy

a. Doctrine.

(1) Amphibious Control. There arebasically two levels of operations for thetactical air control group (TACGRU),tactical air control squadron (TACRON), ortactical air control detachments. They areidentified as MEU or MEF level operations.MEUs comprise the landing force for anamphibious ready group. TACGRU/TACRON support for MEU level operationswill normally consist of a detachment.MEFs, as. part of an amphibious task force,are much larger and often have specialsupport requirements and TACGRU/TACRON support for these levels ofoperations will be necessary to successfullycomplete the mission.

(a) TACRON. Typically, aTACRON deploys as one of numerous1-16

embarked elements onboard an amphibiouscarrier. The detachment officer-in-charge(OIC) is normally assigned as theamphibious commander's air officer. Theamphibious squadron commander isoperationally in command of theamphibious ready group (ARG). The ARGalso has a MEU assigned, which consists ofapproximately 2000 marines in ground, air,and support elements. An ARG is capableof landing and supporting combat troopsfrom both the air and sea. The ARG mayconsist of a variety of ships to include—

•General purpose amphibiousassault ship (LHA).

•General purpose amphibiousassault ship (with transport dock)—(LHD).

'Amphibious assaultlanding platform helicopter (LPH).

(LPD).

'Landing ship dock (LSD).

ship,

'Amphibious transport dock

(b) Tactical Air Control Center(TACC). When an amphibious operationhas been identified and an AOA or AOR hasbeen delineated (including all of its controlpoints), the TACRON becomes responsiblefor the control/monitoring/coordination ofall fixed-wing assets entering, exiting, oroperating within the assigned area.Typically this function is performed in the

Personnel proceedto MCAS forspecialtyqualification andMOS 7525/7553

Figure 1-4. Marine Controller Training

TACC aboard LHAILHDILPH class ships.Control of helicopters is generally retainedby the ship's air operations control center(AOCC)/helicopter direction center (HDC).All aircraft will check in with the tacticalair traffic controller (TATC) before enteringassigned airspace in order to receivecontrol instructions, traffic deconfliction,mission information/briefing, and transferto subsequent control agencies. Transitioncontrol may be a function of anotherindividual (the tactical air director [TAD])within the TACC or it may be an outsideagency. Following mission completion,aircraft will check out of the area via theTATC in order to ensure that requiredinformation is passed to aircrews.

(2)Aircraft Carrier Control.Airspace around a carrier battle group(CVBG) is monitored, controlled, anddefended by the air warfare commander(AWC). The AWC is usually thecommanding officer of an AEGIS Cruiseror Destroyer. The AWC releasesoperational taskings (OPTASKs) and dailyintention messages that describe the airposture, airspace restrictions, and generalair procedures to be followed by CVBG airassets. The AWC usually has in place apositive identification and radar advisoryzone (PIRAZ). The AWC and PIRAZ controlunits are usually collocated. A PIRAZallows the AWC to identify all aircraftoperating in the defended area as well asmaintain track integrity. The PIRAZ circuitis UHF, usually cailsign "RED-CROWN.""RED-CROWN" should be contacted whenentering or exiting airspace around aCVBG.

(a) Carrier Air Traffic ControlCenter (CATCC).

Carrier ATC is the mission of theCATCC. Navy air traffic controllers manthe CATCC. CATCC positions includeapproach, departure, marshal, and finalcontrol. All ATC control frequencies andvarious administrative circuits for specialaircrew information/instructions are UHF.During VMC conditions, the tower controls

airspace within 5 miles of the carrier.Aircraft requesting landing, transit, or fly-by must contact the tower before enteringthis airspace. Additionally, a 50-mile radiusaround the carrier is considered the controlarea and is under the control of CATCC andthe combat direction center (CDC).

Frequencies for CATCC, RED-CROWN, STRIKE, and the tower can befound in the standing OPTASKcommunications, daily-intentions mes-sages, or carrier communicationkneedboard cards. Special instructions(SPINS) often list some of these frequencieswhen a CVBG is operating in support of ajoint operation.

(b) Air Resource ElementCoordinator (AREC). In addition toCATCC, AREC maintains anadministrative UHF circuit for passingaircraft status, amending recovery times,coordinating nonorganic assets (forexample, KC-135, etc.). This circuit is calledSTRIKE. This is controlled by the tacticalactions officer (TAO).

b. Forces. Forces available for navalATC operations are derived from twoTACGRUs as depicted in Appendix A.TACGRUs or TACRONs will deploy aboardamphibious flag or amphibious commandships for operations in direct support ofamphibious task force operations whendirected. They are responsible forproviding centralized command, control,and planning coordination of all air supportand airspace required for amphibiousoperations for numbered fleet commanders.When the TACGRU/TACRON deploys, itwill be composed of elements of eachTACRON or the entire group.

(1)TACRON. Typically a TACRONhas approximately 15-20 officers and 60-70enlisted personnel assigned. Officermanning is comprised of naval aviators andnaval flight officers of nearly every warfarespecialty and Marine aviators. Enlisted

I-i 7

manning consists primarily of air trafficcontrollers and operations specialists (OS),but squadrons also have personnel assignedto provide operational and administrativesupport. Some of the important positionsin the TACRON and its detachments aredescribed in Appendix F.

(a) Organization. Ashore, theTACRON is typically organized like anyother command with administrativeoperations, training, and other supportingdepartments. Detachment compositionwhile deployed generally is OIC (0-5) and4-5 other officers and 18-22 enlistedpersonnel. Manning will vary somewhat,depending on the ship embarked.

(b) Deployment. The command-ing officer of a TACRON will deploy insupport of amphibious group commandersas the TAO. The TACRON will man andoperate a TACC to provide centralizedplanning, control, coordination, andintegration of all air operations in supportof amphibious operations, training, andtransits. Each squadron is currentlycapable of providing two detachments ayear with a projected cycle of 6 monthsdeployed and 12 months in port as directedby the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO).Detachments are required continuously.

(2)TACC. The TACRON detach-ments, as operational units of a TACRON,will deploy in support of amphibioussquadron commanders. The detachmentOIC shall serve as the TAO. Thedetachment will staff and operate theTACC to provide centralized planningcontrol coordination and integration of allair operations in support of amphibiousoperations, training, and transits. Adetachment will be tailored to meet thetasking and will reflect the ship typeassigned for the deployment. TACC isdivided into the following five functionalareas (sections):

(a) Helicopter CoordinationSection (HCS). The HCS is responsible forthe coordination of all helicopter operations

1-18

conducted by HDCs and other subordinatecontrol agencies within the amphibiousready group and the operational control ofspecific helicopter missions when required.

(b) Air Traffic Control Section(ATCS). This section is responsible forcontrolling all air traffic entering,operating within, or traversing theassigned operating area and forcoordination of search and rescue (SAR)operations.

(c) Air Support Control Section(ASCS). ASCS is responsible for controllingall fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft assignedto close and deep air support missions.

(d) Air Warfare Section (AWS).AWS is responsible for coordinating andevaluating all air warning reports andcontrolling all air warfare assets includingfighter aircraft, antiaircraft missiles andguns, and electronic attack assigned.Supervises qualified TACRON, flagship,and staff personnel that are integrated intothe AWS.

(e) Plans and Support Section(PSS). PSS is responsible for allcommunications support, conducts currentand future planning, and assembles anddistributes current air operations data andreports.

c. Capabilities. The TACRONs operatein and as part of a joint or unified force.They are capable of operating as an elementof the JFACC, providing air control andplanning in a unified or multinationaltheater of operations. Helicopters areemployed in the moving of troops andmateriel ashore while fixed-wing aircraftprovide close air support (CAS) for friendlyground forces and ensure air superiority byemploying combat air patrols (CAP). Theyare capable of performing all assignedprimary missions simultaneously whilemaintaining continuous readinessconditions I, IA, III (wartime/deployment!cruising readiness) or IV (peacetimesteaming) at sea, and V (in port).

Appendix G contains detailed informationon their primary missions and capabilities.In addition, the TACRONs maintain thecapability to temporarily staff and operatean existing ATC facility ashore or augmenta remote facility ashore with personnel tocontrol air traffic in support of emergencyor disaster relief operations.

d. Equipment. With the exception ofPRC-113s, TACRONs do not own any ATCequipment. Amphibious ATC equipment isinstalled on LHA-1 (Tarawa-San Diego),LHA-2 (Saipan-Norfolk), LHA-3 (BelleauWood-Japan), LHA-4 (Nassau-Norfolk),LHA-5 (Peleliu-San Diego), LHD-1 (Wasp-Norfolk), LHD-2 (Essex-San Diego),LHD-3 (Kearsarge-Norfolk), LHD-4 (Boxer-San Diego), LHD-5 (Bataan-Norfolk), andLHD-6 (Bon Homme Richard-San Diego).Appendix E provides additional details onNavy ATC equipment.

e. Acquisition Programs. Currentdisplays are undergoing updating onseveral ships. Some updating has beencompleted.

f. Training.

(1) General. Consistent with theNavy's mission, training is oriented towardall aspects of ATC to provide a competentsea and shore based training program. Thissection outlines all aspects of Navy ATCtraining to allow comparison/familiarity byother personnel and other users of thispublication.

(2) Population. Navy/Marine ATCpersonnel are located around the globe atNaval/Marine Corps Air Stations, CATCCaboard every aircraft carrier (CVICVN),AOCC aboard every large deck amphibiousship (LHAILHDILPH) and TACRONs. Inaddition, there are unique locations suchas fleet area control and surveillancefacility (FACSFAC) that are responsible forUS-based over-water control of fleet airassets. In general, where Navy ATCpersonnel are required to fill land-basedpositions as directed by the JFC, the only

land-based Navy ATC combat control wouldbe provided by a shore-based TACRONdetachment. All TACRON organizationsand capabilities are outlined in AppendicesD and E. Familiarity with the informationcontained in these appendices is needed ifa non-United States Navy (USN) ATCorganization is expected to assume controlof established TACRON ATC operations.

(3) Courses. All phases of Navy airtraffic controller training are conducted atNATTC, Pensacola, Florida. Initial ATCtraining consists of 14 weeks of basic AC"Al" school. This is the foundation of thecontroller training process. Upongraduation, Navy controllers possess thebasic skills and core knowledge of FAA ATCprocedures in both tower and radarTacilities.

(a) Advanced Courses. Addition-ally, there are 3 ATC advanced courses,CATCC Operations (CV/CVN personnel),AOCC Operations (TACRON and LIlA!LHD/LPH/MCS personnel), and ARATC(approach control personnel). Advancedcourses are all approximately 6 weeks inlength. In most instances, newlydesignated Navy air traffic controllersattend advanced ATC courses immediatelyafter AC "Al" school, while seniorcontrollers attend when en route to theirnext duty assignment. CATCC operationsand AOCC operations courses both offer a2-week team training course that is usedto provide refresher training necessary toretain overall team performance andindividual skill proficiency in performingATC operations at sea. The appropriatefleet type commander schedules this coursethroughout the year. Refer to Appendix Cfor a matrix that outlines specific trainingobjectives, schools, qualifications, etc.

(b) Proficiency Courses. JATCplanners must understand there are 2types of proficiency training necessary tobring any ATC personnel up to maximumefficiency: qualification training andproficiency training. Qualification trainingrefers to obtaining the initial qualification

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training to achieve an initial level ofproficiency. Proficiency training refers totraining on specific ATC equipment toachieve proficiency on that particularequipment. Proficiency training can alsobe related to learning specific local areaprocedures and including standardoperating procedures (SOP), flightadvisories, etc. See Appendix C for moredetails.

5. Air Force

a. Doctrine. The USAF provides ATCservices to support theater tactical combatoperations and combat airspacemanagement similar to what the Service'sfixed base facilities provide in thecontinental United States (CONUS) andoverseas. The USAF ATC is involved in amultitude of missions from combat toMOOTW. Reserve components play a keyrole in ATC operations and in some casescould be tasked instead of active duty forces.However, currently there is no specific AFdoctrine directing the execution of ATCand the transition from initial to transitionand subsequently sustained operations.Recent operations in central Europe andthe Middle East have essentiallydemonstrated all 3 phases but there waslittle evident difference between them. Theequipment initially deployed was, in mostcases, used during all phases of theoperations, and personnel numbers andqualifications changed little from phase tophase. There was also no handoff from onetype or classification of assets to another.

b. Forces. Special tactics (ST forcesprovide the initial ATC capability andexecute missions for both SOF andconventional forces/operations. ST forcesare ground combat forces assigned to AirForce Special Operations Command(AFSOC), Hurlburt Field, Florida. Specialtactics forces consist of combat control,pararescue, and combat weather personnelwho are organized, trained, and equippedto establish and control the air-groundinterface and provide airmanship skills in

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the objective area. Combat controllersprovide the ATC capability. Combatcontrollers are parachute and combat diverqualified personnel trained and equippedto quickly establish and control terminalair objectives (DZs or LZs) in austere orhostile environments. They perform recon-naissance, surveillance, and survey andassessment of potential terminal airheads(airfields or assault zones). They conductATC, terminal attack control, and initial C2communications during assault operations.They can also perform limited weatherobservations and obstacle or ordinanceremoval with demolitions. Specific STunits are listed in Appendix H. ST forcesprovide a unique capability and deploy withair and joint ground forces in the executionof direct action (DA), counterterrorism(CT), foreign internal defense (FID),humanitarian assistance (HA), specialreconnaissance (SR), personnel recovery(PR), and austere airfield operationsmissions. To permit the positive C2 offorward operations, ST forces are attachedas staff and tactical liaisons to supportedground force units at the company,battalion, and regimental level and at thejoint/multinational task force level.

c. Capabilities.

(1) Special Tactics Teams (STT).

STTs of the special tactics squadrons(STSs) are rapidly deployable, highlymobile forces capable of providing VMC/limited IMC ATC and limited airfieldoperations for austere, expeditionaryairfields. Teams are task organized withthe most common task organizations unittype code (UTC) packaged. They areworldwide deployable to a main base orforward operating location within 12 hoursof notification. Teams will require hostsupport at the deployed location. The teamleader tailors the exact team compositionand equipment to meet specific missionrequirements. However, the force is alsostructured to use smaller mission specificUTCs. These UTCs are capable of beingtactically inserted directly into the

objective area in order to provide ATCservice using a variety of methods: staticline or military free-fall parachute; scuba,small boat, or amphibious means; overland,using mounted or dismounted techniques;airland, via fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft;airmobile procedures, including rope,ladder, or stabo.

ST forces can be employed as stand-alone units or combined with other SOF intoa joint team and perform the followingJATC related mission tasks:

(a) Assault Zone (AZ) Assessment.Select, evaluate, survey, and establish AZs.The STT can—

'Clear, mark, and operate the AZfor fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft.

Establish en route and terminaland nonprecision NAVAIDS and

"Conduct reconnaissance andsurveillance airfield and AZ objectives.

•Support selected regionalsurvey team (RST) missions.

'Remove obstacles to flight fortransition operations.

(b) Austere Airfield Control.Provide terminal guidance and ATC to theAZ under VFR and limited IFR (nonradar)conditions. The team can—

'Establish ground-to-air com-munications.

'Coordinate AZ activities withthe ground force commander.

'Perform weather observations.

Provide positive control ofpersonnel and equipment within theairhead area, to include control of FARPoperations.

(2) Combat Communications Sup-port. Limited numbers of active duty airtraffic controllers are assigned toDATCALS at two CONUS-based AirCombat Command (ACC) combatcommunications groups (CCGs). ATCaugmentees must be sourced from majorcommand (MAJCOM) UTC-tasked fixedbase assets to operate in a deployedenvironment (see Appendix A). The assetsassigned to CCG units include bothmaintenance personnel and CCGequipment. Conversely, in Air NationalGuard (ANG) ATC units, air trafficcontrollers, and maintainers are inpackages separate from their associatedDATCALS.

(3) Fixed Base ATC Support. Thepreponderance of controllers are located atCONUS fixed base locations and assignedto facility-specific UTCs designed tosupport a wide range of ATC taskings.Fixed base controllers are identified andtrained to support control tower, radarapproach control (RAPCON), as well asATC liaison requirements. Limited VFRcontrol tower services may be providedusing AN/MRC-144 assets assigned to selectACC wing initial communications package(WIC-P) using available wing ATC assets.

(4) General Purpose Air Traffic Con-trollers. The limited number of air trafficcontrollers assigned to CCGs are generallyequipped but do not usually provide initialbare base ATC services. Select ACC\VIC-Ps also contain MRC-144 assets andcould provide VFR-tower services usingcontroller assets from the wing they aresupporting.

(a) DATCALS. DATCALSprovide ATC service and positive controlcapabilities in the combat zone to both theair and land component commanders.DATCALS (ANG and active duty)deployment characteristics are such thatthey deploy with organic maintenance andlogistic support, which contributes to theirdeployability, flexibility, and responsive-ness. ANG controllers normally deploy

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precisionbeacons.

with their equipment. Most of thecontrollers operating active duty systemsare provided from CONUS-based fixed ATCfacilities. Both personnel and equipmentrequire significant airlift or surfacetransportation for deployment.

(b) DATCALS Integration. TheMAJCOMs/numbered Air Forces (NAFs)should promote Iijointu exercises andensure integration of the DATCALS intotraining exercises whenever feasible.Exercises should use realistic planning,deployment, and maintenance training forDATCALS UTCs. Field exercises wherebydeployable equipment usage and skills aretaught are important in the trainingprocess to practice how we will fight. UTCstasked to support DATCALS and combatairspace/liaison positions must beindoctrinated through exercises beforeureal.worldu deployments if they will beresponsible for establishing/managingthese systems while deployed.

d. Equipment.

(1) Commonly Used Equipment.Appendix E contains a list and descriptionof the most commonly used AF ATCequipment which includes—

(a) The AN/TPN-19 LandingControl Central (radar set) can beconfigured as a complete RAPCON or GCAfacility.

(b) The ANITRN-26 or ANITRN-41 TACAN is designed to provide radionavigation information (bearing,identification, and distance) at remotelanding strips and forward operating areas.

(c) The AN1TSW-7 Tower Centralis a mobile control tower used to provideATC capabilities where no control towerexists (bare base operations) or where thefixed control tower is not operational. Thiswill be replaced by the AN/MSN-7 TowerRestoral Vehicle.

(d) The ANIMRC-144 Mobile HF/VHF/UHF communications facility (AN!GRC-206) mounted in an M-988 HMMWV1-22

provides limited VFR control toweroperations when used in an ATC capacity.

(2)DATCALS Equipment. ANGsustainment DATCALS packages consist ofthe following:

(a) The AN/MPN-14K LandingControl Central (radar set) can beconfigured as a complete RAPCON or GCAfacility. Though it is mobile, it is notdesigned to be moved frequently.

(b) ANITRN-26 (see above).

(c) The AN/TSW-7 (see above) iscurrently being replaced by the ANIMSN-7Tower Restoral Vehicle (TRV).

(3) Special Tactics Equipment.

The equipment assigned to ST forcesis either packable or highly mobile on allterrain vehicles (ATV) or the MRC-144communications vehicles. The equipmentcan be deployed to mark and controlrunways and includes portable airfieldlighting, UHF/VHF/HF/SATCOM/FMcommunications, TACAN, portable beaconsand NAVAIDS, anda mobile microwavelanding system (MMLS).

The core UTC package can provideATC services for up to 14 days and includes18 personnel, MRC-144's, ATVs, NAVAIDS,portable radios, survey equipment, andportable airfield lighting. Resupply ofconsumable items is required if operationsare extended past 14 days. This UTC canbe deployed on one C-141. Additionalinformation on ST equipment andcapabilities can be found in Appendix H.

(4)Flight Inspection. The DODflight inspection capability for contingencyor combat operations was included in theFAA flight inspection program in the 1998USAF/FAA Memorandum of Agreement(MOA). This agreement transferred 6aircraft and aircrews from the USAF to theFAA. The FAA uses the assigned USAFand USAFR personnel and aircraft to flight

inspect navigational aids outside the scopeof FAA planned activities (that is, combator contingency operations). This includesflight inspections of TACANs, VORTACs,VORs, nondirectional beacons (NDBs),MLS, instrument landing system (ILS), andATC radar, approach airfield lighting andother navigational aids. These flightinspections ensure NAVAIDS meet signalquality and accuracy parameters andinstrument approach procedures andobstacle clearance criteria are met. (SeeChapter II, 6b(3)(b).

e. Acquisition Programs. The currentdeployable ATC systems are composed ofnumerous electronic components, severalproduced in the 1950s. Key elements of theAF ATC inventory are justified to supportcurrent war plans and operate a fullyintegrated ATC system, including mobilecontrol towers, radar approach controls,navigational aids, communicationsequipment, and airfield lighting. Thesesystems are becoming technologicallyobsolete and expensive to maintain as theynear the end of their projected service life.Programmed modifications may extend thatservice life but do not adequately addressmodernization to meet currentlfuture ATCneeds. For example, planned modificationsfor the TPN-19 will only maintain itscurrent operational capability andoperability. It does not address the need tobe compatible with FAA and InternationalCivil Aviation Organization (ICAO) long-term efforts.

(1) Current.

The USAF is currently in thetesting stage for procurement of TowerRestoral Vehicles (AN/MSN-7). The AN!MSN-7 is designed to replace active dutyand ANG AN/TSW-7 assets. Thirty-sevenMMLSs have been procured and 33 are nowbeing fielded. The USAF is coordinating anoperational requirements document (ORD)to define a replacement for existing mobileradar systems.

The FAA, along with the ICAO, iscurrently implementing plans that willrevolutionize the world's communications,navigation, and surveillance systems. Theentire worldwide air traffic system willevolve from a ground-based to space-basedsystem (for example, ground-basedNAVAIIDS like the TACAN will be replacedwith the GPS, and ground-based controlcenters will transmit ATC instructions toand receive aircraft position informationfrom the space-based system) drivingchanges in both avionics and groundequipment requirements. The AF sees thenumber one priority in ATC as updating orreplacing outdated and hard to maintainsystems in order to continue to provide thesame service as the FAA and host nations.This need is being addressed in parallelwith the FAA and ICAO upgrades startedin 1997 and continuing through 2010.Sustainment of current DATCALS whiletransitioning to the new architecture willallow for a smooth transfer of functionwithout degrading existing ATC andnavigation services until all US militaryaircraft have completed appropriateavionics upgrades.

Mobile components should beconfigured and sized for deployment so asto minimize airlift requirements while stillproviding the functionality of currentsystems.

(2) Future. To provide the capabilityfor fixed base and mobile operations intothe next century, the system must acceptmultiple sensor input (ground-based,airborne, and space-based) and be fullyinteroperable with existing and forecastedDOD command, control, communications,and computer (C4) systems. Additionally,it must be capable of interfacing withairfield defense (data and voice) andNational Airspace Systems (NAS) facilities(analog and digital data). Because of theoperations in foreign countries, the newfixed and mobile system must be fullyinteroperable with FAA, ICAO, and NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)current and developing ATC systems.

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f. Training.

(1) General Training. USAF ATCtraining is conducted at Keesler TechnicalTraining Center, Biloxi, Mississippi. Thefoundation of the controller trainingprocess is the ATC technical trainingcenter. Upon graduation, apprenticecontrollers possess basic skills and coreknowledge of FAA ATC procedures. Thesefundamentals and principals are expandedupon in unit training programs and withmeeting local unit facility and qualificationtraining requirements. Training require-ments for all AF controllers are defined inAFI 13-203, Chapter 6. The scope of unittraining programs and the qualificationsATC personnel must possess aredetermined by the type(s) of ATC facilities,number of operating positions, and volumeand type of local air operations at the unitof assignment. FAA-approved USAFexaminers assigned to and fully qualifiedat the trainee's facility certify members.Training parameters are also tailored to thefacility based on average times for previoustrainees (adjusted annually), prior or non-prior ratings, and positions being trained.Position Certification Guides (PCGs)present the trainee with a phased approachthat builds on simple tasks and progress tocomplex. Task Certification Guides (TCGs)specify advanced training requirementssuch as local watch supervisor, TERPS,airspace management (at larger bases), etc.PCGs and TCGs contain core tasks from theUSAF Job Qualification Standard as wellas local procedures. In building PCGs orTCGs, facility managers use the principlescontained in AFI 36-2234, InstructionalSystems Development. Each facilitymanager determines the maximum timespent in each block to ensure quality, yettimely training progress, which can resultin vastly different upgrade times betweenfacilities. Upon initial assignment, allUSAF apprentice air traffic controllersincur mandatory orientation trainingduring the first 90 days of assignment asrequired by the 1993 Year of Traininginitiatives. Specific AF controller qualifi-cations such as combat airspace1-24

management, TERPS, supervisorypositions, etc., are identified by a specialexperience identifier (SEI). A SEI is a3-digit numerical code used to identifycontroller qualifications or controllers withspecial skills. SEIs are awarded to AFcontrollers who meet the designatedfacility qualification requirements.Additional SEIs are awarded uponcompletion of the Joint Air Operations StaffCourse, Military Airspace ManagementCourse, or TERPS Course, and applicablejob qualification standards. SEIs are criticalto the AF ATC planning process as theycan identify controllers who meet thespecific ATC qualification requirements ata deployed location. When SEIs are notused, poor utilization of controllers canresult in greatly extended training timeand degraded service to air operations atthe deployed location. See Table I-i.

(2) Unit Training. Personnel andequipment training is also integrated intounit training plans. Individual bases areresponsible for providing/funding combatreadiness training and equipment. Thistraining should include standard mobilityrequirements such as government motorvehicle training, chemical warfare training,weapons training, and proper mobilizationprocedures to include personnelprocessing, airlift load preparation, andpalletizing. Training requirements forpersonnel subject to or identified fordeployment are defined in AFI 10-403. TheAF's objective is to ensure aninstitutionalized and standardized AFtraining program, which spans across allMAJCOMs. ACC, having the largestnumber of controllers of any command, hasits own combat skills course dedicated toproducing more deployment-orientedcontrollers. The concept is to use a threephased approach: (1) Predeploymenttraining-training required to be assigned toUTC, (2) in-residence combat skills courseto teach survival skills, and equipmentfamiliarization under field conditions, and(3) exercises-to practice and apply what hasbeen learned. Initial training is usuallyconducted in an austere environment such

as a forward base during war(DESERT SHIELD/STORM); a disasterarea (Homestead Air Force Base, Florida,after Hurricane Andrew); or any otherMOOTW (drug interdiction fields, foreignhumanitarian operations, etc.). Thistraining usually consists of a quickorientation of the airdrome and airspace

and is tailored to the controller's priorexperience. As the airfield operationsmature and procedures become morestandardized, the facility managers arecharged with developing a local trainingplan for controllers rotating in theater tosupport sustained operations.

Table I-i. USAF ATC SEIs

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OFFICER

Position

Airfield Management OCHCombat Airspace Management OCKAirspace Management OUL

ENLISTED

Position

Tower Controller 056Tower Watch Supervisor 055GCA Controller 053GCA Supervisor 054Radar Approach Controller 364Radar Approach Control Watch Supervisor 362Air Route Traffic Control Center 363Airspace Management 350Combat Airspace Management 900Precision Approach Radar (PAR) 365TERPS 361

Chapter II

OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES

1. Background

This chapter describes how individualServices' ATC capabilities are employed inthe joint environment. Unlike flightoperations, which normally share anairfield, the ATC support is normallyprovided by one Service. The individualServices have not previously pursued jointair traffic control (JATC) doctrine andefficiencies nor the enhanced capabilitiesof combining multiservice ATC functions.This chapter outlines the established jointair operations environment and thendiscusses individual Service ATCprocedures. With this information, thejoint planner can better understand theguidance in Chapter III.

2. General Duties, Responsibilities,Communications, and C2 Relation-ships

a. Duties and Responsibilities. ATCsupports worldwide military or otherassigned operations at theater command!commander in chief (CINC) directedlocations. Planning for JATC operationsbegins during mobilization/predeploymentto enable the JFC to determine JATCrequirements and to allow for sourcing ofneeded JATC assets. From the outset ofthe operations, task-organized, tailoredforce packages normally support themission by providing JATC services to allmilitary and friendly aircraft in a deployedenvironment. Facilities, capabilities, andprocedures mature as forces deploy and theTAGS is implemented. During and afterdecisive operations, JATC support andfacilities must be sustained based on thefactors of METT-T. During all phases of the

operation, ATC liaison personnel establishATC coordination for communications,radar, and C2 with adjacent ATC units andACAs. Each Service is capable of providingexpert airspace management personnel toan ACA. The following guidance outlinesduties and responsibilities during a jointoperation. See Figure 11-i for a diagram ofcommand relationships.

(1) CINC. Five combatant com-manders have geographic areas ofresponsibility. These combatant com-manders are each assigned an AOR by theUnified Command Plan and are responsiblefor all operations within their designatedareas: United States European Command(USEUCOM), United States SouthernCommand (USSOUTHCOM), United StatesAtlantic Command (USACOM), UnitedStates Pacific Command (USPACOM), andUnited States Central Command(USCENTCOM). The CINCs of theremaining combatant commands haveworldwide functional responsibilities notbounded by geography: United StatesSpecial Operations Command(USSOCOM), United States TransportationCommand (USTRANSCOM), United StatesSpace Command (USSPACECOM), andUnited States Strategic Command(USSTRATCOM). Theater CINCs exercisecombatant command over assigned andattached units. Each unified command hasa Service component representing theneeds, interests, and Service-uniqueexpertise to the CINC. The CINC (throughthe staff and components) determinesinitial ATC requirements at specificdeployment locations based upon theoperational requirements.

Il—i

(2) JFC. JFC is a general termapplied to a combatant commander,subunified commander, or JTF commanderauthorized to exercise combatant command(command authority) or operational controlover a joint force (Joint Publication 1-02).In addition, the JFC exercises operationalcontrol (OPCON) over assigned forces, andnormally over attached forces, to includeATC forces. The JFC directs employmentof ATC assets and handoff of responsibilityfrom one unit to another (single service,joint, coalition, or host nation) through theACP, published by the ACA. Additionally,the JFC establishes requirements forliaisons in interservice, coalition, and hostnation facilities.

(3) Joint Force Air ComponentCommander (JFACC). The JFACC derivesauthority from the JFC who has theauthority to exercise operational control,assign missions, direct coordination amongsubordinate commanders, redirect andorganize forces to ensure unity of effort inthe accomplishment of the overall mission.

11-2

The JFACC's responsibilities will beassigned by the JFC (normally thoseinclude, but not limited to, planning,coordination, allocation, and tasking basedon the JFC's apportionment decision).Using the JFC's guidance and authority andin coordination with other Servicecomponent commanders and other assignedor supporting commanders, the JFACC willrecommend to the JFC apportionment ofair sorties to various missions orgeographic areas (Joint Publication 1-02).

(4) ACA. ACA is the commanderdesignated to assume overall responsibilityfor the operation of ACS in the airspacecontrol area (Joint Publication1-02). Broad responsibilities includecoordinating and integrating the use of theairspace control area, establishing an ACS,and developing the ACP and implementingit through the ACO, which must becomplied with by all components. ACAactivities are conducted with JFC guidanceand with J-3 authority. All missions aresubject to the ACO of the ACA; however,

_____

= Combatant Command/OPWACON

Tasking Authortty/Coordination Respondbility

• .JFACC and AQ ny or may not be thesame pern

Figure Il-i. Command Relationships

centralized direction by the ACA does notimply OPCON or tactical control (TACON)over any air assets. The ACA promulgatesJFC requirements, plans, and tasks for ATCunits through the ACP and ACO (seediscussion on ACP and ACO, below).

(5) Airspace Control Center. Theairspace control center is the ACA's primaryairspace control facility, including assignedservice component, host nation, and/orallied personnel and equipment (JointPublication 1-02).

(6) ACS. ACS is an arrangement ofthose organizations, personnel, policies,and facilities required to perform airspacecontrol functions (Joint Publication 1-02).

(7) Functional Component Com-mand. Functional component command isa command normally, but not necessarily,composed of forces of two or more militarydepartments which may be establishedacross the range of military operations toperform particular operational missionsthat may be of short duration or may extendover a period of time (Joint Publication1-02).

(8) Service Component Command.Service component command is a commandconsisting of the service componentcommander and all those service forces,such as individuals, units, detachments,organizations, and installations under thecommand, including the support force thathave been assigned to a combatantcommand or further assigned to asubordinate unified command or joint taskforce (Joint Publication 1-02). Thiscommand retains TACON of componentforces and advises JFC on employment ofcomponent forces and direction and controlof those forces. Service componentcommand functions include—

(a) Coordinating and decon-flicting the employment of assigned andattached forces with other subordinatecommands as required by the operationalsituation.

(b) Providing ATC in areasdesignated by the ACA in accordance withdirectives and/or procedures in the ACP.

(c) Developing detailed ATCinstructions, plans, and procedures inaccordance with guidance in the ACP.

(d) Providing necessary facilitiesand personnel for ATC in assigned areas ofoperations and identifying these facilitiesand personnel to the ACA for inclusion inthe ACP.

(e) Providing ATC liaisons to theother components to ensure componentcapabilities, limitations, needs, and desiresare considered in planning and executionat all levels of C2.

(9) Component Liaison Elements.The component liaison elements to theJFACC (for example, the special operationsliaison element [SOLE], the BCD, navaland amphibious liaison element ENALE],and the Marine liaison officer [MARLO]),may also provide representation to the ACAif the JFACC has been designated the ACAby the JFC or is collocated in the joint airoperations center (JAOC). Otherwise,additional liaison elements may berequired. ATC representatives in theseliaison elements will work with the ACAand airspace management team in theJAOC to ensure the ATC portion of the ACPand ACO has taken capabilities,limitations, needs, and requirements of thecomponents into consideration. Allcomponents are not required to send aliaison to the CRC.

(10) ATC Unit. This unit providesATC service to aircraft operating withinairspace defined in the ACP. The unitdevelops local operating procedures inaccordance with ICAO, FAA, host nation,Service specific, and joint directives, aswell as the ACP, ATO, ACO and otherapplicable ACA/JFC instructions. The unitis also responsible for coordinating andestablishing communication links with

11-3

adjacent air defense units and fire supportelements to ensure identification criteriaare implemented JAW standing directivesand are useable and understandable. TheATC unit also establishes procedures forinteroperability with adjacent collateral,subordinate, arid superior component, joint,coalition, and host nation ATC facilities.

b. Documents. The following JFCproduced documents contain guidancesupplemental to ICAO, FAA, host nation,and service specific, and joint directives:

(1) ACP. ACP is the documentapproved by the JFC that provides specificplanning guidance and procedures for theACS for the joint force area ofresponsibility/joint operations area (JointPublication. 1-02). The ACP is developedby the ACA and approved by the JFC toestablish procedures for the ACS in thejoint force AOR/JOA. The ACP mustconsider procedures and interfaces with theinternational or regional air traffic systemsnecessary to effectively support airlogistics, augmenting forces, and JFCobjectives. One broad area of concern fordeveloping the ACP is familiarity withcapabilities and procedures of military andcivil ATC systems. The ACP establishesinitial ATC system structure, outlinesprocedures for transition from peacetimeto wartime ATC operations (if required),and details procedures for handing ATCresponsibility off from one ATC unit toanother (if required). The ACP shouldprovide procedures to fully integrate theresources of the military ATC facilityresponsible for terminal-area airspacecontrol. ATC facilities should be interfacedand linked with ACS communications toform a system that ensures safe efficientflow of air traffic supporting the combateffort while permitting maximum combatflexibility.

(2) ACO. ACO is an orderimplementing the ACP that provides thedetails of the approved requests forairspace control measures. It is published

11-4

either as part of th ATO or as a separatedocument (Joint Publication 1-02).

(3) SPINS. SPINS provide details ofthe approved requests for special airspacecontrol measures. It is published either aspart of the ATO or as a separate document.

3. Army ATC Duties, Responsibilities,and C2 Relationships

Army ATC provides service andcoordination from its mobilization bases inthe CONUS and its forward presence unitsoutside of the continental United States(OCONUS). Most contingency operationsrequire strategic air/sealift to effect forceprojection. As a result, most Army ATSplanning is focused on the initial phase ofoperations in an AOR and the redeploymentphase out of the AOR. However, the Army'sability to self-deploy to certain locationsrequires planners to preplan andcoordinate the transit of national andinternational airspace from point ofdeparture through en route locations toarrival in the AOR. This coordination isdone through FAA and ICAO organizations.The Department of Army RegionalRepresentatives (DARRs) at FAA NationalRegional Headquarters assists with thiscoordination. There are Army ATSrepresentatives located in OCONUS officesat United States Forces, Korea (USFK) andUnited States Army, Europe (USAREUR)to coordinate Army requirements in thesetheaters. As early in the crisis actionplanning cycle as possible the joint plannermust contact the United States ArmyForces Command (FORSCOM), DeputyChief of Staff Operations (DCSOPS)Aviation Staff to initiate ATS assetallocation in support of a joint operation.Once ATS units are notified of theirinvolvement in an operation, theorganizations described below must becoordinated with to implement planningguidance. The following describes theresponsibilities of Army organizations. SeeFigure 11-2 for the Army ATS structure.

(1) Provides C2 of all theater ArmyATS assets.

(2) Advises the ARFOR commanderon airspace/ATC implementation andemployment.

(3) Implements the ARFOR com-mander's guidance.

(4) Provides liaison teams to theJAOC (J-3 Air), the BCD at the JAOC, andthe CRC (theater support company).

•Joint forces interface.

•Host nation interface.

•Host nation ATC system.

•Provides input to the ACPdevelopment which includes—ATC assetsdeployed/employed initially (initial), plansfor relief of initial ATC assets (who andwhen), plans for air traffic maturationlsustainment (which facilities remain), andplans for redeployment activities(sustainment).

a. ATS Group (a) Liaison team (LNO team) toJ-3 of JOC.

THEATER

LNOTMCorpsA2C2

CORPS

DIVISION

Figure 11-2. Army ATS Structure

11-5

(b) LNO Team to BCD/JAOC. (5) Publishes APG for JOA.

'Represents US Army air traffic (6) Provides quality assurance (QA)interest to BCD for inclusion in ACP and for ATS ratings, standard, procedures,resultant ACO/SPINS. TERPS, and training.

•Continuous coordination of US (7) Reviews and forwards TERPSArmy airspace control measures (ACMs). developed by subordinate elements

through A2C2 elements to AOC for'Provides input to ACP develop- integration in joint procedures.

ment.(8) Trains battalion on ATS collective

(c) LNO team (provided by tasks.theater support company) to CRC.

(9) Disseminates ACP and ACOI•Provides representationlcoordi- SPINs as required.

nation with USAF airspace managementelement. (10) Coordinates US Army ATS

locations, capabilities, and status.'Provides linkage to AICs

airspace and air traffic management c. ATS Company Commander (USA).elements.

(1) Commands company.'Coordinates ATC procedures.

(2) Implements battalion com-b. ATS Battalion Commander. mander's guidance.

(1) Commands the ATS battalion. (3) Provides inputs to corps/divisionplanning.

(2) Advises corps/division com-manders on airspace/air traffic imple- (4) Provides LNO team to divisionmentationlemployment. A2C2 element.

(3) Implements corps/division corn- (a) Responsible to G-3 Air.manders guidance.

(b) Integrates activities within(4) Provides LNO team to Corps A2C2 element.

A2C2 element.(c) Deconflicts, synchronizes, and

(a) Responsible to G-3 Air. integrates all airspace users.

(b) Integrates activities within (d) Represents air trafficA2C2 element. requirements to corps, BCD/AOC, and

CRC.(c) Deconflicts, synchronizes,

and integrates all airspace users. (e) Disseminates ACP and ACO/SPINs as required.

(d) Represents air trafficrequirements to corps, BCD/AOC, and (0 Coordinates US Army ATScontrol and reporting center (CRC). locations, capabilities, and status.

11-6

(5) Provides ATS liaison to divisionA2C2 element.

tasks.(6) Trains company on ATS collective

(a) Installs ATS equipment.

(b) Operates ATS equipment.

(c) Maintains ATS equipment.

d. Facility Chief (Controller).

(1) Develops facility training manualguidance in FM 1-303.

(2) Supervises training and missionexecution of individual ATS tasks.

(3) Installs particular pieces of ATSequipment (that is, tower, GCA [ASR/PAR]radar, AICs, and nondirectional beacons[NDBs]).

above.(4) Operates equipment stated

(5) Develops TERPS for GCA/NDBapproaches.

(6) Coordinates maintenance ofabove stated equipment.

e. Controller (USA).

(1) Installs ATS equipment.

(2) Operates ATS equipment.

(3) Maintains ATS equipment.

(4) Controls all types of air traffic.

f. Airspace Management LiaisonSection (AMLS). AMLSs are established atappropriate elements within the ACS andare manned by Army personnel along withrepresentatives from other componentsinvolved to include allied representation.The AMLS coordinates the operational

commander's airspace requirements andrequests the establishment of specialprocedures for airspace use. These sectionsalso assist the ACA in coordinating andintegrating flight operations and airwarning information of the components(FM 1-303).

g. BCD. The BCD is an Army liaisonprovided by the Army componentcommander to the AOC and/or to thecomponent designated by the JFC to plan,coordinate, and deconflict air operations.The BCD processes Army requests fortactical air support, monitors andinterprets the land battle situation for theJAOC, and provides the necessaryinterface for exchange of currentintelligence and operational data (JointPublication 1-02).

4. Navy and Marine Corps ATC Duties,Responsibilities, and C2Relationships

a. Introduction. C2 of Navy/MarineCorps ATC assets and personnel will beclosely related to the C2 structure forairspace control. As such, decision making,asset allocation, and implementation willflow through the existing airspace controlinfrastructure. Additionally, in mostoperations the amount of land based Navy/Marine Corps ATC, relative to the otherServices will be smaller with thepreponderance of assets and effort sea-based. Once the Marines are establishedashore, ATC operations will be a subset ofthe existing airspace control organizationand will rely on that organization forcommunications and coordination.

b. Sea-Based. For the Navy, ATCfacilities (sea-based) are resident in thespecific platforms that are capable oflaunching and recovering aircraft. The twobiggest platforms being the aircraft carrierand the "large deck" amphibious assaultcarrier. These two platforms form thepreponderance of sea-based ATC. There are

"-7

smaller ships that launch and recoveraircraft; however, their capabilities aregenerally restricted to terminal approachand landing on their specific platform. Sea-based airspace control nodes are builtaround sensor assets and capabilitiesincluding the ability to receive and transmitdata. These are also centered on the largerships in the battle group; however, most ofthe other ships can provide information viadata link to these larger ships.

c. Navy Tactical Air Control System(TACS).

Figure 11-3 illustrates the Navy TACS.This is the primary airspace control andcommunications structure designed aswarfighting entities. Note: Not shown inthe diagram and illustrated below are twokey links thatjoin Navy sea-based airspacecontrol and coordination (warfighting)with sea-based ATC entities:

Carrier. Composite WarfareCommander (CWC)—CVBG/CDC—cATCC.

Amphibious. CWC—TACC/CDC—AOCC.

(Warfighting/Airspace Control)—ATCcoordination.

Because of these key links, any ATCcoordination and control can utilize thesame channels of communication within aJTF that the warfighting C2 utilizes.

Navy or Marine Corps issues relativeto ATC can flow up and down the sameexisting chain of command thataccommodates issues relative towarfighting within the JTF.

11-8

Figure 11-3. Navy TACS

d. Marine AirSystem (MACCS).the MACCS. Thecommander the

Command and ControlFigure 11-4 illustrates

MACCS gives the ACEability to exercise

NAVFORI

CTF/OTC

CAlF

TACC/TADC SACC

I cvBGI

Icwc

centralized command and coordination anddecentralized control of MAGTF air assetsand operations. The MACCS allowsinterface of MAGTF air with joint orcombined operations. The MACCS is anair C2 system, which provides the ACEcommander the means to command,coordinate, and control all air operationswithin an assigned sector as directed bythe JFC. It allows the ACE commander tocoordinate air operations with otherServices. It is made up of C2 agencies withcommunications-electronics equipmentthat includes manual throughsemiautomatic control capability. TheMACG of the MAW has the personnel andequipment required to establish the bulk

of the MACCS. The mission of the MACGis to provide, operate, and maintain themajor elements of the MACCS.

e. LNOs. One of the most importantelements of both airspace control and theATC link is the various LNOs provided tothe JAOC and other key organizations. Inaccordance with JFACC/AADC/ACAdirectives, LNOs at the JAOC will affectthe largest portion of the control andcoordination relative to Navy and MarineCorps ATC issues. As issues come up thechain of command (warfighting), the LNOhas the ability to coordinate ATC issuesdirectly with the airspace control cellwithin the JAOC.

Figure 11-4. MACCS

"-9

DASC(A)

A)ASC(A)

• •• TAC(A)

TACP

Command

Coordination

HST

5. Air Force ATC Duties, Respons-ibilities, and C2 Relationships

The USAF ATC system provides serviceand coordination from CONUS, through enroute locations and international airspace,to the beddown locations for combataircraft, to aerial ports of debarkation, toforward-deployed austere airfields, andreturn. While combat and forceenhancement aircraft (all Services) usuallyconduct a singular deployment/redeployment to the theater, ongoingpassenger (flown by both Civilian ReserveAir Fleet [CRAF] and military aircraft) andcargo flights comprise the steady streamtranscontinental air traffic. Therefore, theUSAF focuses on both the en route anddistant end deployed ATC service. SeeFigure 11-5 for the AF ATC structure.

a. En Route Support.

Experience in deploying large numbers•of military aircraft necessitated providingliaison to the FAA and host nation ATC

11-10

systems. The USAF has liaisons in all theFAA regions and a central contingency cellat the flow control office in WashingtonCenter, Reston, Virginia. Part of theirfunction is to ensure enough FAAcontrollers are available to meet unusualmilitary traffic loads.

Additionally, the USAF has ATCliaisons in several foreign ATC facilities toassist host nation controllers inunderstanding of US military aircraftrequirements/procedures. These locationscurrently include Paris, France; Moron AirBase, Spain; and Fairford Air Base, andUxbridge Air Base, England. Additionally,the USAF has ATC liaison packages thatcan be assigned to host nation ATC facilitiesand US Embassies. These liaisonscoordinate with the deployed US ATCunits, the JAOC, the host nation ATCsystem, the US Embassy, the USAF AirMobility Command's Tactical Air ControlCenter, and other ATC liaisons to deconflictair flow problems.

OPCONITACON

. Tasking Authority

Figure 11-5. AIr Force ATC Structure

b. Deployed Terminal Locations.

At the deployed base, the senior AF ATCrepresentative, normally the airfieldoperations flight commander (AOF/CC),will coordinate—

(1) Terminal instrument procedureand flight check support.

(2) Any change in airfield statusimmediately with the JAOC.

(3) Host nation/airspace for inter-national diplomatic clearance.

(4) Terminal area operationprocedures with the base defenseoperations center for integration into thebase air defense and air base grounddefense plans and operations.

(5) Integration into the TACS lAWJAOC guidance contained in the TacticalOperational Data (TACOPDAT) andOPTASK link messages via the ACP.

(6) With the host service for host-provided base operating support (BOS) toinclude billeting and messing facilities,fuel, power production, vehicle support,secure communications, and security.

AF ATC is aligned primarily within thewing operations center (WOC). Theseassets are theater based.

Generally, in a combat theater/AOR, airtraffic and airspace C2 systems areintegrated under a single combinedljointforces ACA. Since ATC units aresubordinate to the WOC, their facilities andpersonnel (fixed, tactical, and augmented),in some theaters, become a part of theTheater Air Control System (TACS). It isonly through this relationship that they areconsidered part of the TACS. Controllersperform terminal air traffic operations orliaison/augmentation at host nation controlfacilities. ATC planning, training, andoperating procedures must reflect this

concept and any additional mission/roles,prioritized in the Defense PlanningGuidance to include support for two majorregional contingencies (MRCs); MOOTWsuch as humanitarian relief and disasterresponse; operational readiness inspec-tions; and test or demonstrations.

c. ST. One of the keys to successful air/ground operations requires timely, detailedplanning involving air forces, ground users,and ST forces. Planning for ST operationsshould begin early in the crisis actionplanning cycle. During situation develop-ment and crisis assessment, the theaterspecial operations command (SOC) STplanner should be assessing the situationto determine possible ST missions,identifying key planners for coordinationfor future course of action (COA)development, and verifying the availabilityand status of theater ST assets. Normallythe 720th Special Tactics Group (STG),Huriburt Field, Florida, will be includedin the coordination through AFSOCchannels providing planning inputs (andplanners if available) and assessment of thepossible need for CONUS augmentation.Requirements for ST planners and LNOsare mission dependent with the exceptionof specific requirements in the JAOC, jointspecial operations air component (JSOAC),and JRCC. The ST planner must beprepared to respond to evolving ST supportrequirements spanning minor conflict,MOOTW, and MRCs, normally as part of ajoint or coalition force. The Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) WarningOrder initiates COA development and theST planner must be prepared to meet theneeds of multiple planning agencies andLNO from the theater SOC down to thesupported unit level. During this phase,time-phased force and deployment data(TPFDD) refinement should begin throughlogistics (J-4) channels to begin identifying/refining forces, transportation require-ments, and shortfalls. As mentionedearlier, ST forces will normally plan, deploy/employ, and operate as part of a joint/

Il-il

combined force. STTs usually deploy to theintermediate staging base (ISB) for jointemployment into the AO or target area;however, units may employ directly fromhome station if required. Once employed,ST ATC operations will focus on targetassessment (airfield, DZ, CAS/artillerytarget), establishing C2, NAVAIDSemplacement1sitting, and then on terminalguidance for airlift or CAS operationsincluding deconflicting lethal fires withintheir assigned airspace. Since SOFoperations usually occur beyond the groundcommanders deep battlespace, the use ofACM is critical to protect SOF assetsincluding restricted operating zones (ROZ)and no fire areas (NFAs). SOF ACMs mustbe reflected in the ACO. Units shouldforward requests for specific ACMs throughunit channels to the ACA for considerationand inclusion into the ACO. Operationswithin the close, deep, or rear areas willalso require coordination through the ACOincluding links to adjacent facilities,JSOACITALCE, elements of the TACS, and

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fire direction/control functions. Precisionapproach capability involves siting theMMLS (TRN-45), TACAN (TRN-41), runwaylighting package, completing a TERPS sitesurvey, and obtaining certification orauthorization for air assets to fly theapproach. STTs are capable of completingall siting tasks except the certificationwhich requires specialized aircraft to flightcheck the system or command review andrisk assessment to accept the approach.Finally since ST forces are lightly armed,they are dependent on the TACON unit forsecurity. Logistics, with the exception ofmeals and water (Class I), is a componentresponsibility including ammunitions,petroleum, oil, lubricants (POL),communications, NAVAIDS, employmentsystems, and maintenance (Class III, V, VII,IX). ST sustainment operations are heavilydependent on resupply to replenishconsumables, especially batteries forcommunications/NAVAIDS systems. SeeFigure 11-6 for the ST C2 structure.

OPCON —

TACON

COORD

jr:: flTfl\ /

Figure 11-6. ST C2 Structure

6. Joint ATC Force Deployment andEmployment

a. Background.

A joint force planner must understandand integrate the elements of each Service'sATC capabilities to effectively support theJFC's requirements. To be capable ofexecuting this responsibility requires ageneral understanding of how these forcesfit in the flow of a developing theater and ageneral understanding of employmentcapabilities. See Table E-3 for informationon ATC communications capabilities.

Each Service effectively plans, deploys,and force protects their aviation/airspacecontrol personnel and DATCALS insupport of their own operations. In a jointenvironment, each Service has differentcapabilities to employ ATS assets frominitial to sustained operations based on therequirements of their specific aircraft andmissions. The Army maintains light, highlymobile systems, forces for early entry andATS capability to sustain and manageairspace within the Army's AOR. The Armycan provide ATS support of joint operationsby providing task organized assets thatsupplement or augment the other Services(that is, highly mobile radar systems,qualified controllers, long range mobiletactical airspace communication systems).Their integration is most effective in theinitial phase of an operation and throughtransition until a sustained capability canbe employed. The Marines are self-sustaining, highly mobile, and organized toexecute their primary mission, supportingMAGTF operations, and are also capableof supporting joint operations up to a full-up fixed base-like airfield. The Navy isrobust and fleet based but has limitedcapability to support a land based ATCstructure. The AF covers a wide spectrumof ATC capabilities from an initial firstentry tactical ATC, utilizing STTs, to a full-up, fixed base-like airfield environment.

Historically the initial phase ofemploying ATS resources for the JFC, the

AF or Army ATC has entered the AOR toestablish the initial ATC capability.However, depending on the scenario, theMarines might also be the first and onlyService to establish initial land based ATCoperations. In this phase, it is crucial for ajoint planner to know the condition andcapabilities of airfield, NAVAIDS, and otherairspace management resources in theAOR. This will dictate the type and mix ofassets required to support airlandoperations until a full AF or Marinesustainment package can be deployed. Ifforced entry is the preferred option, it willrequire a specific mix of forces and adetermination by the JFCs of the levels ofrisk that they will accept to accomplish thisobjectives. Chapter III addresses how theService specific resources can be integratedthrough each phase to effectively andefficiently use them to support a JTFcommander.

In the sustainment phase of theoperation as the AOR matures, the AF canprovide full theater air base (TAB)sustaining ATC packages, and the Marinescan provide full-up IFR airfield ATCcapabilities.

To effect C2 of ATC operations throughall phases, the JFC has to determine thepriority of personnel and equipment thatis required in the AOR and has to have aclear chain of responsibility forimplementation of the decisions. TheJFACC, when appointed, exercises theplanning, coordinating, and directing of airand space operations to support the JFC'sdecisions through the JAOC. The JAOC isthe senior operations center and focal pointfor air and space operations planning andexecution. Each theater may have uniqueprocesses driven by coalition/alliedinteroperability, but the majority of JAOCprocesses are standard. The JAOC directoris charged with the effectiveness of joint airand space operations and focuses onplanning, coordinating, allocating, tasking,executing, and assessing air and spacepower operations in the AOR/JOA based onJFACC guidance. The director of combat

11-13

plans (DCP) is directly responsible to theJAOC director for planning and allocatingforces lAW guidance issued by JFC andJFACC. The airspace management andcontrol team is under the direct control ofthe DCP. It is the single theater focal pointresponsible for developing andcoordinating airspace control measures.Airspace managers monitor the status ofairfields, NAVAIDS, and TACS facilities forimpact on planning and developing anACO,which includes all airspace controlmeasures. Component or functionalcommand liaisons operate in the airspacemanagement and control team assisting inthe integration and coordination of theirspecific organization's ATC employmentand airspace requirements. It is essentialthat they are included in planning for eachphase and have communicationconnectivity with their organizations.Additional responsibilities of airspacemanagement and control team personnelinclude—

(1) Assigning control areas incoordination with the JTF/combinedtasked force (CTF) and host nation.

(2) Tailoring DATCALS and AOpackages to meet specific mission needs(every attempt should be made to keep thepackage as small as possible).

(3) Working with the componentstaffs and/or liaison officers (ARFOR,NAVFOR, MARFOR, AFFOR, and SOC) tocoordinate the movement/replacement ofthe STT with general purpose ATC.

(4) Developing airspaceprocedures that are simple andwith minimal reliance oncommunications.

(5) Developing flow controlprocedures that readily allow EMCONoperations.

(6) Coordinating terminal controlprocedures with each base/airfieldoperations and/or host nation base11-14

operations authority. Include surge launchand recovery procedures.

(7) Coordinating airspace controlprocedures with air base ground defenseand air defense procedures.

(8) Ensuring airspace controlprocedures comply with published rules ofengagement.

(9) Scheduling and coordinatingflight inspection requirements with theFAA flight inspections or theater FAAliaison assigned to the JAOC.

(10) Developing guidance for employ-ment addressing waivers to separationstandards, ATO versus flight plan filing andATC radar performance of air defensesurveillance functions.

b. Considerations for the Joint Planner.In the preplanning or in the initial processof implementing the JTF commander'sdecisions, the following are considerationsfor the joint planner:

(1) Initial Operations. An initialdeployment assessment, preferably on theterrain, must be conducted. Then adetermination of force mix must be made.Minimal airfield operations services shouldbe provided until sustaining DATCALSarrive. Small, lightweight, minimumcapability and highly mobile packages willprovide initial VFR or limited (proceduralcontrol rather than positive control) IFRATC. Airborne deployed fighting forces andsupporting units deploying in initial phasesof a crisis should be self-sufficient (that is,food, water, shelter, etc.) for up to 72 hours.After this time, the ATC forces will requireresupply and/or augmentation UTCs tocontinue operations. These assets may ormay not remain at the location after initialdeployment airflow is complete.

This phase would normally end witha sustainment airfield capability to effectfurther airflow or airlanded capability. Thejoint planner must consider resources tosupport a transition period if sustainment

controlflexible

voice

assets are not available to relieve the initialdeployment capability. Higher priorityforces may delay the arrival of sustainmentATC assets. Reliance on the initiallydeployed ATC assets reduces thethroughput capability of an airfield untilthe more robust sustainment packagearrives in theater. The paradox is that theequipment required for providing full IFRcapability is airlift-intensive.

(2) Sustainment Operations. Sus-taining deployment will provide airfieldoperations to supplement the initialdeployment phase and provide requiredpositive control IFR capability up to dualrunway precision approach. This willprovide full base airfield operationssupport for an extended period of time. Afull range of terminal (mobile control tower,ASR, precision landing capabilities, and/ornavigational aids both space- and ground-based) and transmission mediumequipment is included in this phase.Airfield management augmentationpersonnel from CONUS bases are requiredfor this phase.

(3) Additional Considerations. Forthe joint planner additional considerationsinclude development of an IFR capability,establishing different levels of capabilitybased on the level of acceptable risk, andestablishing a rotation and redeploymentplan to sustain the operations. Moredetailed discussion of critical areas follows:

(a) TERPS. Survey qualified(SST and selected ACC) TERPS specialistsconduct/participate in initial site surveys.All TERPS specialists use this informationto develop approach procedure packagesand forward them to the MAJCOM TERPSoffice responsible for the designated AOR.When required, MAJCOMs may delegatefinal review and approval authority to wingand group level or combat communicationsunits to support unique geographicalrequirements for short-notice deploy-ments. When delegating review andapproval authority (standard procedures)forward a copy of the correspondence to the

supporting MAJCOMs and Air Force FlightStandards Agency (AFFSA). All non-standard procedures will be processedthrough MAJCOMs, JAW AFMAN 11-230and AFM 11-206. Authorization to use theprocedures ultimately remains with theappropriate MAJCOM flying operationsauthority and/or the commander exercisingoperational control of the aircraft. Duringcontingency operations, the AF componentcommander may request the establishmentof an in-theater TERPS cell for the purposeof developing and approving instrumentprocedures and scheduling flightinspections. While STT and deployed ATCunits have some organic TERPS capability,Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), United StatesAir Forces Europe (USAFE), ACC, and AirMobility Command (AMC) have TERPScells which can provide technical assistancein developing and reviewing instrumentprocedures. TERPS cells will reviewrequested airfield locations that USAFaircraft plan on using during JMC. ACC isdeveloping a deployable TERPS capabilityto conduct such surveys and review.

(b) Flight Inspection. Theseflights certify instrument procedures andtheir associated NAVAIDS for use underIFR. As such, flight inspection has bothoperational and legal ramifications. Thefollowing four options reflect the differentdegrees of flight inspection available to theTheater CINC or JFC (listed from higherto lower risk). Note: Options 1 and 2 areavailable in cases where a flight inspectionis impossible/limited and militaryoperations must be conducteS However,Options 1 and 2 do not eliminate therequirement to conduct a flight inspectionbefore IFR use. The flight inspectionrequirement is postponed until thesituation permits inspection JAW Options3 or 4.

•Option 1. Commander's Deci-sion. Commanders have the final authorityand responsibility for accomplishing theirassigned mission. If the military situationdictates, the theater commander mayapprove the use of a navigational aid/

11-15

approach without a flight inspection (seeNote on page 11-15, Gb[3][b]). This can beapproved only for military aircraft underthe operational control. Other aircraft(FAA/CRAF/ICAO, etc.) are normally notauthorized to use the facility.

'Option 2. Military EmergencyUse Only. The commander may approveabbreviated flight inspection procedures/profiles using a military aircraft ifnecessary (requires visual meteorologicalcondition [VMC] weather). This normallytakes ½ day and 1 sortie to complete. Thisoption is intended to permit a commanderto continue flight operations while waitingfor a restricted or normal commissioninginspection (see Note on page 11-15,6b[3][b]). This inspection will allow atheater commander to have temporary IFRcapability for "MILITARY AIRCRAFTONLY." Other aircraft (FAAJCRAF/ICAO,etc.) are normally not authorized to use thisfacility.

'Option 3. Restricted FacilityCommissioning. This inspection certifiesthe facility for IFR approach use only.Optimally it will take 1 day and 2 sorties(VMC weather) to complete. Thisinspection permits DOD, CRAF, FAA, andICAO aircraft use. Areas that are evaluatedacceptable are certified, the rest of theareas/procedures are restricted. The local(deployed) airfield operations/air trafficcontrol manager will publish therestrictions in appropriate Notices toAirmen (NOTAM).

'Option 4. Normal Commis-sioning. This is the certification of allprocedures (arrival/approachl departure)and areas of NAVAIDS coverage. Optimallythis inspection takes 2-3 days and 4-5sorties (VMC weather) to complete. Thisinspection is required for full use by DOD,CRAF, FAA, and ICAO aircraft.

(c) Flight Inspection Beddown.FAA supplies civilian maintenancepersonnel and mobility readiness spares11-16

package (MRSP) equipment for operations.For contingency operations, aircraftmaintenance support should to be locatedoutside hostile areas with an optimum bed-down location within 300 miles of airfieldsto be flight inspected. For theateroperations, the FAA will establish amaintenance base with deployed MRSP andaircraft maintenance personnel (civilian) inor near the AOR. This includes one pilotin the AOC used for ATO coordination. Therequesting ATC representative mustprovide approach procedures packagesand specific airfield site survey data toflight inspection aircrews and the flightinspection liaison assigned to the JAOC,before flight inspection can begin.

(d) Distribution of Approaches.The AOR TERPS office completes theTERPS database using survey informationand develops an approach procedure. Thedeveloped approach procedure istransmitted to the airfield for flyabilitycheck/flight inspection as required. Basedon results of flyability check/flightinspection and theater commander'sapproval, the AOR TERPS officedisseminates the completed procedure(s)to theater aircrews, Headquarters (HQ)AMC TERPS office, and HQ AMC TACC fordistribution to AMC aircrews. Note:Procedures developed by the AOR TERPSoffice only apply to aircraft within thetheater (after theater commanderapproval) until an FAA flight inspectioncan be accomplished (see AFMAN 11-225,Section 109, for flight inspectionrequirements).

(e) Redeployment. DATCALSare theater assets. When the individual AFunits rotates out of theater, DATCALSequipment will remain in place. By leavingthe DATCALS equipment, repetitive airliftand flight inspection requirements arereduced.

(f) Personnel Rotation. As thetheater matures and airlift becomesavailable, it may become necessary to rotatepersonnel. PALACE MANNING programs

(Blitz, Tenure, etc.) run by AF PersonnelCenter in conjunction with supportingMAJCOMs JAW AFI 10-215, are theprimary method for rotating AF personnel.MAJCOM airfield operations functionalmanagers should work closely with theirpersonnel community to assistirecommendunits/volunteers for the tasking. UTCrotation is the secondary method to supportdeployed airfield operations. Thesupported MAJCOM or NAF planners willdetermine if rotations are sourced usingeither PALACE or UTC programs. Theinitial rotation should be staggered so allpersonnel do not rotate at the same timeto allow for training/spin-up time forreplacements.

(g) Planning Factors.

'Combat attrition factor will be aminimum of three bare bases or as specifiedin the current defense planning guidance.

'Language speaking require-ments will be requested through thePALACE BLITZ program and not identifiedas an UTC requirement.

•A site survey/advanced echelon(ADVON) team of personnel, to include aTERPS qualified controller, should deploya few days ahead of the equipment in orderto determine siting location and specialrequirements for connectivity.

'ANG will use volunteers to themaximum extent possible. When volun-teers are no longer viable, active duty mayassume responsibility for manning thelocation orANG unit maybe activated usingPresidential Selective Reserve Call-up(PSRC), JAW AFI 10-402. During initialplanning ensure this option is available.

'Communications Connectivity(see Table E-3).

'Once the JTF commander's planhas been developed and promulgated by theACP/ACO or orders to the component/functional commanders, the liaisonelements and the component/functionalcommand staffs must plan and coordinatetheir execution of the JTF plan. The liaisonelements are essential to keeping this effortintegrated and coordinated across eachService.

(h) Long Term Support. At the120-day demarcation, regardless of taskedunit(s), planners should initiate requestswith the supported CINC or JTF to considerinstallation or lease of semipermanentDATCALS to replace limited deployablewartime assets.

(i) Strategic Transportation.The process and procedures for strategictransportation of JATC requirements arecontained in Joint Publication 4-0 1, JointDoctrine for the Defense TransportationSystem.

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Chapter III

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR INITIAL, TRANSITION,AND SUSTAINED JATC OPERATIONS

1. Background

The primary planning factors for anycontingency should be environment, time,and required capabilities. Planners forjointfcombined operations need to evaluatethe ATC support requirements (personneland equipment) for each operating locationin terms of airfield purpose/permanence,speed of deployment, immediateoperational capability, aircraft type/mix,and ultimate level of capability.

With these planning factors in mind,this chapter outlines the initiation,transition, and sustainment of JATCoperations. It provides methods tointegrate, synchronize, and possiblyprovide interoperability with each Service'sATC systems. Refer to Appendix E for acomplete listing of Service specificequipment and capabilities.

To effectively execute these complexoperations, planners must recognize howcritical selection of forces is to the successof the operation. ATC personnel may befunctioning from airfields that include joint,allied, and civil aircraft. The airfield mayhave virtually no infrastructure. Thesepersonnel must be versatile, intimatelyfamiliar, and experienced with their owncapabilities and trained in joint/multinational ATC and airfield operatingprocedures in order to effectively enhanceaircrew safety and mission success. In anenvironment where facilities may supporthost nation, combined forces, or a highvolume of mixed traffic including rotary-wing aircraft, the importance of dedicatedATC liaison personnel cannot be overstated.Consideration of establishing joint/combined teams at facilities that draws on

the specialized skills and experience ofeach member is paramount to safe andefficient operations.

Figures Ill-i through 111-3 andaccompanying text provide a scenariooutline and specific considerations to assistjoint planners in understanding the chapterdiscussion.

2. Initial Operations

For the purposes of this publication andthe scenario, initial entry is defined asmilitary actions required to airland forceswith inter or intratheater airlift to meet theJFC's strategic or operational objectives.Initial entry starts with deployment of ATCassets in an opposed or unopposed entry.This could be accomplished through use ofsurface, amphibious, airborne, airland, orheliborne operations. See Figure Ill-i.

a. Special Tactics Team.

Although all Services are capable ofproviding an initial ATC capability, AF STteams are uniquely trained and specificallyequipped to provide initial airfieldoperations for inter and intratheater airliftin a joint environment. USAF ST could beaugmented by another Service's initial ATCcapability depending on the method ofinsertion and type of aircraft in the airflow.For example, AF ST can be inserted by anymethod. AF airlift and special operationsrequire ST capability. Marine MMT andArmy TACT are more limited. Marine MMTand Army TACT can only be used if Marineor Army aviation is a major component ofthe airflow. In this scenario, IFR weatherconditions at the objective area restrict themethod of entry to an airborne operation.

The airborne combat or security forceswould come from the Army; however, theonly ATC element currently capable ofproviding both airborne personnel and air-droppable ATC landing systems are USAFST Teams.

ST forces will be organized under theOPCON of the SOC or TACON to thetheater air component. When these forcesare air dropped into the objective area,security forces will secure the area and theSTT will initiate the setup of thecommunications, runway lighting system,TACAN, and MMLS and initiate the TERPS

process for the landing zone. To completethe process of preparing for air operations,the responsible authority must determinethe acceptable level of risk. Once the STTestablishes the airfield and the groundforces commander determines the area isrelatively secure, airland operations maybegin. Refer to Table 111-1 for initial entryplanning considerations. Incorporation ofspecial operations aircraft, such as CombatTalon, with specialized navigation and nightvision equipment can effectively extend therange of options addressed in the scenarioto put an initial ATC capability in place.

I N ITIAL. OBJECTIVE: Establish airfield operations forstrategic and theater airlift under IFR conditions.

ATC SERVICES(ACTIONS D.fl12I1RSHHOUR NrIBD5HRS -I2HRS 1224HRS24HRS 4aHRST2HRS

ST FORCES ALERTED

GATHER INTEL

X

x

ST FORCES DEPLOY/EMPLOY

AIRFIELD SIEZIJRE(AIRBORNE INSERTION)

X

X

AIRFIELD ASSESSMENT, COMM ESTABLISHED X

MARKINGAJGHTS, BEACON, & TACAN OPERATIONAL

AIRFIELD READY TO RECIEVE TRAFFIC

AIRFIELD SECURE WiLIGI4T HOS11LI11ES

X

Xe•

X

INITLALDAY/NIGHTVFRATCBEGINS

AIRLANDADDITIONALSTFORCES/EOUIPMENT

.

:

X

X x

X

X

X

X X

.

X

XAIRLANDADDITIONALGROUND FORCES/EQUIPMENT

MMLSOPERATIONAL

TERPS INFORMATION FORWARDED

MMLS IGNT CHECKED

AMCTALCE ARRIVES !

X X'

•

AMCTALCE OPERATIONAL ...... X

MMLSAPPROACHAPPROVED . X X' X X'

XLIMrTEDIFR SERVICES AVAILABLE .. X X X

U Special Tathcs Team 'Ground Forces Commander @ Joint Detemiination by STrL, JFC rial aeptance approval,flyabilityLeader (SIlL) determination (G FC) DeterninaUon GFC, and Air Misalon Commander check, or FAA Flight Check required

Figure Ill-i. Initial Planning Considerations

Hl-2

Transition to

SUSTAINMENTOBJECTIVE: ST relieved, more robustsystems in place from Air Force, Armyor Marine tactical ATC units.

111-3

TIME LINE 35 DAYS 7 DAYS IODAYS 14 DAYS 21- DAYS 30 DAYS 45+ DAYS

SUSTAI1ViENTATC FORCES/EQUIPMENT ARRIVES x

USAF COMBAT COMMUNICATIONS

ARMY ATC

MARINE ATC

TRANSITIONALATC BEGINS X X

TERPS APPROVED/PUBLISHED x

SUSTAU&IENTMMLS OPERATIONALX

GCA OPERATIONALX

PAR OPERATIONALx

0SS

PAR/GCA APPROACHES APPROVED

ST HANDS OFF ATC TO SUSTAINMENT FORCESX

SUSTAIMIENT ATC ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITYX

ST FORCES REDEPLOY WITH ALL ST EQUIPMENTX

HOST NATION RESUMES ATC SERVICES0

X

XSUSTAIMVtMENTATC REDEPLOYS

Figure 111-2. TransitIon to Sustainment

Mobile assetsremain indetinitely..

Spare parts,manning,host nationsupport required

SUSTAINI

OBJECTIVE: Sustained IFR CapabL.Terminal Instrument procedures certified.Tower and radar equipment fully operational.Enroute center communication lines and liaison established.Navigational aides operational.Dual runway capability.Precision approach capability (200/1.5).Airfield lighting in place. .Semipermanent military ATC

facilities establishedFigure 111-3. Sustainment

. edeploy.

Table Ill-i. Initial JATC Capabilities

Service Voice CommunicationDeployableNAVAIDS

RunwayLighting

Visual FlightRules (VFR)

Limited InstrumentFlight Rules (IFR)

VHF UHF(Secure) (Secure)

FMecure)

USA No Yes Yes NDB No Yes No

USAF Yes Yes Yes MMLS Yes Yes Yes

USMC Yes Yes No MRAALS Yes Yes Yes

b. Navy. During the initial phase, NavyTACRON controllers perform their dutiesaboard the amphibious flagship foroperations in direct support of amphibioustask force operations. They are responsiblefor providing centralized command, control,planning, and coordination of all air supportand airspace required for amphibiousoperations. This control continues untilcontrol is passed ashore to the DASC.TACRONs maintain the capability totemporarily staff and operate an existingATC facility ashore or augment, withpersonnel, a remote facility ashore tocontrol air traffic during the sustainmentphase.

c. USMC. While Marine ATC forcesnormally establish airfields and provideATC operations for Marine aircraft, theyhave the capability of providing initialentry forces to support establishing a jointLZ. These forces are restricted to surfaceor heliborne operations and would beinserted with one helicopter that could flyinto the objective area supported by securityforces and under weather conditions thatprovide at least "see and avoid" conditions.Under the control of the commanderlanding force, the Marine ATC forces wouldthen initiate the setup of an MMLS and theLZ in the same manner as the STT.Additional augmentation by ST TERPSqualified personnel would be required toestablish airfield markings and approachesfor AF aircraft. Flight verification and orflight check requirements would be thesame. Initial entry Marine ATC forces inthis scenario would be limited to LZs inproximity to the littoral area based on flighttime limitations of the heliborneplatform(s).

111-4

d. Army. Army ATC forces could beintegrated into either the initial entryforces or during the transition period,based on special requirements in the initialentry or based on the need to prepare forforward deployment of Army forces arrivingafter the LZ is established. An Army TACTcould airdrop into the objective area withthe STT and simultaneously assist in theTERPS and establishment of the landingzone. The Army alone could not provide alimited IFR airfield capability for otherService's aircraft without significantresourcing from another Service forequipment such as runway lighting andairfield marking. The Army can establishan instrumented airfield limited to rotary-wing operations with organic equipment.

e. General Capabilities. All Serviceshave initial ATC radio communicationscapability. Initial landing systems are morelimited, being matched to very specificaircraft systems such as the TACAN,Marines ARA-63 airborne radar, orAF MLS.The Marines and AF ST have packable!portable airfield lighting systems organicto their units allowing them to provide acomplete initial airfield-operating package.Airfield lighting and marking patterns needto be coordinated to determine if the initialentry force has the equipment andfamiliarity with the marking patterns usedby AF airlift aircraft or Marine fixed-wingaircraft.

Subsequent replacement, replenish-ment, or augmentation must occur withinapproximately 14 days for almost all theinitial forces identified. Contingencyplanners must program this transitionpackage carefully because deployment of

the sustainment ATC forces for both the AFand Marines require significant airliftassets and may not be prioritized in the airflow. For example, if initial entry forcesneed airport surveillance or precisionapproach radar early in the entry, the Armyapproach radar system is the most compactand capable of early deployment. Army ATCforces are capable of full tower,surveillance/approach radar, and flightfollowing central AIC operations.

3. Transition Operations

Transition operations are defined asoperations during the period where theinitial entry ATC resources requirereplacement, replenishment, augmenta-tion, or upgrade of ATC services untilsustainment ATC forces are established.For planning purposes, this could be for anextended period of time based on theintended time frame of the operation oravailability of airlift or sealift resources todeploy sustainment ATC forces. Plannersshould consider initial entry might meet thedesired operational capability. However,USAF ST will need relief to reconstitutethe initial entry capability and provide amore conventional airfield environment.For example, the ST battery operatedlighting systems will need to be replacedwith less expensive but bulkier generatorpowered airfield lighting that will providemore than emergency lighting levels.Under ideal conditions, operations will flowfrom initial to sustained, without the needfor a distinct transition force (Figure III-2). Transition operations require handoverprocedures to transfer control of operationsfrom one ATC service provider to another.See Appendix I for sample handoverchecklists.

The following planning considerations,required to bridge the gap between theinitial entry force and the sustaining force,are built around a worst case, mediumthreat, IFR scenario. For discussionpurposes, the initial entry force hasconducted a forced entry, secured andestablished a single, hard surfaced runway

with a requirement to establish a precisionapproach to accommodate rotary-wing andup to heavy airlift aircraft. The objectiveis to eventually land strategic airliftaircraft, (including the C-17 GlobemasterIII) and conduct transition operations tohandover to sustainment forces. Thestrategic and operational objectivenecessitates a high risk to be assumed.Therefore, the JFC has authorized use ofthe LZ without any flight validation orcertification. The risk is significant butoperations still require a validation for theapproach. This will be accomplishedutilizing a Combat Talon, MC-130 aircraft,to execute a flyability check andsubsequently validate the procedure (inlieu of, an FAA flight check that is onlyconducted under day, VFR, nonopposedconditions). The approach could then beflown by all Services' aircraft with JFCapproval. This does not eliminate therequirement for a flight inspection. SeeChapter II, Section 6b(3)(b).

All possible contingencies could not beincorporated into the above scenario. Someadditional issues to consider whenresourcing a transition force can be foundin Figure 111-4 and Table 111-2.

The ability to synchronize ATCresources and activities in time and spaceto produce maximum operationaleffectiveness requires special attention toindividual Service capabilities andlimitations. STTs require relief, resupplyor replenishment not later than (NLT)L+14. These forces are normally unable toconduct extended handover operationsbased on higher HQ tasking to moveforward. Transition forces must be capableof short duration handovers (24-48 hours)to relieve ST forces. Army TACTs arenormally also unable to conduct extendedhandover operations and require resupplyor relief NLT L+72. As discussed in initialentry, USMC ATC forces are limited to LZsin proximity to the littoral area based onflight time limitations of their airborneplatforms.

111-5

PLANNER'S TRANSITION CHECKLIST

ISSUES TO CONSIDER WHEN SOURCING A TRANSITION FORCE

'Mission. Airflow: aircraft type/volume/type of ATC service.'Environment. Hostile/nonhostile base supportfterrain/weather.•Time (i.e., airlift). How long is the transition gaplhow long to get in place?•TACS Interface.'Transfer.•Handoff template.'Key contacts (maintenance, communications, weather, etc.).'Procedures (ATC, air defense, etc.).'Airspace.'Communications capability.'Coordination requirements/procedures with adjacent facilities.'Base support.'Rules of engagement.•Equipment left behinh—who will maintain?'What equipment is compatible/incompatible?'Overlap, continuity of service.

Figure 111-4. Planner's Transition Checklist

Table 111-2. Transition and Sustainment Operations

Transition and Sustainment JATC OperationsService/System Approach GCA Tower Limitations Remarks

USA X X See FM 24-24 Transition/SustainUSAF/ANG X X X See AFI 13-220 Sustain

USMC X X X See MCWP 3-25.8 Transition/Sustain

Integration and interoperability of ATC to be replaced or upgraded. Based on thesystems is highly complex and may require traffic density, type aircraft, weather,extensive research into equipment terrain, and duration of support, the jointcapabilities and support requirements. planner needs to refer to Table 111-2 toService systems are designed as stand-alone determine what assets best fill the gapwith some limited connectivity. Planners between initial and sustainment forces.must first identify what systems are in placeand what systems are required. The key to 4. Sustainment Operationssolving integration and interoperabilityissues lie with the subject matter experts in Sustainment operations exist wheneach Service. Appendix E includes a hxmted ATC forces have achieved desireddescription of each Service s equipment .operational capability and conclude when

The initial entry force may be composed long term facilities are constructed orof USAF STT, USA TACT, or USMC MMT redeployment occurs. To establish aforces. This force has established a form of sustainment ATC capability requireslanding capability that will eventually have significant planning to ensure appropriate

111-6

airlift capability is available and the flowmeets the JFC's requirements.Establishment of a sustainment airfieldprovides the capability for full IFR supportof military and civil aircraft. FAA certifiedILS approach capability would be necessaryto effectively integrate CRAF support ofdeployment operations.

All Services can provide sustainedcapability for both VFR and IFR service toall Service aircraft through mobile controltowers, radar systems, and communica-tions connectivity. The Army system is onlylimited by the extent they can beresupplied/maintained. Navy shipboardsystems are only limited by the ability ofthe ship to remain on station and maintainits systems operational. AF and Marinesustaining equipment is extremely robustand requires extensive airlift to deploybut provides complete ATC service tosupport a theater airbase mission. SeeFigure 111-3.

a. Synchronization. The planningconsiderations for a transition phase arethe same as for the sustainment phase.Equipment availability is only one of themajor planning factors in determining the"end result" capability. Logistical supportfor equipment is a driving consideration.Replacement parts and trainedmaintenance technicians are Service andoften equipment specific. In a few systems(for example, TSW-7 ATC Towers), theServices share the same ATC equipmentand could be left in place, reducing airliftrequirements. In any case, base support(power, communications, supply, andpersonnel) needs to be in place to supportsustained ATC operations. Depending onthe equipment deployed, setup time willvary from hours to 2 days (in good weatherconditions) and then requires a completeflight check. Therefore, flight operationsrequiring a sustained ATC ability should beplanned no sooner than 3 days afterequipment arrival.

b. Integration. Determination of thebase's purpose drives the need forintegration. If the base is strictly a singleService location (for example, an USAhelicopter base or an USAF cargo/fighterbase), then integration may not be aconsideration. However, if multiserviceflight operations will occur, appropriateService ATC liaisons should augment theATC facilities. While English is one of theinternational flight languages,consideration for including a foreignlanguage qualified individual might berequired to work host natiori/ATC issues.

c. Interoperability. Current combatATC systems are designed with Servicespecific requirements and are notspecifically set up to interoperate withother Services. In addition, direct linksand procedures do not exist to connecttactical air control systems with USAFtactical ATC systems. Finally, due todistinct differences between aircraftperformance and procedures, plannersshould request controllers experienced/current with anticipated traffic.

5. End of Operations

The end of the sustainment would occurby either redeployment of the equipment,installation of permanent equipment, ortransfer to the host nation air traffic controlsystem. Drawdown of operations mayrequire reversing the buildup process andnecessitate the second deployment of initialentry (for example, STT) assets who areable to operate without base support. Endof operations will require a handover orphaseout of ATC services. See Appendix Ifor sample handover checklists. Thedeployed equipment may be redeployed toanother location, returned formaintenance, or even transferred to thehost nation as part of the foreign militarysales program.

111-7

Appendix A

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL FORCE STRUCTURE

1. Background throughout CONUS and Western Pacific(WESTPAC).This appendix outlines the deployable

air traffic control (ATC) force structure in The MATCDs of each MACS are locatedthe Services. at—2. Army Air Traffic Services (ATSs)

•MACS-i ATC Det A, MCAS CampFor active duty ATS tactical units, 45 Pendleton, California.

percent of their strength is in CONUS;27.5 percent of the strength is in Europe; •MACS-1 ATC Det B, MCAS Tustin,and another 27.5 percent is in the Pacific. California.Table A-i outlines the Army ATC tacticalunits. •MACS-2 ATC Det A, MCAS Beaufort,

South Carolina.3. Marine Air Control Squadrons(MACS5)

•MACS-2 ATC Det i, MCAS NewThere are 5 active duty and 2 reserve River, North Carolina.

MACSs. The active duty MACSs arelocated at— MACS-4 ATC Det A, MCAS Futenma,

Okinawa, Japan.•Marine Corps Air Station(MCAS) Cherry Point, North •MACS-4 ATC Det B, MCAS Iwakuni,Carolina. Japan.

•MCAS Beaufort, South Carolina. •MACS-6 ATC Det A, Marine Corps•MCAS Yuma, Arizona. Auxiliary Landing Field, Bogue,

North Carolina.•MCB Camp Pendleton,California. •MACS-6 ATC Det B, Marine Corps

•MCAS Futenma, Okinawa, Auxiliary Landing Field, Bogue,North Carolina.Japan.

Note: The MACSs at Cherry Point and •MACS-7 ATC Det A, MCAS Yuma,Beau fort will be consolidated into a single Arizonasquadron in the near future. Similarly,the MACSs at Pendleton and Yuma will •MACS-7 ATC Det B, MCAS El Toro,be consolidated into 1 squadron. Each California.consolidated squadron will contain 4Marine ATC detachments (MATCDs). •MACS-24 ATC Det A, Naval Air

The reserve MACSs are based out of Station (NAS) Joint Reserve Base,Damneck, Virginia, and Aurora, Colorado. Fort Worth, Texas (Reserve).The reserve MACS in Damneck has 2MATCDs. The reserve MACS in Aurora •MACS-24 ATC Det B, NAS Jointdoes not have any MATCDs. The MATCDs Reserve Base, Willow Grove,are positioned to support MCASs Pennsylvania (Reserve).

A-i

Table A-i. Army ATC Force StructureUNIT TYPE SUPPORTING ALIGN LOCATION29th ATS Gp (NG) EAC Gp 3d Army/USAREUR SWA Glen Arm, MD164th ATS Gp EAC Gp 8th Army NEA Seoul, KOR1-58th Bn Corps Bn XVIII Corps XVIII Corps Ft Bragg, NCA/1-58 ATS Corps Co XVIII Corps XVIII Corps Ft Bragg, NCB/1-58 ATS Abn Div Co 82 Abn Div XVIII Corps Ft Bragg, NCC/1-58 ATS AAsIt Div Co 101st AA Div XVIII Corps Ft Campbell,, KYD/1-58 ATS Div Co 3 Mech Div XVIII Corps Ft Stewart, GAE/1-58 ATS Div Co 10th LID XVIU Corps Ft Drum, NYF/1-58 ATS Div Co 1st Cay Div XVIII Corps Ft Hood, TX3-58th Bn Corps Bn V Corps/USAREUR V Corps Wiesbaden, GEE/58 ATS EAC Co USAREUR NATO Sandhofen, GEC/3-58 ATS Corps Co 3-58th Bn V Corps Wiesbaden, GEA/3-58 ATS Div Co 1st Arm Div V Corps Hanau, GEB/3-58 ATS Div Co 1st Mech Div V Corps Ansbach, GE2-114 Bn (NG) Corps Bn III Corps III Corps Little Rock, AREli 11 ATS (NG) EAC Co 3d Army SWA Jacksonville, FLDI114ATS(NG) Corps Co 2-114 Bn (NG) III Corps Little Rock, AR232 ATS (NG) Div Co III Corps 4th Mech Div Jackson, MS1-103 Bn (NG) Corps Bn I Corps I Corps Ft Lewis, WAB/4-58 ATS EAC Co 8th Army NEA Uijonbu, KOR145 ATS (NG) Corps Co I Corps I Corps Lexington, OKA/4-58 ATS Div Co 2d Mech Div Corps Camp Casey, KORG/58 ATS Div Co 25th ID Corps Schofield Bks, HIH/i 04 ATS (NG) Div Co 28th Arm Div Corps Harrisburg, PAG/238 ATS (NG) Div Co 38th Mech Div Corps ShelbyviIIe IN49 ATS (NG) Div Co 49th Arm Div I Corps San Antonio, TX129 ATS (NG) Div Co 29th Inf Div Corps Edgewood, MD181 ATS (NG) Div Co 34th Div Corps Bangor, MN416 ATS (NG) Div Co 40th Mech Div Corps Phoenix, AZ426 ATS (NG) Div Co 42d Div Corps Camp Edward, MA670 ATS (NG) Div Co 35th Div Corps Smyrna, TNF/58th ATS Maintenance All ATS units Woildwide Ft. Rucker, AL

4. Navy Tactical Air Control Groups integration of all air operations in support(TACGRUs) of amphibious operations.

a. TACGRU 1 is located at Naval 5. Air Force ProvidersAmphibious Base (NAB) Coronado, SanDiego, California. Its subordinate units are The Air Force has 16 deployable airtactical air control squadrons (TACRONs). traffic control and landing systemsTACRONs 11 and 12 are squadrons under (DATCALS). Three systems are located atGroup 1. The TACRONs deploy as the 3rd Combat Communications Group,detachments throughout the Pacific Fleet Tinker Air Force Base (AFB), Oklahoma.AOR to provide centralized planning, Three systems are maintained at the 5thcontrol, and integration of all air operations Combat Communications Group, Robinsin support of amphibious operations. AFB, Georgia. Both combat communica-

tions groups include a limited number ofb. TACGRU 2 is located at NAB Little air traffic controllers within the DATCALS

Creek, Norfolk, Virginia. Its subordinate packages. Ten systems are located at theunits are TACRONs. TACRONs 21 and 22 ANGATC squadrons across the country andare squadrons under Group 2. The include a full package of controllers andTACRONs deploy as detachments maintainers. The remaining ATC personnelthroughout the Atlantic Fleet AOR to are dispersed across various units, toprovide centralized planning, control, and include AFSOC special tactics squadrons,

A-2

active duty combat ATC units and MAJCOMs with a capability to provideDATCALS-augmentees from CONUS-based augmentee controllers are listed in TableMAJCOM operations support squadrons. A-2.

Table A-2. Air Force ATC Providers

MAJCOM

Air Combat Command (ACC)

Air Mobility Command (AMC)

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)

Air Education and Training Command (AETC)

Air Force Special Operations Component (AFSOC)

Air National Guard (ANG)

Notes:

a. Special Tactics Teams (STTs). The special tactics structure is organized into the720 Special Tactics Group (STG) Group, Hurlburt Field Florida. Under the 720 STG are the21 Special Tactics Squadron (STS), Pope AFB, North Carolina; the 22 STS, McChord AFB,Washington, the 23 STS, Huriburt Field, Florida; the 24 STS, Ft Bragg, North Carolina; the320 STS, Kadena, Japan, (Operational Control IOPCONI to the 353 Special Operations Group(SOG)); the 321 STS, Mildenhall, England (OPCON to 352 SOG, and an Operating Loation-A(OL-A) with liaison officers at HQ AMC, Scott AFB, Illinois. The 720 STG gains the 123 SpecialTactics Facility (STF) at Louisville, Kentucky, ANG 2.

b. ANG Air Traffic Control Squadrons are structured and organized under the hostbase wing commander, with the exception of—

(1) The 297 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Barbers Point, Hawaii, that is alignedunder the 201 Combat Communications Group (CCG) that in turn is aligned under the 154Fighter Wing (FW), Hickam AFB, Hawaii.

(2) The 259 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Alexandria, Louisiana, is aligned underthe 159 FW, Louisiana.

(3) The 235 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Selfridge ANGB, Michigan, is alignedunder the 127 FW, Michigan.

(4) The 248 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Meridian, Mississippi, is aligned underthe 186 Air Reconnaissance Wing (ARW), Mississippi.

(5) The 258 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, is alignedunder the 193 Special Operations Wing (SOW), Pennsylvania.

(6) The 241 Air Traffic Control Squadrons, St. Joseph, Missouri, is aligned underthe 139 Air Wing (AW), Missouri.

(7) The 245 Air Traffic Control Squadrons, McEntiree Air National Guard Base(ANGB), South Carolina, is aligned under the 169 FW South Carolina.

(8J Tke 243 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Cheyenne, Wyoming, is aligned underthe 153 AW, Wyoming.

(9) The 260 Air Fraffic Control Squadron, Pease International Tradeport, NewHampshire, is aligned under the 157 ARW, New Hampshire.

(10) The 270 Air Traffic Control Squadron, Kiamath Falls lAP, Oregon, is alignedunder the 173 FW, Oregon.

A-3

Appendix B

SERVICE COMPONENT CAPABILITIES MATRIX

Air Traffic ControlCapabilities

TERPSSite

Survey TERPSAirfieldSurve?

DayVFR4

NightVFR5

TacticalAirfield

Lighting

LimitedIFR

Services6

FullIFR

Services7

PrecisionApproach

RadarAirfield

ManagementFlightCheck

Air ForceCombat CommunicationsFixed Baset°

X' X1

XXX

X12

XxX

xX

x8X

x13X

x15x15

Air ForceSpecial Tactics Teams(S11)

X' X2 X X1' X X X x

Air Guard X1 X' X X12 X X X8 x

Army X X X14 X X X X X X16

ArmyGuard X X X X X

Marine Corps Xl X1 X2 X X X X X X

Navy X3 X3 X3 X3 X3 X

1. TERPS specialists (USAF Special Experience Identifier 361) should also be used to conduct site surveys. If possible, utilize the same personnel for the survey and tobuild the approaches.2. Basic airfield survey done during initial entry phase. Not a formal site survey that may be used to gather data for TERPS certified approaches.3. Navy AOCCs aboard LHNLHD class ships primarily provide ATC services to aircraft in support of the amphibious task force and have the capability to provide approachcontrol services to land-based satellite airports. TACRONs are capable of temporarily staffing (or augmenting) and operating shore-based ATC facilities.4. May be anything from one person with a portable radio to a MRC-144 communications vehicle to an entire mobile tower package.5. Airfield lighting or aircrew NVG systems required.6. Limited to TA CAN, NOB, or MMLS systems. No approach control or precision approach functions.7. May be limited to nonradar operations that may hamper operational tempo.8. USAF PAR controllers require Special Experience Identifier 365 and must be tasked accordingly to ensure qualified controllers are deployed.9. USAF airfield management personnel are tasked by the same command authority as ATC personnel. Navy controllers are qualified in both specialties.10. Fixed base UTCs consist of personnel only that normally join with USAF Combat Communications equipment in the forward area or maybe tailored (TPFOO) towork in host nation or interseivice facilities.11. SiT carry their own airfield lighting. (All others require tactical lighting systems or operational host-nation systems).12. Requires tactical lighting systems or operational host-nation systems.13. Airfield management services at austere locations may be provided by AMC Tanker-Airlift Control Element (TALCE).14. Generally limited to helicopter operations.15. USAF members work with and are tasked through FAA.16. Single C-12 operation for USA requirements.

2

Appendix C

TRAINING AND PERSONNEL COMPARISONS

Advanced Trainina Combat flnntrnt flrftcmon rnSurvey and Assault Zone

Assessment Course

ArmyAir Force

(Conventional ATC)Air Force

(Special Tactics Combat Control) Navy Marine CorpsInitial ATC TrainingLocation/Duration

Ft Rucker, AL,11 Weeks

Keesfer AFB, MS,15 weeks

Combat Control ATC CenterKeesler AFB, MS, 15 weeks

Pensacola NAS, FL,14 weeks

Pensacola NAS, FL,14 weeks

Combat_Control_IndoctrinationUS Army Airborne Parachutists

CourseCombat_Diver Qualification_CourseCombat_Survival_Training_Course

Underwater_EgressMilitary_Freefall_Parachutist_CourseCombat_Control_Apprentice_Course

Job SpecialtiesAwarded

93C10 1C1 J1C2XX ACI-3/ACCACCS/M

ACA1/A21A3

Other Courses PathfinderSchool

Combat ControlApprentice Course

Joint Air Operations Staff Course Carrier ATC OpsCourse

MATCALS 1

Operators CourseAirborne School ATC Craftsman Joint Firepower Control Course Amphibious ATC Advanced

Air AssaultAGOSJFCC

JAOSC

Airfield ManagementApprentice/Craftsman

Naval Gunfire Spotters CourseOps Course

Advanced Radar AirTraffic Control

MATCALSAdvanced Radar Air

Traffic Control

3attle Staff CoursNCO Crs

Military AirspaceManagement

Naval Tac Air Control Party Weapons andTactics Course

TERPS TERPS USMC TACP Weapons andTactics Instructor

Course

Automated TERPSTactical Radar Approach ControlVarious advanced parachuting,

diving/amphibious, survival, tacticalleadership, and contingency

planning courses

ArmyAirForce

(Conventional ATC)AlrForce

(Special Tactics Combat Control) Navy Marine CorpsCareer Progression Apprentice

(E1.E4)Controller(E1-E4)

Apprentice(E1-E3)

Apprentice(E1-E5)

Apprentice(E1-E5)

Controller inCharge (E4-E5)

Watch Supervisor(E5-E6)

Journeyman/AZ Controller(E3-E4)

Journeyman(E5-E6)

Watch Sup CrewChief (E5-E7)

Shift Supervisor(E5-E6)

Chief Controller,Facility Chief (E7-E9)

Craftsman /LZSO(E5-E6)

Senior Controller(E7-E9)

Tower/Radar Chief(E6-E7)

Facility Chief(E6-E7)

AOF/CCCATCOs(ANG)

(01 -04)

Superintendent/Manager(E7-E9)

Lead Chief(E8-E9)

NCOIC(E7-E8)

.

ATC Chief(E7-E8)

ATCS/CC (ANG)(0-5)

Flight Commander/Team Leader(01-03)

Platoon SGT(E7)

Force_StrengthMilitary-Active (BC) Enlisted — 1032

(1034)Officer -203 Auth

Enlisted 3138 AuthOfficer -60 AuthEnlisted 425 Auth

Officer-65Enlisted-2534

Officer-i 00Enlisted-650

Civilians 303 Not Available 0 40 0

I Marine Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems2 AGOS is a multiservice school3 USA F/FAA4 RC strength not available5 Civilian Job Classification (2152)

Appendix D

ARMY AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES TASK-ORGANIZED ELEMENTS

1. Background

This appendix lists and describes theprimary task-organized elements in ArmyATS.

2. Tactical Aviation Control Team(TACT)

TACTs are employed at auxiliary areasand remote locations. TACTs can provideArmy aviation units with on-the-spotcontrol and advisory capabilities in anyenvironment. The TACT provides terminalcontrol and advisory services at anylocation where Army aviation requirescoordinated movement of aircraft. They canbe organized in several configurations usingan easy to pack secure data/voicecommunications package. TACTs are taskorganized to support specific missions inthe forward areas. The focus is always onproviding support to aviation; the goal isto ensure coordinated aviation operationsat austere landing areas. With its secure,long range communications, the TACT isideal for providing terminal area servicesat remote, austere landing areas. TACToperations will provide portable,lightweight NAVAIDS for passage pointsand landing site designation andintegration. The mobility of the TACTallows the commander flexibility during allstages of force projection. The TACT canperform short-term independentoperations (for not more than 72 hours).Most tailored force packages using aviationassets should include TACTs.

3. Tower Teams

Tower teams are normally employed atmain operating bases where high-densityair traffic exists. This team provides towerservices similar to those that are conductedin a fixed base environment. Tower teams

control air traffic that is transitioning,landing, or departing main operating basesor tactical landing sites. The tower team isthe primary ATS organization for regulatingand integrating ATS terminal services atthe main operating base. It also establishesthe nonprecision approach capability forthe terminal area of operations. All aircraftmovements at the airfield or tacticallanding site that the aviation operationssection or appropriate Army airspacecommand and control (A2C2) elementinitiates should be coordinated with thetower team. Tower teams and TACTs canuse NVDs to detect threat air and groundforces during offensive or defensiveoperations.

4. Ground Controlled Approach (GCA)Team

The GCA team normally employs withthe tower team at main operating bases.This team provides a near all-weather,precision, and nonprecision approach andrecovery capability. It also providessurveillance vectoring and precision/nonprecision approach guidance to arrivingand departing aircraft operating in theterminal area.

5. A2C2 Liaison Element

Airspace management doctrine requiresthat A2C2 liaison elements be assigned atall echelons from brigade to EAC. The A2C2liaison team furnishes the personnel forthe A2C2 elements at each echelon. Itprovides A2C2, airspace information, andair traffic services integration. The liaisonteams are the primary players in helpingA2C2 cells provide synchronization,regulation, identification, and deconflictionof all airspace users These teams must berobust enough to afford 24-hour services yetmobile enough to move rapidly as combatoperations develop.

6. Communications Zone (COMMZ)Support Company

The COMMZ support company canprovide teams to support terminal areaoperations at up to 4 designated airfieldlocations or austere landing sites in thetheater. These locations are expected tobe used for sustainment operations wherejoint and multinational forces aircraftconduct landings and takeoffs. Thecompany can move rapidly using itsinternal TACTs in a terminal configuration.

7. Corps Support Company

The corps support company provides aterminal team to support terminal areaoperations at each designated airfield oraustere landing site. It also providesairspace information services in the corpsarea of operations. The company can moverapidly using its internal TACTs in aterminal configuration.

8. Division Support Company

The division support companyprovides—

a. Two TACTs.

b. Airspace information services in thedivision area of operations.

c. The division maneuver brigade'sA2C2 elements with A2C2 liaisonpersonnel.

d. Terminal area services at eachdesignated airfield location or austerelanding site.

e. The division airspace informationcenter (DAIC), which is organic to thedivision support company and collocatedwith the division A2C2 cell.

9. Assault Division Support Company

The assault division support companyis the same as the division support company

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except for the number of TACTs. Thecompany provides—

a. Six TACTs.

b. Airspace information services in thedivision area of operations.

c. The assault division maneuverbrigade's A2C2 elements with A2C2 liaisonpersonnel.

d. Terminal area services at eachdesignated airfield location or austerelanding site.

e. The division airspace informationcenter, which is organic to the assaultdivision support company.

10. Corps Airspace Information Center(CAIC)

The CAIC is the primary ATS facilitythat provides A2C2 services, airspaceinformation services, and coordination ofArmy, joint, and multinational air trafficoperating in the rear operations areas. Itis also the primary interface with the jointand multinational airspace managementsystem concerning the coordination offlights conducted within the LCC AOR. TheCAIC provides—

a. Updates that include hostile aircraftintrusion warnings.

b. On-call demand activated NAVAIDS,dissemination of terminal airfield status.

c. Flight following and navigationalassistance.

d. Aircraft sequencing on designatedflight routes.

e. Assistance in defensive and offensiveoperations.

f. Dissemination of current andforecasted aviation weather information.

g. Search and rescue assistance toaircraft performing CSAR operations.

h. The collection, processing, dis-playing, and dissemination of critical A2C2information.

11. Division Airspace InformationCenter (DAIC)

The DAIC provides A2C2 informationand is employed in the division area ofoperations. The DM0 supports the CAICwith its coordination activities. The DAICalso can provide real-time air picturesituational updates as required. The DM0

relays current and forecasted weatherinformation and is the primarycoordination link between the brigadeA2C2 and division A2C2 cells. Althoughlocated at different echelons, all airspaceinformation centers (AICs) performessentially the same function and have thesame tactical equipment. When the CMCis inoperative or moving, the ATScommander will designate another MC toserve as the main MO. The redesignatedMC operates and employs the same as theoriginal CAIC. This link ensures continuityin the flow of information required for airdefense and air traffic managementoperations.

Appendix E

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL EQUiPMENT

1. Background

This appendix contains a list anddescription of the most common ATCequipment used by the Services.

2. Army ATC Equipment

a. ATC Facility-ANITSQ-97.

(1) Description. The AN/TSQ-97 isa portable ATC facility for control of airtraffic at landing zones (LZs) in forwardareas. It can also be used at any LZ wherevisual flight rules (VFR) control is required.Included in the facility are the followingradio. communication capabilities: 1 ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio, 1 very highfrequency (VHF) radio, and 1 frequencymodulation (FM) radio.

(2) Installation. This equipment isnot actually installed as such, but is set upfor use where needed. When employed atan airfield, it is only utilized temporarilyuntil larger and more capable facilities areinstalled. The facility can be set up andoperational in about 10 minutes.

(3) Operation. The ANITSQ-97 canbe operated in the normal manner duringperiods of rain, if suitable waterproofcovering is used to shield the facility fromdirect drenching. This facility, however,will not be operated during electricalstorms. When the battery has been cycledunder moderate to warm climaticconditions, it should not be used in extremecold as cells may crack. When relocatingto cold environments, new batteries shouldbe used. Three air traffic controllers arerequired for the AN1TSQ-97.

(4) Interface. The AN/TSQ-97 caninterface with other deployed com-munications facilities via field phones orUHF/VHF/FM radio. Cables are suppliedto interface security equipment for X-mode(secure) communications. The AN/TSQ-97has no integral landline communicationsconsole. The TSQ-97 uses analogequipment for communications andrequires special consideration wheninterfacing with digital equipment.

(5) Transportation Requirements.The facility with batteries weighs about 200pounds and is intended to be personnel-transportable for short distances.

vehicle.

(a) By ground: 4 soldiers.

(b) By road: any cargo carrying

(c) By air: any helicopter witha utility designation or greater capability.

(6) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. Three air traffic controllerscan set up the AN1TSQ-97 and provide VFRATS utilizing UHF/VHF/FM securecommunications, provide wind direction,wind speed, and density altitude. The teamof 3 can install the AN/TSQ-97 to anoperational status within 20 minutes andcamouflage it in an additional 10 minutes.

b. Tactical Terminal Control System-ANITSQ-198.

(1) Description. The ANITSQ498 isa new mobile ATC facility, which when fullyfielded will replace the AN/TSQ-97. The

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AN/TSQ-198 will provide VFR control of airtraffic at LZs, drop zones (DZs), pick upzones (PZs), and temporary helicopteroperating areas. It can also be used at anyLZ where VFR control is required. The AN/TSQ-198 communications system can alsobe converteà to a portable battery-operatedmanpack (jump) configuration. Majorcommunications components of the AN/TSQ-198 include VHFIUHF AM radio setsand 1 FM radio (single channel ground andairborne radio system [SINCGARSI), 1 HFradio. When the AN/TSQ-198 is used at anairfield, it is only utilized temporarily untillarger and more capable facilities areinstalled. Three air traffic controllers arerequired for the ANJTSQ-198.

(2) Operations. The AN/TSQ-198can be operated on a 24-hour-a-day basis.It can move 4 times in a 24-hour period witha total distance of 80 km during the 4 moves

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with an estimated travel time of 2 hourseach move. The AN/TSQ-198 is capable ofoperations, transportation, and storage inhot, basic, cold, and severe cold climates; ithas secure voice communication interfaceand commonality with other Services.Individuals in mission oriented protectiveposture (MOPP) IV attire can operate it andthe system has been hardened to the effectsof NBC contamination and decontamina-tion agents. It is compatible with standardNVDs and has been hardened to the effectsof high-altitude electromagnetic pulse.

(3) Interface. The AN1TSQ-198 caninterface with other deployed commun-ications facilities via field phones or radiosutilizing:

(a) VHF/HF radios with jamresistant capability.

Picture E-1. ANITSQ-1 98

(b) UHF, VHF, and HF radioswith communications security (COMSEC)capability.

ment for HF.(c) Automatic link establish-

(d) Data transfer over HF,UHF, and VHF radios.

The ANITSQ-198 supports standardiza-tion and interoperability with other USmilitary radio systems, allied and NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)forces, and with host nation ATS systems.The AN/TSQ-198 is mteroperable with theUS Air Forces "Pacer Speak" series of radiosystems.

(4) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By road: HMMWV, M-998.

(b) By air: sling load, singlehelicopter capable; C-130 single aircraftminimum requirement.

Note: The ANITSQ-198 communicationssystem can also be converted to a portablebattery-operated manpack (jump)configuration.

(5) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. Three air traffic controllersset up the AN/TSQ-198 and provide airtraffic services utilizing UHF/VHF/FM/HFsecure communications. This serviceincludes arrival/departure information,weather, wind direction and speedinformation, and sequencing instructions.The team of 3 installs the AN/TSQ-198 toan operational status within an estimated15-30 minutes, including camouflage.

70Ac. Aircraft Control Central-AN/TSQ-

(1) Description. Aircraft ControlCentral ANITSQ-70A is an air and groundtransportable unit that provides facilitiesfor ATC within and about an airfield. The

ANITSQ-70A facilitates visual sighting andcommunication with aircraft to provide in-flight and on-ground assistance and control.It may be operated from controls inside theshelter or by portable consoles remotelylocated within 100 feet (ft) radius of theshelter. The AN/TSQ-70A is used at anairfield to provide air traffic regulation,aircraft separation, in-flight assistance,landing and takeoff control, and groundcontrol. Its major components include 3UHF radios, 3 VHF radios, 2 FM radios,and 1 HF radio. Six air traffic controllersare required for the ANITSQ-70A.

(2) Interface. The AN/TSQ-70Acan interface with other facilities vialandline or VHF/UHF/FM/HF radios. Note:The TSQ-70A uses analog equipment forcommunications and requires specialconsideration when interfacing withdigital equipment.

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By ground: M-35 (deuceand a half); sling loaded minus vehicle.

(b) By air: mounted configura-tion-C-141 or larger; dismountedconfiguration-C-130 or larger.

(4) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. After arrival at the requiredlocation, the system set up (positions,unpack, and assemble) time is within 1hour. Required tasks include mountingradio antennas, connecting to the requiredpower source, and performing communica-tions checks.

d. ATC Central-AN/TSW-7A.

(1) Description. The AN/TSW-7A isoperated by active duty personnel andprovides ground-to-aircraft radio com-munications and surface communications ina tactical field environment. It is atransportable facility that can be employedat airstrips for airborne and ground controlof aircraft. This facility may be installed to

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replace permanent control towers inemergency conditions. The ATC centralprovides the same functions as a stationaryATC tower. It contains all the equipmentneeded to control aircraft under VFRconditions.

(2) Operation. The ATC centralprovides ground-to-aircraft, aircraft-to-ground, airborne-to-airborne, and surfacecommunications within a designatedairport tactical area or airfield. It alsoprovides 2way radio communications toaircraft within radio line-of-sight (LOS),weather reporting pilot-to-forecasterservice, and flight data. Military operationsmessage relaying is an additional feature.Major components of the AN/TSW-7Ainclude 3 UHF radios, 3 VHF radios, 3VHF FMJAM radios, and 1 HF radio. Threeair traffic controllers are required for theAN/TSW-7A. Four ATC specialists arerequired for installation of the facility.

(3) Interface. The AN/TSW-7A caninterface with other ATC facilities oroperations centers via landline (WD-1 orprivate branch exchange [PBX]), FM, VHF,UHF, and HF radio frequencies. A dualfiltered light gun is provided for nonverbalsignaling.

(4) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: 1 each C-17 (onpallets), C-5 (heavy lift type).

(b) By road: 2 M-35, 2 ½-tonmotor vehicles, loaded with baggage andtowing MJQ-18 generators.

(5) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. The ANITSW-7A is capableof 2 continuous hours of limited operationon battery power. Full service operationson generated power are possible within thelimits of equipment maintenance orinteroperability. The team can properlyposition, unpack, and assemble the AN!TSW-7A within 20 minutes (Emergency

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Mode), 30 minutes (Limited DurationMode), or 60 minutes (Extended DurationMode).

71B.e. Landing Control Central-AN/TSQ-

(1) Description. The GCA radar isa precision radar set providing courselineand glidepath tracking of aircraft to within20 ft (altitude) and 1.3-degree runwayalignment of a predetermined landing point(touchdown). Aircraft position asdetermined by the GCA radar is relayed tothe aircraft pilot using the radiocommunications facilities provided withthe ANPI'SQ-71B. An airport surveillanceradar (ASR) capability may be providedwhen the maximum radar range is 40 NM.Normally, the search mode is used to vectoraircraft into the, approach sector. Theoperating modes, selected by the MODEswitch, are—Search Mode, PrecisionApproach (NORMAL) Mode, Height FinderMode, Simultaneous Mode (this modeallows tracking targets outside theapproach sector while providing GCA[precision] for landing aircraft), andidentification, friend, or foe (1FF)interrogation mode. Major components ofthe ANITSQ-71B include the shelter, theAS-1905/TPX-44 1FF interrogator antenna,the ANIMJQ-15 power generation set, andthe AN/TPN-18 radar set (GCA). Radiocommunications include 3 UHF radios, 3VHF radios, and 2 FM radios. Seven airtraffic controllers are required for the AN!TSQ-7 lB.

(2) Interface. AN!TSQ-71B caninterface with other facilities via landlineor VHF/UHF/FM/HF radios. Normally, theonly facility the AN/TSQ-71B will berequired to interface with is the towerfacility on the same airfeldI1anding area.Note: The TSQ-71B uses analog equipmentfor communications and requires specialconsideration when interfacing withdigital equipment.

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By road: 2 1/2-ton M-35;sling loaded minus vehicle.

(b) By air: mounted configura-tion-C-141 or larger; dismountedconfiguration C-130 or larger.

Note: This system is not railtransportable.

(4) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. After arrival at thedesignated location, the GCA team and 7air traffic controllers can install the AN/TSQ-71B to an operational status andcamouflage it within 7 hours.

f. Flight Coordination Center (FCC)-ANPFSC-61B.

(1) Description. The ANITSC-61Bis a transportable unit that providesfacilities for air traffic coordination, airdefense identification warning, and in-flight assistance within an assigned zoneof responsibility on a continuous basis.Altitude, time, and distance flight plan datafor airborne aircraft can also be coordinatedin the FCC (now called an airspaceinformation center [AIC]).

(2) Operation. The AIC is the mainATC facility for the en route structure. Itprovides facilities to establish air-to-ground radio communications with FMequipment (tactical FM) in the VHF rangeand with AM equipment (pilot commandcontrol) in the UHF, VHF, and HF ranges.There are also facilities for telephone andground-to-ground radio communicationswith associated airfields and groundinstallations, as well as adjacent ATCfacilities. Eight air traffic controllers arerequired for the AN/TSC-61B. TheAN/TSC-61B provides the following radio!landline communications capabilities; 3

UHF radios, 3 VHF radios, 3 FM radios, 1HF radio, and capability for 15 landlines.

(3) Interface. The AN1TSC-61B caninterface with other facilities via landlineor VHF/UHFIFM/HF radios. The TSC-61Buses analog equipment for communicationsand requires special consideration wheninterfacing with digital equipment.

(4) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By road: M-35 or M-211.

(b) By air: sling loaded byutility helicopter when air transportedminus the vehicle; in mounted con-figuration-C-141 or larger; in dismountedconfiguration-C 130 or larger.

(5) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. After arrival at its tacticallocation, the AN/TSC-61B can be installedand operational with camouflage within 1hour. Add 45 minutes for installation ofMast AB-577!GRC (telescoping antennamast used to raise an array of 2 antennasto a height of approximately 50 ft). Allowan additional 15 minutes for installation ofthe Extension Kit, Mast MK-806/GRC.

g. Beacon Set, Radio-AN/TRN-30(V)li(V)2.

(1) Description. The radio beaconset transmits a homing signal that is usedin airborne direction finding (ADF) SetsAN!ARN-59 and AN!ARN-83 installed inhelicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. Theradio beacon set provides an AM radiofrequency (1F) signal on any one of 964channels in the frequency ranges from 200to 535.5 kHz and 1605 to 1750.5 kHz intunable increments of 5 kHz. The RFoutput is modulated by a 1020 Hz tone,which is automatically keyed to form MorseCode characters in 4-letter groups, asselected by the operator, or manually keyedas desired. The transmission ranges of theradio beacon set are—

antenna.

antenna.

mode.

(a) AN/TRN-30 (V) 1.

'28 KM (16 NM) with 16 ft

.46 KM (26 NM) with 30 ft

(b) ANITRN-30 (V) 2.

'93 KM (60 NM), tactical mode.

'186 KM (100 NM), semi-fixed

(2) Configurations. The radiobeacon set is used to provide a nonprecisionapproach at a tactical/semi-fixed airfield!landing area in 2 configurations:

30(V) 1.(a) Pathfinder mode-AN/TRN-

(b) Tactical and semi-fixedmode-AN/TRN-30 (V) 2.

(3) Personnel. No. air trafficcontrollers are required for this equipment.It is a support NAVAIDS piece of equipmentincluded for use with other ATC facilities.

(4) Interface. N/A.

(5) Transportation Requirements(AN/TRN-30 IV] 1 and IV] 2). Both systemsare air or ground transportable. Normallythese pieces of equipment are groundtransportable by the vehicle/facility usingthis equipment.

(6) Minimal Mission Capability andSetup Timing. Once the ATC teamresponsible for siting the radio beacon sethas deployed and been provided with abeacon frequency and code they will—

(a) Install to an operationalstatus, the ANITRN-30 (V) 1 (15 ft antenna)within 20 minutes or (30 ft antenna) within30 minutes of arrival at desired location(Pathfinder Mode).

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(b) Install to an operationalstatus, the ANITRN-30 (V) 2 (tactical andsemi-fixed mode) within 90 minutes ofarrival at desired location (Tactical andSemi-fixed Mode).

Table E-1 lists Army ATS equipment, itsassociated support equipment and theairlift requirements for normal and rapiddeployment.

h. Acquisition Programs. Future ATC/ATS Systems which are currently funded.

(1) Tower System (Future)-MobileTower System (MOTS).

The MOTS replaces the AN/TSQ-70Aand the AN/TSW-7A, Aircraft ControlCentral. The MOTS is a mobile ATC tower.The MOTS can be deployed mounted on aHMMWV or be air lifted by C-130 aircraftor UH-60 or larger helicopter to the aircraftlanding area and rapidly begin operation.The MOTS will provide terminal ATCservices for selected high traffic landingareas in the EAC, corps, and division areas.The ATC services will include the necessarycoordination permitting IMC recovery andlanding with Army precision radar. TheMOTS will have digital air/groundcommunication and digital linkage (mobilesubscriber equipment EMSEI, Have Quick,SINCGARS, etc.) into A2C2, ATSs, and localcommand nets. The MOTS will have spacefor 2 ATC operators and 1 supervisor.

(2) Radar System (Future)-AirTraffic Navigation, Integration, andCoordination System (ATNAVICS).

The ATNAVICS replaces theAN/TSQ-71B, Landing Control Central.The ATNAVICS is a vehicle-mounted,survivable radar system that will providecontinuous, near all-weather, landingprecision assistance and departurerecovery capability at Army tacticalairfields and landing areas. Additionally,the ATNAVICS will provide 'areasurveillance and aircraft identification

Table El. Army ATS and Support Eqwpment

ARMY ATS and SUPPORT EQUIPMENT AIRCRAFT TYPE AMOUNTC13O C141 C17 C-5

TACT 1 1

AN/TSQ-198_Consisting_of:1 ea_M-988_(HMMWV)1 ea_M-101A2_Trailer

AICL!II

Normal Deployment: 3 2 2 1

1 ea M-923A2 (5 Ton Truck)1 ea AN/TSC-61 B (Comm Van) .

1 ea MJQ-37 (Pwr Gen TrI)1 ea M-35A2 (2.5 Ton Truck)1 ea M-998 (HMMWV)

Rapid Deployment: 2 1 2 1

1 ea MJQ-37 (Pwr Gen Trl)1 éa AN/TSC-61 B (Comm Van)1 ea M-998 (HMMWV)1 ea M-35A2 (2.5 Ton Truck)

Tactical Tower SectionNormal Deployment: 3 2 2 1

1 ea AN/TSW-7A (Cntrl Twr)1 ea_ECU_(for TSW-7A)2 ea M35A2 (2.5 Ton Truck) .

2 ea PU-802A (Generatorsi1 ea M-998 (HMMWV)1 ea_M-101A2_(Trailer)

Rapid Deployment: 2 1 1 1

1 ea_AniTSW-7A_(Cntrl_Twr)2 ea M35A2 (2.5 Ton Truck)2 ea_PU-802A_(Generators)

GCANormal Deployment: 4 3 3 1

1 ea AN,TSQ-71_(Radar_Shelter)1 ea AN,TPN-18A_(Rcvr/Trnsmtr)1 ea ANITSC-147_(Comnav Work_Van)3 ea_M-35A2_(2.5_Ton_Truck)1 ea_M-1037_(HMMWV)2 ea M-998 (HMMWV) .

2 ea MJQ-39 (Generators)1 ea PU-814 (Generator)

Rapid Deployment: 2 1 1 1

1 ea AN-TSQ-71 B_(Van)1ea AN,TPN-18 (Rcvr/Trnsmtr)

ea M-1 037 (HMMWV)ea M-35A2C (2.5 Ton Truck)

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capability for a minimum of a 25 NM radiusof all sites where employed. TheATNAVICS is designed for employment atdivision, corps, and echelon above corps.The system consists of 3 integrated radars:ASR, precision approach radar (PAR), and

secondary surveillance radar. The fixedbase PAR is being combined withATNAVICS for commonality andstandardization within the acquisitionprocess.

Picture E-3. Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and Coordination System (ATNAVICS)

Picture E-2. Mobile Tower System (MOTS)

I

(3) A2C2 System (Future)-TacticalAirspace Integration System (TAIS).

The TAIS replaces the AN/TSC-61BFlight Operations Center/FlightCoordination Center (FOC/FCC), andadditionally assumes the Army A2C2mission. The TAIS will be a mobilecommunications and digitized battlefieldautomated system for airspacemanagement. FM 100-13, BattlefieldCoordination Detachment (BCD), states theTAIS is planned for employment in anytheater of operations and will be the Armysystem to meet both A2C2 and ATSrequirements. A2C2 is a combined armsrequirement, not just an aviation

requirement. The TAIS, as a piece ofequipment in the A2C2 element, will bedirectly responsive to the command levelG-3 organization (usually the G-3 Air). TheTAIS will collocate with the command levelA2C2 element at the main tacticaloperations center (EAC, corps tacticaloperations center ECTOC], division tacticaloperations center [DTOC]), as appropriate.The TAIS will provide the digitizedbattlefield with automated A2C2 planning,enhanced A2C2 execution, and improvedtheater and intra- and inter-corps/divisionATS support in war, and military operationsother than war (MOOTW).

Picture E-4. Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS)

3. Marine ATC Equipment

a. Air Traffic Control Section (ATCS)-ANITPS-73.

(1) Description. The ANPFPS-73 isa 2-dimensional, transportable tacticalairport surveillance radar system operatingin the E-band (2705-2895 MHz). Designedfor a tactical environment with ECMfeatures including blanking sectors andpolarization diversity, the AN/TPS-73 ismanned and controlled from theAN/TSQ-131, using the ANPrPS-73 controlpanel. The ANITPN-73 is enclosed in anInternational Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO) shelter for independenttransport. The antenna drive tilts to permitground level assembly/disassembly of the10-piece antenna. The antenna, 16 inch airconditioning ducts, and shelter skids arepacked within the shelter. Unmannedduring operations, the AN/TPS-73 can bephysically located within cable radius (500ft)oftheANITSQ-131. The AN/TPN-73 is anonlinear radar capable of a 60 NMsurveillance range for its primary radar,120 NM search range for its secondary radar(1FF), and is capable of detecting airbornetargets up to an altitude of 60,000 ft. TheATCS is capable of interrogating 1FF modesI, II, IIIC, and IV. Radar and 1FFinformation from the ATCS are processedwithin the control and communicationssubsystem (CCS) and can be forwarded toother agencies via data link and or voicecommunications.

access.

(2) Interface.

(a) Radio, phone, and intercom

(b) With AN/TSQ-131 viaorderwire control unit (OCU) or fieldphone.

(3) Transportation.

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-17,C-5, CH-53 can transport as an externalload using 40,000 pound slings.

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(b) By ground: tractor trailer,logistic vehicle system (LVS).

(4) Setup. The system can bepacked-out or set up in 4 hours by 4.Marines.

b. All-Weather Landing Subsystem(ALS)-ANPFPN-22.

(1) Description. The AN1TPN-22 isan I-band (9000-9200 MHz), 3-dimensional,track while search, air transportable,phased array radar that provides the datainput to the TSQ-131 for display, enablingcontrollers to monitor and control aircraftwithin the landing area airspace. The ANITPN-22's pencil beam radar has 46-degreeazimuth coverage, a 10 NM range, and an8-degree (minus 1 to plus 7 degrees)angular coverage in elevation. The AN/TPN22 provides Mode I/IA, Mode II, and ModeIII approach services via tactical digitalinformation link (TADIL) C for all-weatherlandings. The AN/TPN 22 is capable ofautomatic tracking for up to 6 aircraftsimultaneously. The AN/TPN-22 operatesin concert with the ANITSQ-131.

(2) Modes. Mode I is automatic andfunctions as the landing control andguidance sensor, providing detection andposition data to the ANPFSQ-131. Mode IIis semiautomatic and provides position,glideslope, and course lines to the TSQ-131that sends the information to theinstruments of equipped aircraft (finalcontroller in AN/TSQ-131 can monitorapproachEs]). Mode III sends GCA azimuthlelevation data to the controller in theAN/TSQ-131, allowing the controller toverbally guide aircraft to the runway. Uponinitial setup, ANIFPN-22 is unmanned andits functions are monitored remotely fromAN/TSQ-131.

(3) Antenna Placement. Thenumber and layout of runways must beconsidered in antenna placement. The AN/TPN-22 can maintain data on 4 transmitterdistributor (TD) points but can provideservice to only one runway at a time.

(4) Interface. The AN/TPN-22provides for transmission of radar, video,antenna, and mode/status information fromthe AN/TPN-22 to the ANITSQ-13 1. Remotecontrol and status panel interface is onlyoperative when the ANITPN-22 is in automode and is required to be fully operablefor Mode I and II operations. Voicecommunication is available between theAN1TPN-22 and the AN/TSQ-131, but theANPrPN-22 cannot access crypto gear, thusit cannot receive covered communicationsfrom the AN/TSQ-131.

(5) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-5,CH-53 can transport as an external loadusing 40,000 pound slings.

LVS.(b) By ground: tractor trailer,

(6) Setup. Three Marines can site-survey and set up the system for 1 runwaywithin 3 hours.

c. CCS-AN/TSQ-131.

(1) Description. The AN/TSQ-131 isthe heart of the Marine air traffic controland landing system (MATCALS). It is an airtransportable facility containing allequipment, excluding sensors, to meetdisplay and communications requirementsfor providing full IFR ATC services toexpeditionary airfields. It functions as acollection point for radar data produced bythe ATCS and the ALS. The CCS consistsof 2 ISO shelters, which allow itsemployment in either a single or dualshelter configuration. Each shelterprovides 4 processor display system (PDS)consoles, which serve as operationalworkstations for crewmembers. Each PDShas its own communications capability. Inaddition to intercommunications andswitchboard circuits, the CCS provideaccess to 1 HF, 3 VHF amplitudemodulation (AM), 1 VHF FM, and 8 UHFradios. One UHF radio is reserved for

TADIL-C. In addition to accessing singlechannel radios, the CCS provides access to10 external telephone lines. The CCS hasthe capability to automatically exchangecertain elements of command, tacticalintelligence, and situation data with otherMATCDs, TAOCs, and the TACC viaTADIL-B. The AN/TSQ-131 has a 20-channel tape recorder and has secure voicecapability using KY-75 and KY-58. The CCSis a software driven system.

(2) Interface.

(a) Provides for digitalinterface (not video) of control and datamessages between various peripherals.

(b) Remote control unitslocated within the AWrSQ-131 to providestatus and remote control of theAN/TPN-22, ANiTPS-73 and ANiTRN-44.

(c) With TSQ-120A by OCUradios and field phones.

(d) External agencies (weather,VFR, air operations) by field phones andground to ground radio nets.

tower.(e) Crash alarm wired from

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-17,C-5, CH-53 can transport as an externalload.

LVS.(b) By ground: tractor trailer,

(4) Setup.

(a) 6 Marines can set up 1 AN!TSQ-131 in 2 hours.

(b) 6 Marines can set up 2 AN/TSQ-131s in 5 hours.

E-1 1

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-17,

(b) By ground: tractor trailer,

e. Control Central-AN/TRC-195.

remote site operations. Typically employedin the rear section of a HMMWV, theANPFRC-195 provides up to 2 controllerswith communications access to 420 Hz telephone lines and 1 HF/VHF FM, 1VHF AM, and 2 UHF single channel radios.

(2) Interface.

(a) Landlines with AN/TSQ..131 and or AN/TSQ-120 when used as atower backup.

(b) With AN/TPN-30.

(c) Communication via radios.Note: The radios come from the AN/TSQ-131, thus reducing the ANITSQ-131'scapability.

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: C-130, C141, C-17,C-5, CH-53, CH-46.

(b) By ground: flatbed,HMMWV or equivalent, railroad cars, shortdistances forklift.

(4) Setup. 30 minutes by 2 Marines.

f. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)-ANPFRN-44.

(1) Description. The AN/TRN-44set is a transportable, dual-channelnavigational aid which operates in theD-band (962-1213 MHz) and provides up to100 TACAN equipped aircraft with range,bearing and station identificationinformation within an effective radiuscoverage of 200 miles. It is used for bothen route navigation guidance and as aninstrument approach aid.

(2) Interface.

(a) Linked by phone land lineswith AN/TSQ-120 and/or AN/TSQ-131.

field phones.(b) Linked to other units by

(c) If employed alone,technicians man it; if it is employed withthe AN/TSQ-120 or AN/TSQ-131, it isunmanned and remotely monitored.

(c) Two AN-TSQ-131s with 1ANITPS-73 and 1 AN/TPN-22 can be set upin 10 hours by 12 Marines.

d. Air Traffic Control Central (ATCTower)-ANPI'SQ-12OAIB.

(1) Description. The AN/TSQ-120 isa transportable ATC tower facility, whichprovides operators with 360-degree visualobservance of aircraft, both on the groundand in the air, operating within adesignated control zone and visual controlover ground vehicles operating in thevicinity of the runway. The ATC tower canbe erected to heights of 8, 16, or 24 ft. TheATC tower provides the operator positionsfrom where aircraft and airfield control iseffected through the use of radiocommunications and visual aids. The ATCtower provides operators with access to 1HF, 3 VHF/AM, 1 VHF/FM, and 5 UHFsingle channel radios and up to 10telephone lines. The ANITSQ-120B modelis capable of encrypted communications,has a second crash net radio, and isequipped with an ISO shelter. All audiocommunications are recorded.

(2) Interface. The AN/TSQ-12OAIBmust deploy with at least 1 ANPFQS-131 andAN/TPS-73 during IFR/IMC conditions.Aircraft operations may coordinate withAN/TSQ-131 by field phone. Crash, fire, andrescue coordination are done with crashradio or landline. Communication assetsinclude radios and phone lines. Note: Theradios come from the AN/TSQ-131, thusreducing the ANITSQ-131's capability.

C-5.

LVS, 5 ton.

(4) Setup. 4 Marines can erect thesystem to a height of 24 ft within 5 hours.

E-12

(1) Description. The AN/TRC-195provides a limited tower capability for

C-5.

(3) Transportation Requirements. (4) Setup. 10-15 minutes by 2

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-17,

(b) By ground: tractor trailer,

Marines.

h. Maintenance Repair Group-AN/TSM-170.

LVS, 5 ton.

(4) Setup. 4 hours by 4 Marines.

g. Marine Remote Area Approach andLanding System (MRAALS)-ANITPN-30.

(1) Description. The ANITPN-30 isa 2-person, portable, all-weatherinstrument landing system. It transmitsazimuth, distance, and elevation data in theJ-band (15.412-15.680 GHz) and distancemeasuring equipment (DME)/stationidentification data in the D-band (962-1213MHz). It provides 40-degree azimuth and20-degree elevation guidance out to 10 NMon final approach to aircraft equipped withthe ARA-63 airborne radar system. It alsoprovides 360-degree DME and stationidentification information out to 40 NM.The AN/TPN-30 will be used as independentlanding monitors in conjunction with theAN/TPN-22. The AN/TPN-30 will providethe pilot an in-cockpit check of theapproach that is independent of the AN!TPN-22 system.

(2) Interface.

(a) Can be monitored fromANITSQ-120 or can be remotely controlledup to 1000 ft using field wire.

(b) Communication via radiolink interface set that uses VHF 30.00-75.95(with 50 KHz spacing).

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-17,C-5, CH-53, CH-46, UH-1N.

(b) By ground: tractor trailer,LVS 5-ton, HMMWV or equivalent.

(1) Description. The ANiTSM-170group consists of 4 standard ISO shelters,which contain the workbenches, testequipment, cabinets, tools, and otherequipment necessary for sectionmaintenance of Fleet Marine Force (FMF)ATC equipment. All shelters allow somedegree of flexibility to accommodatechanged maintenance demands based onmission and equipment configuration. TheAN/TSM-170 group consists of the followingshelters:

(a) OA-914 1/TSM- 170-Auxiliary Equipment Repair Group.

(b) OA-9142/TSM-170-Communications Equipment Repair Group.

(c) OA-9143/TSM-170-RadarEquipment Repair Group.

(d) OA-9144/TSM-170-Electronic Module Repair Group.

(2) Interface. With other FMF ATCequipment is by field phone.

(3) Transportation Requirements.

(a) By air: C-130, C-141, C-17,C-5, CH-53 can transport as an externalload.

LVS.(b) By ground: tractor trailer,

(4) Setup. Each AN/TSM-170 isconfigured for immediate deployment andrequires 30 minutes setup time.

Table E-2 lists amphibious ATCequipment.

E-1 3

Table E-2. Amphibious ATC EquipmentPIJLLtic IP Ctff

DISPLAYWADDTS

RJ11JDISPI.AYOLVR

COCSYSTaI

MDIXTE

PLAYBASK I€ADSET

JADI<BOXPAR

SPN.41AILS

NAySRCE RADAFF

IHAI0 TARAWA(SAN DIEGO)

P4105IJYA.4

N/A TPX-42V-13 V-)0( ADS0Th FY99

N1DSS ELK 1 2-99

LS537IVN -98

RX390 (10) (8) SPN.358 FY01 I5lvV( SPN4B, , 40,671FF- SNv€

LHA.2 SAJPAN(NORU

TPX-42V12VtX2.Y8ai

USIUSQ

TPX-42V-13V-)0( ADSZD 0Th FY04

PCOS 10 LS537M4-01

79ASPKR

10 8 5PF4368 FY01 ADDS}tvV(

SPN4, 48E, 40,67lFF-4348(ClFF)

IHA.399&3

BLEAU%(JAPAN)

TPX-42V13Y9W-991

USQ99B-0U98B-S

170(-42V-13V-)0( ADSC 0Th FY04

N1DS.A(tS ti0 3-98

L37M4 -01

12SPt

10 8 SPN-A FY99 SR4-KCtV(

SPN4, 48E,40, 671FF- SANE

LHA.499725

NASSAUU40RFOU<)

TPX-4ZV-13VY9C1

USQ6-OUSQ00B-S

TPX-42V-13 V-)0( ADSC OTR FY04

ADDS E&tlO LS537NH -99

212SF101

10 8 SPN.368 FYCQ ADDSKC1vV(

SPN499. 485, 40,671FF- 43 48 (CIFF)

LHA-599748

aaiu(SAN DIEGO)

TPX-42V13Y9GO1

USQ87B-DU8-S

TPX.42V-13V-)0( ADSD 0711 FY04

P4105PS ELK 19-98

LS637PIN -01

R(12SF101

10 8 SPN-368 FY99 '1AVIPvV(

SPN43, 485,40,671FF- SAtE

L}4)-1215&I

WASP(PXIRlt[J4j

TPX-42V.12VOOl

(X)-991

USI-USQ99

TPX-42I-12VY8cO-991 05197

'TPX-421-13 V-)0( ADS3FOQTh_FY99

ADDS BIK 1 L8554 79ASPKR

10 8 SPN.35B DC*4E SOlVEI1VV(

SPN43, 49, 486,67IFF-4349

LH)-22153

ESSEX(SANDI)

TPX-42i/12Y9GO1

USPU TPX-42V-13V-)0( ADS3FOOTR FY04

PIX)S ELK &L9 LS654 W9A 10 8 SPN.35B FY01 SOlVEKOlvV(

SPN4, 49,485,67IFF-4349

U0-321700

KEARSARGE.CRF0Ug

TPX-42V12VYB

USI-Q6U9 TPX-42V-13 V-)0( ADS'CCI1R FY99

ADDS BLKQ'L 10 t.S654 F87079A 10 8 5P14.358 FY98 SOlVEN/lVV(

SPN4E, 49,485,67IFF-4349

LfD.421898

BOXER(SAN DIEGO)

TPX-42V12VO(.Y9

U-U TPX-4W-13V-)0( ADS4TH 0171 FY04

ACtS BLX04.9 LS4 79A 10 8 SPP'I.35A FY01 SOlVEIGtvV(

SPN499 49,486,67IFF-43.49

LID-521879

BATMN(NOUQ

TPX-42V13Y9 US-SUSO98BD

TPX-42V-13 V-)0( ADSDQTR FY04

ADDS ELK Ot 10 PlOT W12SF101

10 SPN-35B OOl'E SOlVEllvV(

5PN43, 49,485,67IFF-43,49

U-D6 BOl4 I40MVEPiCHAFO

(SAN DIEGO)

TPX-42V13Y9CG99I

USI-USD876-S

TPX-42V-13 V-)0( ADS1) aIR FY04

ADDS DIJ( 04.10 PlOT ER2.

(10) $PN.35B .1E. SOlvEIlVV(

SPN6, 49, 486,67IFF-43. 49

LPD7 PAVJIMA(P4J4)

USPUS(B-S

TPX-42V-13 V-)0( ADS%D 0111 FY99

A(X)S DIJ( CXL 10 PlOTSAFE

(10) SPN.35B FY00 SOlvEKCPVV(

SPM. 49,485,671FF- 43 49

IVCS-12 IPCPO4(INGALS

SPA-25GTR

N/A N/A UPKI4 TAD7O 0 5 4 SPN N/A GYRO SPN

4. Air Force ATC Equipment.

a. Special Tactics Squadrons (STS). Inaddition to the ANIMRC-144, AN/TRN-41TACAN, AN/TRN-45 Mobile MicrowaveLanding System (MMLS) and airfieldmarking equipment, the STS possess thefollowing equipment:

(1) VHF/UHF Manpack Radios

(a) ANIPRC-113 Transceiver.This equipment operates in secure and non-secure voice mode. It can be used for HaveQuick/whisper mode operation(s).

(b) PRC-117D(C) Transceiver.This equipment operates in simplex/halfduplex mode. It has a frequency hoppingmode and satellite communications(SATCOM) mode of operation. Theequipment also has a built in COMSECmodule.

(c) LST-5C Lightweight Satel-lite Transceiver. This equipment operatesin FM and AM scan and beacon modes. Ithas a self-contained 1200/2400 baud modem.

(d) HST-4A Satellite Trans-ceiver. This equipment operates in AM scanand beacon modes and also has a securemode of operations in AMJFM. It has a self-contained 1200/2400 baud modem.

(2) HF Manpack Radios.

(a) AN/PRC-132 HF Trans-ceiver. This equipment operates in singlesideband (SSB) and half duplex mode. Ithas 100 programmable transmit (TX) andreceive (RX) channels.

(b) AN/PRC-138 Manpack Tac-tical HF Radio. This equipment operatesside band (SB)/lower side band (LSB)/upperside band (USB). It also operates FSK/frequency hopping and hopping half duplexmode.

(3) Handheld Radios.

(a) AN/PRC-112 Survival Radio.This equipment provides 121.5 and 243MHz beacon and allows interrogation bypersonal locator system (PLS) avionicssystem. The equipment has 2 program-mable channels in UHF range.

(b) AN/PRC-126/8 VHF RadioSet. This equipment has 10 programmablechannels. It watertight up to 10 ft. It issecure capable with KYV-2A. It alsooperates in FM simplex or half-duplexmodes.

(c) AN/PRC-139 VHF/UHF FMTransceiver. This equipment has 14programmable channels. It providesVinsori/Fascinator interoperability.

(d) Saber II and Saber IIIPortable Radios. These radios have 12programmable channels with an optionalsecure capability with Fascinator. Theequipment is field programmable.

(4) Communications Systems.

AN/MRC-144 Mobile Com-munications System. This system canoperate in HF SSB, VHF AM/FM, and UHFAM. The system contains an additionalmount for AN/PSN-11 global positioningsystem (GPS) plugger equipment.

(5) Beacons and Transponders.

(a) PRD-7880 Selectable StrikeBeacon. This equipment is used with theASD-5 Black Crow System on theAC-130H Gunship. It provides targetidentification, range, azimuth, and beaconidentification/idea. It is used in a "nocommunications" environment.

(b) SST-124 Transponder. Thisequipment is used to mark and drop LZsfor MC-130E Combat Talon One. It receives1 frequency while transmitting up to 16different code combinations on anotherfrequency.

(c) SST-181 Transponder. Thisequipment is used as a radar reference

E-1 5

point in marking assault landing and DZs.The equipment marks friendly positionsduring AC-13OHIU Gunship call-for-firemissions.

(d)ANIPPN-19 Multiband Trans-ponder. This equipment is used as a radarreference point in offset beacon bombingand naval gunfire. It is also used to identifyfriendly positions. It is compatible withmost radar equipped aircraft includingAC-13OHJU and MC-130 EIH.

(6) Laser Equipment.

(a) GCP-1 Ground Commander'sPointer. This equipment contains a safetyswitch to prevent accidental laseremissions. It also has a laser output lensto adjust the beam's intensity.

(b). GCP-1A Ground Com-manders Pointer. This equipment has theremote switch function. The safety covermust be in the armed position before theequipment can be activated with the on/offswitch

b. General Purpose USAF ATC Equip-ment.

(1) Landing Control Central-ANITPN-19.

(a) Description. The activeduty operated and maintained ANITPN-19Landing Control Central (Radar Set) canbe configured as a complete radar approachcontrol (RAPCON) with radar final control(RFC), RAPCON with ASR only, or a GCAonly facility. The radar unit is used by airtraffic controllers to locate and identifyarriving and departing aircraft and providefinal approach guidance. These servicescan be provided in all types of weather.

(b) Capabilities. The radar unitis capable of identifying aircraft usingsecondary radar within a 200 NM radius,SFC-60,000 ft, and primary radar coverageto 60 NM, SFC-40,000 ft. The PAR portionprovides both azimuth and elevation

E-16

information from 20 NM to touchdown. Theunit has 6 display indicators that arecapable of providing both ASR and PARdisplays in the operations shelter.

With all these indicators andcommunications equipment installed, theunit is capable of taking over ATCoperations at busy airports. Since the PARantenna may be rotated and locked intonumerous positions, the unit is capable ofproviding approaches to 4 runways.

(c) Personnel. ATC personnelrequired include 2 air traffic controllersfrom a combat communications group (CCG)and 18 air traffic controllers (unit type code[UTC]-tasked from fixed base assets).

(d) Interface. The ANPFPN-19can interface with other facilities vialandline or UHF/VHF radio. Thesefacilities include other ATC facilities andwing operations centers. Note: The TPN-19 uses analog equipment forcommunications, and requires specialconsideration when interfacing withdigital equipment.

(e) Transportation Require-ments. Transportation Requirements forthe ANITPN- 19 consist of the following:

'By air: 7 C-130s or 3 C-141s orpallet positions without self-vehicles).

•By road:

"M-923 loaded with mobilityreadiness spares package (MRSP) towingPAR shelter.

•'M-923 loaded with MRSPtowing ASR shelter.

'M-923 loaded with supporttowing Ops A shelter

••M-923 loaded with supporttowing Ops B shelter.

1 C-5 (36propelled

'M-35 loaded with powersupport towing ASRJOPS pallet.

•'M-35 towing S530A shelter.

••M-35 loaded with MRSP,towing S530B shelter or 280 shelter.

•'M-35 loaded with life support,towing the PAR pallet.

•'M-35 loaded with fuel drums,towing mobile electric power (MEP) 005.

•'M-35 loaded with fuel drums,towing MEP 005.

••M-35towing MEP 005.

••M-35towing MEP 005.

loaded with baggage,

loaded with support

autonomously configured as a GCA onlyfacility providing limited final approachguidance. The radar unit is used by airtraffic controllers to locate and identifyarriving and departing aircraft and providefinal approach guidance. These servicescan be provided in all types of weather.

(b) Capabilities. The radar unitis capable of providing 60 NM primaryradar coverage, SFC—40,000 ft and 200 NMsecondary, SFC-.60,000 ft 1FF/SelectiveIdentification Feature IFF/SIF sweepcoverage. The PAR portion provides bothazimuth and elevation information from 20NM to touchdown. The unit has 3 ASRindicators and 1 PAR indicator in theoperations shelter. The unit is capable ofATC operations at busy airpOrts with singlerunway operations. The radar unit iscapable of providing dual runwayoperations with the use of a portableturntable.

••M-35 loaded with supporttowing MEP 006.

"M-35 loaded with supporttowing MEP 006.

(f) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. Ten main-tenance personnel should be able to installthe AN/TPN-19 with 1 operational PARscope, 2 operational ASR scopes, secondaryradar, 4 UHF, and 2 VHF radios within 26hours. Prior to being declared missioncapable the AN/TPN-19 must receive aflight inspection. Note: Under combatlimited situations with no augmenteesassigne4, the standard time is 36 hours.

(2) Landing Control Central-AN/MPN-14K.

(a) Description. The AirNational Guard (ANG) operated andmaintained AN/MPN-14K Landing ControlCentral (Instrument Landing Aid) can beconfigured as a complete RAPCON withRFC, RAPCON with ASR only, or a GCAonly facility. The system can deploy

(c) Personnel. ATC personnelrequired are 1 air traffic control officer, 16air traffic controllers, and 1 TERPSspecialist.

(d) Interface. The AN/MPN-14K is capable of interface with the AN/TSW-7 mobile control tower and otherfacilities via landline, radio (UHF/VHF),and microwave link. Note: Under combatlimited situations with no augmenteesassigned the standard time is 36 hours.The system uses analog equipment forcommunications and requires specialconsideration when interfacing with digitalequipment.

(e) Transportation Require-ments. Transportation requirements forthe ANIMPN-14K consist of the following:

'By air: 3 C-130s or 1 C-5

'By road:

•'M-923 loaded with MSRPtowing ops shelter.

E-17

••M-923 loaded with supporttowing maintenance shelter.

••M-35 loaded with fuel drums,towing MEP 806B generator.

•'M-35 loaded with supporttowing MEP 806B generator.

cables.•'M-35 loaded with support

(0 Minimal Mission Cap..ability and Setup Timing. Eleven main-tenance and 16 ATC personnel are requiredto install the AN/MPN-14K with 1

operational PAR scope, 3 operational ASRscopes, secondary radar, 4 UHF, and 2 VHFradios within 24 hours. Prior to beingdeclared mission capable, the AN/MPN-14Kmust receive a flight inspection after setup.

(3) ATC Central-AN/TSW-7.

(a) Description. The AN/TSW-7 is a Mobile Control Tower, operated andmaintained by both active duty and ANGpersonnel is used to provide ATCcapabilities where no operational controltower exists (bare base operations). TheAN/TSW-7 has limited capabilities;however, it provides controllers with theminimum items necessary to do the job.

(b) Communications. The AN!TSW-7 provides air traffic controllerslandlines, UHF/VHF radios, crash phone,emergency warning and evacuation alarmsignal, barometer, tape recorders,binoculars, NAVAIDS monitor, light guns,and wind measuring equipment.

(c) Personnel. There are 3controller positions: local control (controlsairborne aircraft and runway traffic),ground control (controls all other groundmovements, aircraft and vehicles), andflight data (handles administrativecoordination).

ATC personnel required include2 air traffic controllers (from active duty

E-1 8

CCG or ANG UTC-tasked) and 8 air trafficcontrollers (ANG or active duty fixed baseUTC-tasked).

(d) Interface. The AN/TSW-7can interface with other facilities vialandline or radio (UHF/VHF). Otherfacilities include the AN/IWN-14K or AN!TPN-19 as well as on base fixed facilitiesor off-base radar approach/center facilities.The AN/TSW..7 is also capable of monitoringthe AN/TRN-26 mobile TACAN.

(e) Transportation Require-ments. Transportation requirements forthe AN/TSW-7 consist of the following:

By air: 2 C-130s or 1 C-141 (11pallet positions, without self-propelledvehicles).

•By road:

•'M-35 loaded with MRSP!fieldsupport, AN/TSW-7 on M-720 mobilizers.

••M-35 loaded with MRSP!fieldsupport, towing support pallet on M-720mobilizers.

••M-35 loaded with baggage,towing MEP-005A/M-200 trailer.

trailer.••M-35 towing MEP-OO5AIM-200

(f) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. Seven main-tenance personnel should have the mobiletower operational with 3 UHF radios plusa 243.0 UHF guard receiver, 2 VHF radiosplus 121.5 VHF guard receiver, and 1 lightgun within 16 hours. After the unit is fullyoperational the number of maintenancepersonnel required decreases.

(4) Tower Restoral Vehicle (TRy)-ANIMSN-7.

(a) Description. The ANIMSN-7 is currently in the final field testing

phases and is programmed to replace theANITSW-7 in both the active duty and ANGinventories. The system consists of avehicle-mounted shelter containing ATCcontrol equipment and space for 3 airtraffic controller personnel to performaircraft launch and recovery operations.Transported to the theater of operations byair, it can be driven to its final operatinglocation, set up quickly, and capable of self-sustained operation in a bare-baseenvironment. If necessary, the system canbe quickly torn down and moved to a newoperating location. The system'scommunications capabilities are robust,allowing the AN/MSN-7 to temporarilyreplace existing ATC tower facilities whilethey are being repaired or refurbished.

(b) Threats. The AN/MSN-7mission, to supply ATC service in bare-baselocations, may make the system a primarytarget of surface-to-surface and air-to-surface munitions. Although the AN!MSN-7 may be located in vulnerable areasduring an attack against the airfield, thesystem's high mobility and relatively smallsize will allow its crew to react quickly andmove the system to a sheltered area. Athreat also exists from hostile specialoperations forces. Due to its small size andweight, small arms fire and lightweightexplosives easily damage the ANIMSN-7.A secondary threat is present due to theAN/MSN-7's close proximity to otherprimary targets on the airfield. The systemcould suffer collateral damage if it is nearone of these targets during an airfieldattack. Survivability may be aided bycamouflage and the fact that emissions fromthe ANIMSN-7 need be present only duringaircraft launch and recovery operations.Electronic warfare and electroniccountermeasures will be a partial jammingthreat to communications used by thesystem. The use of Have Quick capableradios will give antijam protection to UHFcommunications.

(c) Capabilities. During war-time, the AN/MSN-7 is capable of beingquickly deployed and operating in a bare

base environment. Forward operatinglocations demand that the system be self-supporting. If hostile airfields arecaptured, the ANIMSN-7 is capable of rapidredeployment to the captured area in orderto exploit these resources and render ATCservice to friendly forces.

The system will remain mostlyin a nonoperational state (in storage)during peacetime. The storage require-ments allow storage almost anywhere spaceis available. The system can be rapidlyreadied and transported to locations whereATC service has been lost due to naturaldisaster. Once there, the system will supplytemporary service until repairs are madeto fixed tower assets. The system isdesigned to be set up and operational underall expected environmental conditions.

(d) Personnel. The proposednumber of ATC personnel required tooperate the ANIMSN-7 include 2 air trafficcontrollers (from active duty CCG or ANGUTC-tasked) and 8 air traffic controllers(ANG or active duty fixed base UTC-tasked).

(e) Interface. The AN/MSN-7 isinteroperable with the host wing C2structure for fixed base operations. TheAN/MSN-7 does not require a wingcommand and control system workstation.Any communications with Theater AirControl or the Airlift Control System willtake place via radio or landline. Frequencyallocations for ground-to-air radios are suchthat operation of the AN/MSN-7 istransparent to aircraft supported by ATCoperations conducted from the AN/MSN-7within the constraints of the system'sintended mission. Frequency allocations forthe land mobile radios (LMRs) ensureinteroperability with other base functionssuch as communications squadrons andbase operations. Since the AN!MSN-7operates in foreign countries, interface andinteroperability considerations withexisting and potential allied ATC and C2systems are imperative.

E-1 9

(f) Transportation Require-ments. A single ANIMSN-7 system must betransportable without disassembly by 1C-130 aircraft. This requirement is limitedto the prime mover and support vehicle; itdoes not include manpower or all thenecessary sustainment equipment detailedin the UTC. The ANIMSN-7 can be drivento its operating location using eitherunimproved roads or, if necessary, bycrossing moderately rough open terrain.The ability to travel at a 50 mph cruisingspeed on paved roads enables theAN/MSN-7 to be driven reasonabledistances from its storage location toembarkation point or from its debarkationpoint to its operating location. Thiscapability conserves airlift sorties.

(g) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. The ANIMSN-7is capable of being made fully operationalwithin 1.5 hours nominal, after arrival onsite by a maximum of 4 trained personnel.AN/MSN-7 setup time will be no more than2 hours when these personnel are wearingchemical, biological and radiological (CBR)or arctic weather gear. The same time andpersonnel constraints apply to the systemwhen dismantling and packing for storageor redeployment.

(5) TACAN-AN/TRN-26.

(a) Description. The activeduty and ANG operated and maintainedAN/TRN-26 is designed for use at remotelanding strips and forward operating areas.The system provides radio navigationinformation (azimuth or bearing,identification, and range) to as many as 100aircraft simultaneously. Due to the UHFcarrier, the transmitted information islimited to LOS.

(b) Capabilities. The systemhas an acquisition range of 35 NM at 1500ft above unobstructed terrain and amaximum reception range of 100 NM.Associated monitoring equipment providesa continuous check of all significant TACAN

E-20

parameters and shuts the TACAN off whena fault occurs. The AN/TRN-26A is notsuitable for deployments longer than 30days, or to areas likely to experienceextreme weather conditions, withoutenvironmental control provisions.

Cc) Interface. The ANII'RN-26does not require interface with otherfacilities. However, it normally has amonitor connected to the RAPCON ortower to allow 24-hour monitoring.

ments.(d) Transportation Require-

'By air: 1 C-130 or 1 C-141 (ANITRN-26A 2 pallet positions, ANiTRN-26B 3pallet positions without self-propelledvehicle).

'By road:

••AN/TRN-26A: M-923 loadedwith MRSP and ANITRN-26A TACAN.

003A.•'M-35 loaded with, 2 MEP-

Ce) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. All assignedmaintenance personnel should have theTACAN operational within 4 hours. Atleast 1 integral monitor and 1 receiver/transmitter with 63-channel capabilityidentification, and at least 360-watt outputpower are required before the TACAN canbe declared operational. Prior to beingdeclared mission capable the ANITRN-26must receive a flight inspection.

(6) TACAN-ANITRN-41.

(a) Description. The ANITRN-41 is a portable, lightweight, air dropable,unmanned TACAN designed to providebearing, facility identification, and distanceinformation. The ground equipmentconsists of a transponder with associatedantenna system and the aircraft is equippedwith an interrogator. The TACANtransmits continuous bearing information

to an unlimited number of aircraft andprovides slant range distance informationto as many as 100 aircraft simultaneously.Due to the UHF carrier, the transmittedinformation is limited to LOS use only witha range of 75 NM. This TACAN does notpossess external azimuth monitoringdevice as required by AFMAN 11-225;therefore, it is not currently certified forIFR use. A programmed modification to thissystem will make this system IFR-capablein the future.

(b) Interface. The ANITRN-41does not require any other type ofequipment to be operational.

ments.(c) Transportation Require-

•By air: 1 C-130 or 1

pallet position, without self-vehicle).

'By road: 1 M-35 with ANITRN-41 TACAN/generator/generator MRSP/support.

(d) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. Three mete-orological/navigational aid techniciansshould set up 63 channels withidentification and at least 100 watts ofpower output in 4 hours.

(7) Mobile HF/UHF/VHF RadioSystem-ANIMRC-144.

(a) Description. The ANIMRC-144 is a mobile HF/VHF/UHF com-munications facility with an AN/GRC-206package mounted in an M-998 HMMWV. Itprovides SSB HF, VHFIFM, VHF/AM, andUHF communications, with a fullcompliment of portable backup radios. Thissystem can be remotely operated up to 2km away. All radios have secure voicecapability. When used in an ATC capacity,air traffic controllers must be taskedseparately. Four air traffic controllers(modified UTC from fixed base assets) arerequired.

(b) Interface. The AN/MRC-144 can communicate with any radio in theUHF/VHF AM, VHF FM, and HF range.Also, it can communicate with any UHF AMradio that has been modified with HaveQuick II.

ments.(c) Transportation Require-

'By air: 1 C-130 or One C-141 (5pallet positions, includes 1 self-propelledvehicle [M-998}).

'By road: M-998 HMMWV andtowing M- 101 trailer.

(d) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. One radiotechnician and 1 radio operator should haveHF/SSB, VHF/FM, UHF/AM, and VHF/AMradios available over 90 percent of thetuning range in 45 minutes.

(8) VHF/UHF-AM Radio Set-AN/TRC-176.

(a) Description. The AN/TRC-176 is a portable UHF/VHF radio setoperating in the 116.0 to 149.975 or 225.0 to399.975 MHz frequency bands. It canprovide 1 channel of either UHF or VHFvoice communications (both UHF and VHFcannot be operated simultaneously) and canbe secured with TSECIKY-57 and operatein the Have Quick mode to prevent enemyjamming. This system, although not a partof DATCALS, acts as an important backupATC communications capability in theevent of degraded operations from the ATCdeployable systems.

(b) Capabilities. Air-to-groundradio operations encompass the majority ofmissions for this system, although it can beused for local command and control andengineering nets. The operational rangefor local area ground-to-ground commun-ications is less than 35 miles with minimalobstructions between communicationspoints. For air-to-ground the operationalrange is up to 200 miles LOS.

C-141 (1propelled

E-21

(c) Interface. The ANITRC-176 can interface with all VHF/UHF radiosystems that operate in the 116-149.95 or225-400 MHz range and have a 25 kHz orhigher separation between channels. Someolder UHF systems can only select channelsat 50 kHz increments so these systems maynot tune to all the frequencies available onthe AN/TRC-176.

ments.(d) Transportation Require-

'By air: 1 C-130 or 1 C-141(1 pallet position, without self-propelledvehicles).

•By road: M-35 loaded withMRSP, radios, and antennas.

(e) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. One groundradio technician should have 8 watts ofpower over 90 percent of the VHF and UHFtuning ranges within 4 hours.

(9) Mobile Microwave LandingSystem-AN/TRN-45.

(a) Description. The MMLSprovides precision navigation guidance forexact aircraft alignment and descent ofaircraft on approach to a selected runwayby providing 3-dimensional navigationguidance. It integrates azimuth, elevationangle, and range DME information toprovide precise aircraft positioning. Thecomponents of an MMLS are similar to aninstrument landing system (ILS). There isa glideslope antenna known as an elevationstation and a localizer antenna known asan azimuth station.

(b) Capabilities. The MMLScan fulfill a variety of needs in thetransition, approach, landing, missedapproach, and departure phases of flight.Some additional capabilities associatedwith MMLS include curved and segmentedapproaches, selectable glideslope angles,accurate 3-dimensional positioning of theaircraft in space, and the establishment ofboundaries to ensure clearance fromobstructions in the terminal area. Theazimuth coverage extends laterally to allow

E-22

for proportional coverage or clearancesignal to at least plus or minus 400 ft oneither side of the runway. In elevation,coverage extends from the horizon (00degrees) up to an angle of 150 degrees andup to at least 20,000 ft, and in range to amaximum of 15 NM. The elevation stationtransmits its guidance signals on the samecarrier frequency as the azimuth station.The single frequency is time-sharedbetween angle and data function. Coverageextends to a distance of at least 15 NM.MMLS has 200 discrete channels.

The system has low sus-ceptibility to interference from weatherconditions and airport ground traffic, buthas a high susceptibility to televisionsignals.

(c) Interface. MMLS is nor-mally installed in a configuration quitesimilar to ILS; however, it is possible, ifnecessary because of limited space, toinstall all of the components together. In astandard airfield installation, the MMLSazimuth transmitter is usually locatedbetween 1000 and 1500 ft.beyond thedeparture end of the runway along therunway centerline. The elevation trans-mitter is normally located 400 ft from therunway centerline near the approachthreshold.

ments.(d) Transportation Require-

'By air: 1 C-130.

'By road: 1 M-35fM-923.

(e) Minimal Mission Cap-ability and Setup Timing. The systemrequires 4 personnel. Currently, there isno manpower assigned to the system.Special Operations Command uses combatcontrollers (operatfons section) to installthe system, and the ANG has embedded thesystem into the TACAN UTC (maintenancesection). The system can be operationalwithin 1.5 hours.

Table E-3 lists communicationscapabilities provided by specificorganizations and ATC systems.

Table E-3 Communications Capabilities

ORGANIZATION SYSTEMS COMM CAPABILITY'—

USSOCOM (STT) PROVIDE VFR/LIMITED IFRMMLSPRECISION LANDINGCAPABILITY FOR MLSEQUIPPED C-130/C-17

UHF AM/FMNOICE/DATA SECURE, VHFAM/FMNOICE /DATAISECURE, HFSECURENOICE/DATA, SATCOM-TACSAT/SECURE, IMARSAT, HAVE QUICK,SINGARS'

USAF (COMBATCOMM)

MRC-144 L+45 MININITIAL CONTROL TOWERLIMITED VFR

HAV EQUICKUHFNHF/HF

TSW-7 L+16HOURSMOBILE CONTROL TOWER

5UHF/4VHF3 LANDLINES 3 DIRECT

TPN-19 L+36 HOURSMOBILE RAPCON

HAVE QUICK9 UHF/5 VHF3 LANDLINES 13 DIRECT

ANG(ATCS) MPN-14 L-i-24 HOURSMOBILE RAPCONTSW-7

HAVE QUICK7 UHF/5 VHF6 LANDLINES 1 DIRECT.

ARMY TSQ-198VFR SERVICE

1 UHF HAVE QUICKNOICE/DATA (SECURE)1 VHF HAVE QUICKNOICE/DATE (SECURE)1 HF VOICE/DATA (SECURE)1 FM SINGARS (SECURE)

TSQ-71BVFR/IFR ATS SERVICEPRECISION APPROACHES

3UHF3 VHF2 FM SINGARS (SECURE)

TSC-61BENROUTE FLIGHTFOLLOWINGAIRSPACE INTEGRATION

3VHF3 UHF3 SINGARS (SECURE)1 HF

TSW-7AVFR/IFR ATS TOWERSERVICE

3VHF3 UHF3 SINGARS (SECURE)1 HF

,_

USMC MMT 2UHF2 VHF1 HF

MATCDEACH CCS

2 VHF-FM/HF-AM SSB8 UHF-AM/TADIL-C3 VHF-AM10 TELEPHONE LINES

MATCDCONTROL TOWER

1 VHF-FM1 VHF-FM/HF-AM SSB5 UHF3 VHF-AM10 TELEPHONE LINES

CAPABILITY DOUBLES

E-23

Appendix F

NAVY TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SQUADRON DUTY POSITIONS

1. Background (1) Exercises supervision and directionover all aircraft assigned to the CASThis appendix describes the duties of section.

the primary air operations positions withinthe tactical air control squadron (TACRON) (2) Monitors performance, fuel, andand its detachments. weaponry of CAS aircraft.

2. Tactical Air Controller (3) Recommends to ASC units that arebest suited to carry out assigned missions.

The tactical air controller is the seniorofficer in the tactical air control center (4) Assigns aircraft for strike and(TACC), responsible for management and support missions.execution of air operations within andaround the amphibious objective area (5) Advises ASC on the execution status

(AOA). Except in very large operations, of air support missions.most detachment officers in charge (OICs) (6) Directs orbiting, air refueling, and!will fill both tactical actions officer (TAO) or return to base (RTB).and tactical air controller billets. The OICreceives notification of and initiates search (7) Aids ASC in coordination and use ofand rescue (SAR) missions, notifring the airspace coordination area(s).amphibious squadron (PHIBRON) staff of TACC Supeisorfixed- and rotary-wing assets available.The OIC determines the need for rescue Functions of the TACC supervisor—combat air patrol (RESCAP). The OIC alsocoordinates the use of airspace coordi- (1) Ensures all air traffic servicesnation areas. For underway operations, the provided are safe, orderly, and expeditious.tactical air controller has overall

(2) Monitors all air operations andresponsibility for TACRON operations.vided in the AOA.There are 3 main areas that are managed services pro

by the tactical air controller and the (3) Qualifies for all positions in thesubordinates: helicopter coordination, air ATC section.warfare, and close air support (CAS). Eachof these 3 areas is headed by a coordinator (4) Responsible for the safe andto ensure safety and mission expeditious handling of all aircraftaccomplishment and all are functions of the operating within the AOA.TACC.

(5) Supervises the tactical air control3. Air Support Coordinator (ASC) section.

The ASC supervises the air support (6) Responsible for tactical air trafficcontrol section (ASCS) and advises controllers and tactical air directionsupporting arms coordinator (SAC) on the controllers.use of CAS aircraft.

(7) Responsible for keeping the TAC4. Assistant Air Support Coordinator and TACC watch officers informed(AASC) regarding all aspects of TACC operations,The AASC is responsible to ASC. from helicopter coordination to SAR

Functions of the AASC— operations.F-i

6. Tactical Air Traffic Controller

The tactical air traffic controller isresponsible for separation and coordi-nation of air traffic during approach to,operations within, and retirement from theAOAIAOR. This function is performednormally under radar/positive airspacemanagement conditions. The tactical airtraffic controller, with the concurrence ofTACC supervisor, assigns entry, holding,and exit points for all aircraft. The tacticalair traffic controller identifies and checksin all aircraft entering the AOA and passesthe following: weather, diverts, decon-fiction information, changes to theexpected route, altitude information, andtraffic. The tactical air traffic controllerseparates and controls all inbound andoutbound aircraft that effects handover tothe tactical air director (TAD), air interceptcontroller, air warfare commander (AWC),or to a point clear of the AOA. The tacticalair traffic controller coordinates with airwarfare coordinator all combat air patrol(CAP) arrival/departure missions. Also thetactical air traffic controller coordinatesairspace usage for mission deconfliction androute and altitude for safety, separation,deconfliction, and efficiency. The tacticalair traffic controller section is responsiblefor tactical ATC and for dissemination ofall tactical information to aircraft thatcheck into the AOA. The tactical air con-troller will pass control over to the TAD.

7. TADThe TAD coordinates with the tactical

air controller as required to ensure the safe,efficient, and orderly control of tactical airtraffic. TACRONs normally plan for man-ning of 2 TAD positions in operations ofany size. These controllers are assignedand report to the AASC, but the actualQperation of coordinating the movement ofstrike aircraft is tactical air trafficcontroller-to-TAD direct. Duties include—providing separation and direction ofaircraft assigned, coordinating anddeconflicting traffic situations as required,and coordinating and directing assistanceduring SAR and emergency operations.

F-2

The TAD passes control of CAS missionflights to the TACP for individual tasks. TheTAD responds directly to tasking providedby the ASC. The ASC ensures that aircraftcarrying the proper ordnance are assignedappropriate targets. This requires a thor-ough knowledge of the different types anduses of ordnance and also air deliverymethods. The ASC passes the target loca-tion to the TAD, who directs the aircraft toassigned targets. Upon completion of theaircraft mission, the aircraft checks in withthe TAD, who receives the battle damageassessment and passes this information tothe ASC to determine if additional aircraftare needed to ensure target destruction.

8. Helicopter Coordinator (HC)

A typical amphibious assault willemploy multiple waves of helicopters. TheHC is responsible for the coordination ofall helicopter traffic within the assignedAOA. The HC passes direction to the heli-copter direction center/air operationscontrol center (HDC/AOCC), who providesdirect radar control of the assault forcehelicopters. HDC/AOCC is a function ofevery general purpose amphibious assaultship/multipurpose amphibious assault ship(LHAILHD) and amphibious assault ship,landing platform helicopter (LPH) withinthe US Navy and provides ATC to the heli-copters. The HC utilizes the console formonitoring the progress of the aircraftashore. It is also the HC's function to pre-pare and ensure the air tasking order iscarried out and disseminated.

9. AWC

The air warfare section is manned byan AWC, who is responsible for ensuringevery air contact within the area ispositively identified. In the event of ahostile contact, it is the AWC's function todestroy the threat with all the assets thatare available. Directly under the AWC isthe air intercept controller supervisor whoassists the AWC in the employment offighter aircraft and surface to air systemsthrough use of a senior OS who is assignedto the position of air warfare consoleoperator.

Appendix G

TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SQUADRON REQUIREDOPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES (ROC)

1. Background.

This appendix contains detailedinformation on the required operationalcapabilities of the TACRONs.

2. Air Warfare (AW)

Functions of AW are—

a. Providing air defense in coopera-tionwith other forces, including coordinat-ingair defense planning as AWC for battlegroup convoy amphibious operations.

b. Providing air defense of a geo-graphicarea (zone) in cooperation with otherforces.

c. Engaging air targets during battlegroup operations in• cooperation with otherforces.

d. Controlling combat air patrol.

(1) Supporting/conducting airintercept missions against multiple aircraftand subsurface, surface, or air launchedmissiles.

(2) Providing continuous multiple airintercept control capability.

e. Coordinating the overall conduct ofAW operations with all other warfarerequirements of the amphibious task force(ATF) commander; allocating air assets asrequired to counter threats to the ATF.

Note: Group 2 TACRONs are not mannedto support the AW commander.

3. Amphibious Warfare (AMW)

Functions of AMW are-

a. Providing air control and coordi-nation of air operations in an amphibiousobjective area (AOA) and in transit.

(1) Providing ATC, controlling all airsupport aircraft, and coordinatinghelicopter operations in an AOA and intransit.

(2) Providing coordination of AW,surface warfare (SUW) and under seawarfare (USW) air assets for protection ofthe force in an AOA.

(3) Controlling air search and rescue(SAlt) operations in AOA. Coordinatingair assets in the AOA with supporting armsto provide safe, coordinated action.

b. Providing for air operations insupport of amphibious operations.

(1) Controlling aircraft under allconditions of active jamming.

(2) Providing air strike control. todirect or assist attack aircraft.

c. Conducting tactical recovery ofaircraft and personnel (TRAP).

4. Surface Warfare

Functions of Surface Warfare are-

a. Supporting surface ship defense ofgeographical area in cooperation withother forces.

G-1

b. Providing for air operations in g. Controlling close air support aircraftsupport of surface attack operations. in support of amphibious operations;

controlling function will includeProviding air strike control to direct coordination with other supporting arms.

or assist attack aircraft.h. Coordinating and controlling air SAR

c. Performing duties of the aircraft operations in the AOA.

control unit (ACU) for aircraft involved ini. Functioning as one or more of the

SUW operations. following coordinators for force or sector:air element coordinator/Light Airborne

5. Under Sea Warfare Multipurpose System (LAMPS) element

Functions of USW are— coordinator (LEC).

Providing for USW defense in support j. Assisting in the planning of AW, ST.JW,

of amphibious operations and USW for the coordination of airoperations in the AOA and transit.

6. Command, Control, and Commun-ications (C3) 7. Fleet Support Operations (FSO)

Functions of C3 ar FSO supports/conducts SAR operationsin a combat/noncombat environment.

a. Coordinating and controlling the Functions of FSO are—operations of the task organization or a. Supporting/conducting combat/functional force to carry out assigned noncombat SAR operations by fixed ormissions. rotary wing aircraft.

b. Coordinating the reconnaissance of b. Acquiring and displaying distressmultiple surface, subsurface and/or air data.contacts.

c. Reporting situation assessment.c. Functioning as AWC for force or

sector. d. Coordinating SAR operations.

d. Functioning as on-scene commander e. Conducting multiunit SAR operation.for a search and rescue (SAR) operation.

3. Intelligencee. Establishing a tactical air control

center (TACC) and/or tactical air direction Functions of intelligence are—center (TADC) as appropriate to supportthe tactical air officer (TAO); TACC will a. Supporting/conducting unarmedcontrol and/or coordinate all fixed-wing air reconnaissance (weather, visual, BDA,assets within the AOA and in transit. etc.).

f. Establishing a helicopter coordina- b. Supporting the processing of sur-tion section (HCS) to support the TAO; HCS veillance and reconnaissance information.will coordinate helicopter operationswithin the AOA and in transit during c. Supporting the dissemination of sur-multideck operations. veillance and reconnaissance information.

0-2

d. Operating a contingency planningcell to support fleet commanders.

9. Mobility

Functions of mobility are—

a. Operating from a ship with ahelicopter platform.

b. Operating from a ship capable ofsupporting air control activities in supportof amphibious operations.

c. Conducting operations ashore inclimatic extremes ranging from coldweather to tropical to desert environments.

10. Noncombat Operation

Noncombat operations are—

a. Providing disaster assistance andevacuation and staff ATC facilities ashore.

b. Supporting providing for theevacuation of noncombatant personnel inareas of civil or international crisis.

(1) Supporting/conducting heli-copter/boat evacuation of noncombatantpersonnel as directed by higher authorityfrom areas of civil or international crisis.

(2) Supporting/conducting day/nightrotary-wing aircraft operations.

(3) Supporting/conducting rotary-wing aircraft flight operations during allemission control (EMCON) conditions.

c. Conducting counter narcotic andother law enforcement support operationsin conjunction with other forces. Alsoconducting operations with Coast Guardunits.

d. Detecting and monitoring suspiciousair contacts.

11. Strike Warfare (STW)

Functions of STW are-

a. Supporting and conducting airstrikes by supporting/participating inconventional air strike operations or majorair strike operations under all conditionsof readiness.

b. Providing for air operations insupport of air strike operations byproviding control of all aircraft en route toand returning from assigned missions.

0-3

Appendix H

SPECIAL TACTICS SQUADRON (STS) MISSION TASKS

This appendix contains a compre-hensive list of the mission tasks that specialtactics forces are required to perform.

a. Conduct on-site assessments of asmany potential target sites, assault zones(AZs), ISB/FSBIFOB locations as possiblein the area of interest.

b. Collect, collate, and providesufficient assault zone and airfield surveydata to support timely mission planningrequirements.

c. Develop and provide precise, to scalecomputer enhanced target/assault zone/airfield diagrams, photographs and othersurvey products as necessary to supportmission planning requirements.

d. Establish and control assault zonesor conduct turnover operations withoutinterruption of terminal guidance services,at times and locations established in themission OPORD.

e. Conduct fire support andlor lasertarget designation operations as requiredin support of R&S team and/or follow-onforces movements/operations.

f. Conduct and relay limited weatherobservations as required to supportdetailed mission planning and follow-onforces requirements.

g. Conduct demolition operations toclear obstacles from assault zones requiredto support follow-on forces movements/operations.

h. Provide real-time intelligence/information on AZs.

i. Define operational parameters of AZsbased on number/type of aircraft,procedures, ground plans, physical and

environmental characteristics of targetzone(s).

j. Formulate aircraft/ground movementand parking plan in concert with the landcomponent commander tacticalrequirements.

k. Determine requirements forNAVAIDS, beacons, portable radarequipment, and assault zone lighting toassist aircraft operations in a VMC/limitedIMC operational environment.

1. Provide continuous tactical interfacewith ground forces command elements tocoordinate air movement, provide timelyassessments, and monitor groundmovement to ensure the safe andexpeditious flow of air traffic in concertwith the ground tactical plan.

m. Conduct SAR security teamoperations with identified ground forcesecurity element using available rotarywing assets JAW applicable standingoperating procedures (SOP) and missionCSAR plan.

n. Provide on-scene extrication, triage,emergency medical treatment, and en routemedical treatment during extraction JAWestablished medical protocols and SOP.

o. Utilize identified CSAR platformsand plans to locate, authenticate, andrecover distressed personnel as quickly asthe tactical situation and safety of flightconsiderations permit.

p. Control fixed- and rotary-wing CASoperations, to include AC-130 gunshipoperations, using prebriefed proceduresand appropriate SOP while minimizingcollateral damage to friendly personnel orstructures

H-i

Appendix I

SAMPLE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HANDOVER CHECKLISTS

SAMPLE ONE

1. Control #

_______________

2. Mission #

______________

a. Change #

________

b. Ref #

___________

3. Frequency (Primary/Back Up):

a. UHF (P)_________ (A)_________

b. VHF (P)_________ (A)_________

c.HF (P)______ (A)______

d.FM (P)______ (A)______

e. SATCOM (UP)

______

(DN)______

4. Threat

5. Fld Elev__________ ft MSL

6. TD Zone Elev

______

ft MSL

7. Dimensions L W

a.RWY

___

ft

___

ft

b.TXWY

___

ft

___

ft

c. OVRN

___

ft

___

ft

d. HELIPD

____

ft

____

ft

8. Usable Txwy Yes (Y) No (N)

9. Active Rwy / Runway Crossing Points (RCP)

_______

10. MOG: a. C-130_ b. C-141_ c. C-5 — d. MC-130 —e. C-17.. f. HELO — g. Other_______________

I-1

11. Parking Spotsa. Locations

(1) Fixed-Wing.

(2) HELO12. Marshallers Req:

13. Hot Cargo Area

14. Refueling Points

15. Arming Areas

16. Average on load time

17. Average off load time

18. Obstacles on Airfield:

a. Trees Y

b. Wires Y

c. Houses Y

d. Personnel Y

e. Ditches Y

f. Terrain Y

g. Poles Y

19. Obstacles in Class D airspace:

a. Trees Y

b. Wires Y

c. Houses Y

d. Personnel Y

e. Ditches Y

f. Terrain Y

g. Poles Y

1-2

N ft

N ft

N ft

N ft

N ft

N ft

N ft

YNN ft

N ft

N ft

N ft

N ft

ft

ft

a. Fixed-Wing Y N b. HELO Y N

Y N Location

_______________

Y N Location_

Y N Location.

mm

mm

YN

N

N

20. Blind Spots

a. Visual

b. Radio

21. NAVAIDS

a. TACAN G R

(1) Location

_____

(2) Frequency —

(3) Power Source

b.MMLS G R

(1) Location

______

(2) Frequency

(3) Power Source —

c.ZM G R

(1) Location

______

(2) Frequency

(3) Power Source

d.ILS G R

(1) Location

______

(2) Frequency

(3) Power Source —

e.NDB G R

(1) Location

______

(2) Frequency

(3) Power Source —

1-3

22. Nonradar Handoff Procedures

a.HDG

_______

b. Handoff

(1) Time

_______________________________________

(hhmm)

(2) Fix

_____

(3) Alt

______

(4) Frequency

(5) Location

(6) C/S

_____

23. Airfield Lighting:

a. AMP1 (AFI 13-217)

b. AMP2 (RCL)

c. AMP3 (Box 1)

d. AMP4 (B/O)

e. None

24. SR

________

25. SS

________

26.TERPS Y N

27. Reporting Points

a. LOC

______

b. ALT

______

e. PATTERN

28. Holding Points VFR

a. LOC

______

b. ALT

______

c. PATTERN

1-4

29. Holding Points IFR

a. LOC

_______

b. ALT

_______

c. PATTERN___

30. Traffic Patterns

a. Left

b. Right

c. Straight In

d. OITHD

e. Other_________

31. Jettison Area

a. LOC

______

b. ALT

_______

32. Bailout Area

a. LOC

_______

b. ALT

_______

33. Fuel Dump Area

a.LOC

____-

b. ALT

_______

34. NOTAMS

_____

35. Current Traffic —

36. Projected Traffic —

37. Alternate Airfields

1-6

38. Friendly Forces:

Agency MGRS Location F Key Tape

Departing ATC

Arty Column

FDC

Air Base Defense

ALCE __

ALCC

AFSOB

Crash/Rescue

Close Air Support_____________ — —

MEDEVAC

TOC

US Army Main Forces

________

US Marines Forces

____________

US Navy Main Fleet

_________

—

Allied Forces

AB C C C

AWACS

39. Traffic Information: (Use DELTA Three message format flow tasking)

40. Weather: (Use GOLF message format)

41. Artillery: (Use HOTEL One message format)

42. Remarks:

43. Passed To

________________

DTG

________________________Z

Initials(dd/hhmm/mmlyy)

CHANGE #____

Passed To

_______________

DTG

______________________Z

Initials...._(ddlhhmm/mmlyy)

1-6

NOTES

1-7

SAMPLE TWO

1. Airfield Name:

______________

2. Airfield Location:

______________

lat/long: /

3. ICAO Identifier:

________

4. Airfield Frequencies: (P) UHF/VHF (S) UHF/VHF

ATIS

_____/__

— /Approach Control

______/_______ _______/_.._____

Tower Control

______/_.._

— /___.Ground Control /

_____

/

_____

Clearence Delivery

______/_______

,_/ —

Base Operations

_______/

— __.../_________

SAR

_____/

/

WXMetro /

______

/

5. Airfield Diagram:

I-8

6. Usable Runways: _j_I_/_7. Usable Taxiways: __/_/__/_/_/__

8. Dimensions: Length Width Composition

9. Traffic Pattern: Entry Point Altitude

10. Pattern Altitude:

Turbo-JetPropeller-DrivenHelo

11. NAVAIDs:

NDBVORTACANVORTACMLSILSGPSVASIASRPAR

LocationLat/Long

PCN

Point of Descent

Altitude Remarks:

/Frequency /Power Source

RunwayI I / // / / // / / I

Taxiway,ft / / / IIl/I

/ / / // I / // / / // / / /

Helipad J/_/_/_/ I I I/ / / /

AV-8B Pad I/_/_/_/ / / // / / /

LeftRightStraight-inOverheadOther

_____/____

I__

_____I_____

I

____

I____ I_____

_________/____________/__

I_____

___

/___ I___

____

I____ I_____

__

I__ I__

_____I____

I_____

___I

/

______

1-9

12. Hot Cargo Area: Y_ N_

13. Refueling Points: Y_ N_

Location

_________________

14. ArminglDearniing Area: Y_ N_

Location

__________________

15. Parking Locations/Spots/Restrictions:

Fixed-Wing

Rotary-Wing

VIP/VAL

________________

16. Obstacles on Airfield: Y_ N_

Trees Y_ N_

______ft

Wires Y_ N

______ft

Houses Y N ftPersonnel Y..... N_

______ft

Ditches Y_ N_

______ft

Terrain Y_ N_

______ft

Poles Y_ N_

______ft

17. Blind Spots:

Visual

_______________

Radio

______________

18. Nonradar Procedures:

Heading

__________

HandoffTime

______________

Fix

__________

Altitude

___________

FrequencyLocation

1-10

19. TERPS: Y N

20. Reporting Points: #1 #2 #3 #4

LocationAltitude

21. Holding Points VFR:

Location

_________ ________

Altitude

_________ __________ ___________

Pattern

________ _________ _____

22. Holding Points IFR:

Location

______

Altitude

__________

Pattern —________

23. Bailout Area:

LocationAltitude

24. Jettison Area:

LocationAltitude

25. Fuel Dump Area:

LocationAltitude

26. Alternate/Divert Airfields Information:

NameITACANfHeading IDistancelElevationlFuellLongest/APCH/TwrChannel from airfield (NM) Runway Freq Freq

NAVAIDS

____/

/____/_/ / / / /

___________/

/_____/_____/ / / / /'I /.___/____I / /__________/___ _/________

/ /_______/______/ / / /__________

____________/

/_____/____/ / /______ _/____________/__________/ /_____/______/ / / / /

____________/

/______I______/ / / _/__ /_____/ /____j_/ / / / /

I-il

27. Weather:

Wind: Prevailing / SurfaceVSBY MiIce Y NWet Y N Rain/SnowBreaking Action

Good Fair Poor NIL UNKOther:

28. Remarks:

1-12

REFERENCES

Joint

Joint Pub 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Joint Pub 3-52, Joint Airspace in the Combat Zone

Joint Pub 3-56.1, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations

Multiservice

Multiservice Procedures for Integrated Combat Airspace Command and Control (ICAC2)

Multiservice Procedures for the Theater Air Ground System (TAGS)

Army

FM 1-120, Army Air Traffic Services Contingency and Combat Operations

FM 1-303, Air Traffic Control Facility Operations and Training

FM 24-24, Signal Data References: Signal Equipment

FM 100-13, Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD)

FM 101-5-1, Operational Terms and Graphics

Equipment Description Sheets from United States Army Aviation Center, Directoate of CombatDevelopment (DCD), Ft Rucker, AL

US Army Operations Concept for Air Traffic Services, 6 May 96

USAAVNC Pam 525-5, Aviation in Force XXI Operations, 2 Jan 96

Vision for Force XXJ Air Traffic Services, DA/ODCSOPS, 14 Feb 96

US Army Air Traffic Control Activity Mission Briefing, 21 Jun 96

TRADOC Pamphlet 525-72, Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2)

ATS Concept Briefing, United States Army Aviation Center, 26 Jun 95

TAIS briefing slides, DCD, Ft Rucker, AL, 10 Jul 95

Information Paper, Lack of Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) andJoint Communication Automation (Airspace Integration) Capabilities, United States ArmyAviation Center, Directorate of Combat Development (DCD), 15 May 96

TAIS Operational Requirements Document, 5 May 95

ATNAVICS Operational Requirements Document, 20 Sep 94

TTCS Operational Requirements Document, 23 Nov 92

Information Paper, ATC Tactical and Fixed Base Modernization, United States Army AviationCenter, Directorate of Combat Development (DCD), 1 Jan 96

Information Paper, A TNA VICS, United States Army Aviation Center, Directorate of CombatDevelopment (DCD), 1 Jul 96

Faxed briefing slides, 29 ATS Group, National Guard, Glen Arm, MD

HQDA ADCSOPS-FD, ATC Worldwide Organizational and Management Assesment

References-i

Marine Corps

MCWP 3-25.8, Marine Air Traffic Control Detachmenl Handbook

E-mail from MCCDC on MACSIMATCD organizational breakdown and unit locations

Navy

Fax documents from Tactical Air Control Group 1, NAB Coronedo, San Diego, CA, on mission,squadron manning, squadron organization, and squadron detachment positions for underwayoperations.

Fax documents from Tactical Air Control Group 2, NAB Little Creek, Norfolk VA, on theorganization of a group, squadron, detachment, the various supporting sections, detaileddescriptions of positions within those organizations, amphibious ATC equipment listing, theprojected operational environment and required operational capabilities for tactical air controlsquadrons.

Air Force

AFDD 2-1.7, Airspace Control in the Combat Zone (DRAFT)

AFI 13-AO, Volume 3, Operational Procedures—Air Operations Center

AFI 13-203, Air Traffic Control

AFMAN 11-225, United States Standard Flight Inspection Manual

Fax from the 23 STS, Hurlburt Field, FL, concerning mission statement, grouporganization, and equipment breakdown

Manpower Force Element Listing, 23 STS, Hurlburt Field, FL.

Strategic Plan, 23 STS, Hurlburt Field, FL, 25 Mar 96

USAF Program Guidance Letter, Organization of Air Force Deployable Command, Control,Communications, and Computers (C4) and Deployable Air Traffic Control and LandingSystems (DATCALS) Force Structure, 1 Jun 96

HQ ACC/DOFR DATCALS Brief, Wartime Mission/Deployment Strategy/Equipment andCapabilities

Final Mission Need Statement, Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems (ATCALS),HQ AFFSA/XXR, 23 Jul 96

Other

HQ ACC/CV, Memo, Joint Air Traffic Control (JATC) Comparative Analysis, not dated,approximate date, Apr to May 96

HQ USAF/XO, Memo, Deployable Air Traffic Control and Landing System (ATCALS)Comparative Analysis, 16 Apr 96

References-2

A

A2C2AADCAAGSAASCAASCAASLTABCCCABCSabnA/CACACAACC

ACE

ACLSACMACOACPACSACUADADAADFAD VONAETCAFAFATDSAFBAFCCAFDCAFFORAFFSAAFIAFMAFMANAFMCAFSOBAFSOCAGOSAICAISAL

GLOSSARY

PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Army airspace command and controlarea air defense commanderArmy air-ground systemassistant air support coordinatorArmy area signal center (USA)air assaultairborne battlefield command and control centerArmy Battle Command Systemairborneaircraftalternating current, active componentairspace control authorityAir Combat Command; air component commander; area coordination

centeraviation combat element (MAGTF); airborne command element

(USAF); air combat element (NATO); Allied Command Europeautomatic carrier landing systemairspace control measureairspace control orderairspace control planairspace control systemaircraft control unitactive dutyair defense artilleryautomatic direction findingadvanced echelon or cadreAir Education and Training CommandAir ForceAdvanced Field Artillery Tactical Data SystemAir Force BaseAir Force Component CommanderAir Force Doctrine CenterAir Force forcesAir Force Flight Standards AgencyAir Force InstructionAir Force ManualAir Force ManualAir Force Materiel CommandAir Force Special Operations BaseAir Force special operations componentAir Ground Operations School (Hurlburt Field)air intercept controller, airspace information centerairspace information serviceAlabama

Glossary-i

ALB airland battleALB-F Airland battle-futureALCC airlift control centerALCE airlift control elementALS all-weather landing subsystemALSA Air Land Sea Application Centeralt altitudeAM amplitude modulatingAMC Air Mobility CommandAMLS airspace management liaison sectionAMP airfield marking patternAMW amphibious warfareANCOC Advanced Noncommissioned Officer CourseANG Air National GuardANGB Air National Guard BaseAO area of operationsAOA amphibious objective areaAOC air operations center (USAF)AOCC air operations control centerAOF airfield operations flightAOR area of responsibilityapch approachAPG Air Procedures Guide, Aviator Procedures GuideAR Army Regulation; ArkansasARATC advanced radar air traffic controlAREC air resource element coordinatorARFOR Army forcesARG amphibious ready grouparm armorARTEP Army Training and Evaluation Programarty artilleryARW air reconnaissance wingASC air support coordinatorASC(A) assault support coordinator (airborne)ASCS air support control section (USN)AS! additional skill identifier (USA)asit assaultASR area surveillance radarATA airport traffic areaATC air traffic controlATCCS Army Tactical Command and Control SystemATCS air .traffic control sectionATF amphibious task forceATIS automatic terminal information serviceATNAVICS air traffic navigation, integration and coordination systemATO air tasking orderATS air traffic service; assign terminal service; assign secondary traffic

channelsATV all terrain vehicleauth authorizedAW air warfare; Air WingAWACS Airborne Warning and Control SystemGlossary-2

AWC air warfare commanderAWS air warfare sectionAZ assault zone; Arizona

B

BIO black outBAS battlefield automated systemsBCD battlefield coordination detachment (USA)BDA bomb or battle damage assessmentBDZ base defense zonebn battalionBNCOC Basic Noncommissioned Officer Course (USA)BOS base operating supportBSC Battle Staff Course (USA)

C

C2 command and controlC3 command, control, and communicationsC31 command, control, communications and intelligenceC4 command, control, communications, and computersC4ISR command, control, communications, computers, intelligence,

surveillance and reconnaissanceC/S call signCA coordinating altitude; CaliforniaCAC combined arms center (USA)CAC2S common aviation command and control systemCAIC corps airspace information centerCAP combat air patrolCAS close air supportCATCC carrier air traffic control centerCATCO chief, air traffic control operationsCATF commander, amphibious task forcecay cavalryCBR chemical, biological, radiologicalCC commanderCCG combat communications groupCCS control and communications subsystemCCT combat control teamCD C combat direction centercdr commanderCE command elementCGSC Command and General Staff College (USA)CINC commander in chiefCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffCMF career management fieldCNO Chief of Naval Operationscntrl controlCO ColoradoCo companyCOA course of action

Glossary-3

comm communicationsCOMMZ communications zoneCOMNAV communications/navigationalCOMSEC communications securityC ONUS continental United Statescoord coordinationCRAF Civil Reserve Air FleetCRC control and reporting centerCRE control reporting elementcrs courseCRT cathode ray tubeCSAR combat search and rescueCT counterterrorismCTA.PS contingency theater automated planning system (USAF)CTF combined task forceCTO Certified Training OperatorCTOC corp tactical operations centerCV aircraft carrierCVBG carrier battle groupCVN aircraft carrier nuclearCWC composite warfare commander

D

DA Department of the Army; direct actionDAIC Division Airspace Information CenterDAMS Dynamic Airspace Management System (USA)DARR Department of the Army Regional RepresentativeDASC direct air support center (USMC)DASC(A) direct air support center (airborne)DATCALS deployable air traffic control and landing systemsDCP director of combat plansDCSOPS Deputy Chief of Staff OperationsDE directed energydet detachment; detaineediv DivisionDME distance measuring equipmentDOD Department of DefenseDS direct supportDTG date time groupDTLOM doctrine, training, leader development, organization and materielDTOC divison tactical operations centerDTS Defense Transportation SystemDZ drop zone

E

El Private (USA)/Airman Basic (USAF)/Seanian Recruit (USN)IPrivate (USMC)

E2 Private (USA)/Airman (USAF)/Seainan Apprentice (USN)fPrivateFirst Class (USMC)

E3 Private First Class (USA)/Airman First Class (USAF)/Seamna (USN)/Glossary-4

Lance Corporal (USMC)E4 Corporal or Specialist (USA)/Senior Airman (USAF)fPetty Officer

Third Class (USN)/Corporal (USMC)E5 Sergeant (USA)/Staff Sergeant (USAF)/Petty Officer Second

Class (USN)/Sergeant (USMC)E6 Staff Sergeant (USA)iTechnical Sergeant (USAF)fPetty Officer First

Class (USN)/Staff Sergeant (USMC)E7 Sergeant First Class (USA)fMaster Sergeant (USAF)/Chief Petty

Officer (USN)/Gunnery Sergeant (USMC)EB First Sergeant or Master Sergeant (USA)/Senior Master

Sergeant (USAF)/Senior Chief Petty Officer (USN)IFirst Sergeant orMaster Sergeant (USMC)

E9 Command Sergeant Major or Sergeant Major (USA)/Chief MasterSergeant (USAF)ICommand Master Chief Petty Officer or MasterChief Petty Officer (USN)/Sergeant Major or Master GunnerySergeant (USMC)

EAC echelons above corpselev elevationEMCON emission controlEP electronic protectionETVS enhanced terminal voice switchEW electronic warfareEW/C early warning and control

F

FA field artilleryFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAAD forward area air defenseFAADS Forward Air Defense System (USA)FAAH Federal Aviation Administration HandbookFAC forward air controllerFAC(A) forward air controller (airborne)FAR Federal Aviation RegulationFARP forward arming and refueling pointFASFAC Fleet Air Control and Surveillance Facility (USN)FAWC Fleet Air Warfare Commander (USN)FCC flight coordination centerFDC fire direction centerFEBA forward edge of the battle areaFID foreign internal defenseFL Floridakid fieldFM frequency modulation; field manualFMF Fleet Marine ForceFOB forward operations base, forward operating base (USMC)FOC Flight Operations CenterFORSCOM US Army Forces CommandFSB forward staging base, forward support battalionFSC fire support coordinatorFSO fleet support operationsft fort; feet; foot

Glossary-5

FTP facility training programFUE first unit equippedFW fighter wing

G

G-3 Army or Marine Corps component operations staff officer (Armydivision or higher, Marine Corps aircraft wing or division or higher

staff)GA GeorgiaGBAD ground based air defenseGCA ground controlled approachGCP ground commander's pointerGE Germanygen generatorGFC ground forces commanderGp groupGPS global positioning systemGS general support

H

HA humanitarian assistanceHC helicopter coordinatorHCS helicopter coordination sectionHDC helicopter direction centerhdg headinghelipd helicopter padHELO helicopterHF high frequencyHI HawaiiHLZ helicopter landing zoneHMMWV high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicleHQ headquartersHST helicopter support teamHz hertz

I

lADS Integrated Air Defense SystemLAP International AirportLAW in accordance withICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationID Infantry Divisionid identification1FF identification, friend or foeIFR instrument flight rulesIL IllinoisILS instrument landing systemIMC instrument meteorological conditionsIN Indiana

Glossary-6

inf infantryintel intelligenceISB intermediate staging baseISO International Organization for StandardizationWCSS internal voice communication switching system

J

J-3 Operations Directorate of a joint staffJ-4 Logistics Directorate of a Joint StaffJA JapanJAOC joint air operations centerJASC Joint Actions Steering CommitteeJATC joint air traffic controlJCACC Joint Combat Airspace Command and Control Course (Army)JCS Joint Chiefs of StaffJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJFCC Joint Firepower Control Course (USA)JMCIS Joint Maritime Command Information SystemJOA joint operations areaJOC joint operation commandereJPALS joint precision approach and landing systemJRCC joint rescue coordination centerJSOAC joint special operations air componentJSRC joint search and rescue centerJSTE joint service training exerciseJTF joint task forceJTTP joint tactics, techniques, and proceduresJWG joint working group

K

kHz kilohertzKM kilometerKOR KoreaKY Kentucky

L

LA.AD local area air defense, low altitude air defense (USMC)LAMPS Light Airborne Multipurpose Systemlat latitudeLAWC local airwarfare commander (USN)LEC LAMPS element coordinatorLIlA general purpose amphibious assault shipLHD multipurpose amphibious assault ships (with internal dock)LID light infantry divisionLLTR low-level transit routesLMR land mobile radioLNO liaison officer

Glossary-7

LOC locationlong longitudeLOS line of sightLPD amphibious transport dockLPH amphibious assault ship, landing platform helicopterLRIP low rate initial productionLRS long range surveillanceLSB lower side bandLSD landing ship dockLTD laser target designatorLVS Logistic Vehicle SystemLZ landing zoneLZSO landing zone support officer

M

MA MassachusettesMACCS Marine Air Command and Control SystemMACG Marine Air Control GroupMACOM major Army commandMACS Marine air control squadronMAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMAJCOM major command (USAF)MANPRINT Manpower and Personnel Integration Program (USA)MARFOR Marine Corps forcesMARLO Marine liaison officerMATC Marine air traffic controlMATCALS Marine Air Traffic Control and Landing SystemMATCD Marine air traffic control detachmentMAW Marine aircraft wingMCAS Marine Corps Air StationMCB Marine Corps BaseMCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development CommandMCS maneuver control systemMCWP Marine Corps Warfare PublicationMD Marylandmech mechanizedMEDEVAC aeromedical evacuationMEF Marine expeditionary forceMETT-T mission, enemy, terrain, and weather, troops and support available,

time availableMEU Marine expeditionary unitMEU (SOC) Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable)MFC multinational force commanderMHE materials handling equipmentMI military intelligenceml mileMILSTRIP Military Standard Requisitioning and Is8ue Proceduremiii minuteMLS microwave landing systemMMLS Mobile Microwave Landing System

Glossary-B

MMT Marine air traffic control mobile teamMN MinnesotaMOA memorandum of agreementMOB main operations baseMOG maximum (aircraft) on the groundMOOTW military operations other than warMOPP mission-oriented protective postureMOS military occupational specialtyMOTS Mobile Tower Systemmph miles per hourMRAALS Marine Remote Area Approach and Landing SystemMRC major regional contingencyMRR minimum-risk routeMRSP mobility readiness spares packageMS MississippiMSE mobile subscriber equipmentMSL mean sea levelMTTP multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedures

N

NAB Naval Amphibious BaseNAF numbered Air ForcesNALE naval and amphibious liaison elementNAS naval air station; national airspace systemNATTC Naval Air Technical Training CenterNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAV navigationalNAVAIDS navigational aidsNAVAIR Naval Air Systems CommandNAVFOR Navy forcesNAVSOP Navy Standing Operating ProceduresNBC nuclear, biological, and chemicalNC North CarolinaNCA National Command AuthoritiesNCO noncommissioned officerNCOIC noncommissioned officer in chargeNDB nondirectional beaconNDC Naval Doctrine CommandNEA Northeast AsiaNEF naval expeditionary forceNEO noncombatant evacuation operationNFA no-fire area; no fuels areaNG National GuardNGF naval gunfireNH New HampshireNIL little or none (in reference to breaking action)NLOS nonline of sightNLT not later thanNM nautical milesNOE nap of the earth

Glossary-9

NOTAM notice to airmenNTACS Navy tactical air control systemNVD night vision deviceNVG night vision gogglesNY New York

0

01 Second Lieutenant (USAItJSAFIIJSMC)IEnsign (USN)02 First Lieutenant (USAJUSAFIEJSMC)fLieutenant (j.g.) (USN)03 Captain (USAJUSAFIUSMC)/Lieutenant (USN)04 Major (USA/USAF/USMC)fLieutenant Commander (USN)05 Lieutenant Colonel (USAILJSAFItJSMC)/Commander (USN)OAC Officer Advance Course (USA)OBC Officer Basic Course (USA)OCONUS outside the continental United StatesOCU orderwire control unitOIC officer in chargeOJT on-the-job-trainingOK OklahomaOPCON operational controlOPLAN operation planOPNAVINST Chief of Naval Operations InstructionOPORD operation orderOPR office of primary responsibilityops operationsOPTASK operational taskOR OregonORD operational requirements documentOS operations specialist; operating systemOTC officer in tactical command (USN)ovhd overheadovrn over run

P

PA PennsylvaniaPACAF Pacific Air ForcesPAR precision approach radarPBX private branch exchangePCC Pre-command Course (USA)PCG Position Certification Guide (USAF)PCN pavement classification numberPDS processor display systemPDS power distribution systemPHIBRON amphibious squadronPIRAZ positive identification radar advisory zonePIREP pilot reportPJ individual pararescue specialist; project codePLS personal locator systemPLS palletized loading system

Glossary-i 0

POL petroleum, oils, and lubricantsPR personnel recoveryPSRC Presidential selective Reserve call-upPSS plans and support sectionpwr powerPZ pickup zone

Q

QA quality assurance

R

R&S reconnaissance and surveillanceRAM reliability, availability, and maintainabilityRAPCON radar approach controlRC Reserve ComponentRCL reception committee lightingRCP Runway Crossing Pointsrcvr receiverREC radio electronic combatRESCAP rescue combat air patrolref referencereq requiredRF radio frequencyRFC radar final controlRGR rapid ground refuelingRLST remote landing site towerROC required operational capabilitiesROE rules of engagementROZ restricted operations zoneRRP rapid refueling pointRST regional survey teamRTB return to baserwy runwayrx receive

S

SAAWC sector antiair warfare coordinator (USMC)SAC supporting arms coordinatorSACC supporting arms coordination center (USN)SAR search and rescueSATCOM satellite communicationsSAWC sector airwarfare commander (USN); sector air warfare

coordinator (USMC)SB side bandSC South CarolinaSE! special experience identifier (USAF)SFC surfaceSGT sergeant

Glossary-il

SINCGARS Single-channel Ground and Airborne Radio SystemSLRP survey, liaison, and reconnaissance partySNCOIC senior noncommissioned officer in chargeSoc special operations commandSOF special operations forceSOG special operations groupSOLE special operations liaison elementSOP standing operating proceduresSOW Special Operations WingSPINS special instructionsSPMAGTF special purpose MAGTF (USMC)SR sunrise; special reconnaissancesrce sourceSS sunsetSSB single side bandST special tacticsSTG special tactics groupSTP system training planSTS special tactics squadronSTT special tactics teamSTTL special tactics team leaderSTW strike warfaresup superviseSUW surface warfareSWA Southwest Asia

T

TAB tactical air baseTAC terminal access controller, tactical air commander (USN)tac tacticalTAC(A) tactical air controllerTAC SUP tactical air support coordinator supervisorTACAN tactical air navigationTACC tactical air command center (USMC); tactical air control center (USN);

tanker/airlift control center (USAF)TACGRU tactical. air control groupTACON tactical controlTACOPDAT tactical operational dataTACP theater air control partyTAC RON tactical air control squadronTACS Theater Air Control SystemTACT tactical aviation control teamTAD tactical air directorTADC tactical air direction center (USN)TADIL tactical digital information linkTAGS Theater Air/Ground SystemTAIS Tactical Airspace Integration SystemTALCE tanker airlift control elementTAO tactical actions officerTAOC tactical air operations center (USMC)

Glossary-i 2

TATC tactical air. traffic controllerTB technical bulletinsTCA terminal control areaTCG Task Certification Guide (USAF)TD transmitter distributorTERPES Tactical Electronic Reconnaissance Processing and Evaluation SystemTERPS terminal instrument .proceduresTLZ tactical landing zoneTM training manualtm teamTN TennesseeTOC tactical operations centerTOE table of organization and equipmentTPFDD time-phased force and deployment dataTRADOC Training and Doctrine Command (USA)TRAP tactical recovery of aircraft and personneltn trailertrnsmtr transmitterTRV tower restoral vehicleTTCS tactical terminal control systemTTP tactics, techniques, and procedurestwr towerTX transmit; Texastxwy taxiway

U

UAV unmanned aerial vehicleUHF ultra high frequencyUIC unit identification code (USA)unk unknownUS United StatesUSA United States ArmyUSAAVNC United States Army Aviation CenterUSACOM United States Atlantic CommandUSAF United States Air ForceUSAFAGOS United States Air Force Air Ground Operations SchoolUSAFE United States Air Forces, EuropeUSAREUR United States Army Forces, United States European CommandUSB upper side bandUSCENTCOM United States Central CommandUSEUCOM United States European CommandUSFK United Stated Forces, KoreaUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSN United States NavyUSOUTHCOM United States Southern CommandUSPACOM United States Pacific CommandUSSOCOM United States Special Operations CommandUSSPACECOM United States Space CommandUSSTRATCOM United States Strategic CommandUSTRANSCOM United States Transportation Command

Glossary-i 3

USW under sea warfareLJTC unit type code (USAF)

V

V/STOL verticaJshort takeoff and landing aircraftVAL visiting aircraft lineVASI virtual approach slope indicatorVA VirginiaVFR visual flight rulesVHF very high frequencyVIDS visual information display systemVIP very important personVMC visual meteorological conditionsVOR very high frequency omnidirectional range stationVORTAC VHF omnidirectional range station/tactical air navigationvsby visibility

W

WA WashingtonWESTPAC Western Pacificwg wingWIC-P wing initial communications packageWOC wing operations centerWX weatherWY Wyoming

x

X.FLOT cross forward line of own troops

z

Z zuluZM Z marker (VHF station location marker)

Glossary-i 4

PART II- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Army airspace command and control (A2C2). The Army's application of airspacecontrol to coordinate airspace users for concurrent employment in the accomplishmentof assigned missions. (FM 1O1-5-1IMCRP 5-2A)

Army Air-Ground System (AAGS). The Army system which provides for interfacebetween Army and tactical air support agencies of other Services in the planning,evaluating, processing, and coordinating of air support requirements and operations. Itis composed of appropriate staff members, including G-2 air and G-3 air personnel, andnecessary communications equipment. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control authority (ACA). The commander designated to assume overallresponsibility for the operation of the airspace control system in the airspace controlarea. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace control order (ACO). An order implementing the airspace control plan thatprovides the details of the approved requests for airspace control measures. It ispublished either as part of the air tasking order or as a separate document. (Joint Pub1-02)

airspace control plan (ACP). The document approved by the joint force commanderthat provides specific planning guidance and procedures for the airspace control systemfor the joint force area of responsibility/joint operations area. (Joint Pub 1-02)

airspace information center (AIC). The ATS facility that performs the primary A2C2Services mission and the secondary airspace information services mission.

air operations center (AOC). The principal air operations installation from whichaircraft and air warning functions of combat air operations are directed, controlled, andexecuted. It is the senior agency of the Air Force component commander from whichcommand and control of air operations are coordinated with other components andServices. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air tasking order (ATO). A method used to task and disseminate to components,subordinate units, and command and control agencies projected sorties/capabilities/forces to targets and specific missions. Normally provides specific instructions toinclude call signs, targets, controlling agencies, etc., as well as general instructions.(Joint Pub 1-02)

Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems (ATCALSs). Department of Defensefacilities, personnel, and equipment (fixed, mobile, and seaborne) with associatedavionics to provide safe, orderly, and expeditious aerospace vehicle movementsworldwide. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air traffic control center. A unit combining the functions of an area control center anda flight information center. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air traffic control clearance. Authorization by an air traffic control authority for anaircraft to proceed undr specified conditions. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Glossary-i 5

air traffic control facility. Any of the component airspace control facilities primarilyresponsible for providing air traffic control services and, as required, limited tacticalcontrol services. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air traffic controller. An air controller especially trained for and assigned to the dutyof airspace management and traffic control of airborne objects. (Joint Pub 1-02)

air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of: a. preventingcollisions: (1) between aircraft; and (2) on the maneuvering area between aircraft andobstructions; and b. expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. (Joint Pub1-02)

air traffic services (ATSs). Air traffic services are defined as those servicesperformed by air traffic control specialist or air traffic control organizations across therange of military operations. These include, but are not limited to, Army airspacecommand and control (A2C2) services, airspace information services, terminal services,forward area support services, landing area/airfield services, navigational aid services,and air traffic control maintenance services.

battlefield coordination detachment (BCD). An Army liaison provided by the Armycomponent commander to the air operations center (AOC) and/or to the componentdesignated by the joint force commander to plan, coordinate, and deconflict airoperations. The battlefield coordination detachment processes Army requests fortactical air support, monitors and interprets the land battle situation for the AOC, andprovides the necessary interface for exchange of current intelligence and operaionaldata. (Joint Pub 1-02)

coordinating altitude (level). A procedural airspace control method to separate fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft willnormally not fly and above which rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly. Thecoordinating altitude is normally specified in the airspace control plan and may includea buffer zone for small altitude deviations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

control and reporting center (CRC). A mobile command, control, andcommunications radar element of the US Air Force theater air control systemsubordinate to the air operations center. The control and reporting centerposesses four modular control equipment operations modules and integrates acomprehensive air picture via multiple data links from air-, sea-, and land-basedsensors as well as from its surveillance and control radars. It performs decentralizedcommand and control of joint operations by conducting threat warning, battlemanagement, theater missile defense, weapons control, combat identification, andstrategic communications. (Joint Pub 1-02)

control and reporting element (CRE). A mobile radar element of the TACS and issubordinate to the CRC. It is normally deployed into forward areas to extend radarcoverage and to provide control of air operations, early warning surveillance, and gapfiller service. (USAF)

Dynamic Airspace Management System (DAMS). An automated airspacemanagement computer software program providing a data and graphics display of

Glossary-i 6

airspace control measures, handle airspace requests, help resolve airspace conflicts,and helps in the planning of airspace. Used in the AOC during DESERT STORM.

Deployment Phases

a. Initial Deployment. Initial deployment begins with securing and establishing anairdrome to receive aircraft using small, lightweight communications and markingequipment. Initial services will include visual flight rules ATC services up to limitedinstrument flight rules services using man-portable NAVAIDS equipment (for example,TRN-41 TACAN)

b. Transition Deployment. Transition deployment begins within 5 to 15 days withthe arrival of ATCALS packages that provide the communications capability necessaryto interface and or establish a capability to support squadron flying operations. Thepackage augments initial communications packages to expand the capability to operatebare base until permanent communications are installed.

c. Sustaining Deployment. Sustaining deployment requires ATCALS packages thatprovide required IFR capability up to and including dual runway precision approachcapability. These packages also ensure a stable theater ATC system to support wingflying operations.

flight coordination center (FCC). A primary Army air traffic control agency that issubordinate to the flight operations center (FOC). It provides flight following as well asinformation on air traffic movement within its assigned area; monitors Army aircraftoperations and provides hostile activity warnings to Army aviation units operating inthe airspace; passes instrument flight rules flight plans to the airspace managementcenter for approval and visual flight rules flight plans to the appropriate air trafficservices facility; establishes liaison with the air defense command post; and providescommunications link between terminal facilities of existing airfields, other nearbyairfields, division command posts, other FCCs, and the FOC when the FCC locates in adivision area. (FM 101-5-1)

flight operations center (FOC). The element of the tactical Army air trafficregulation system which provides for aircraft flight following, separation of aircraftunder instrument conditions, and identification of friendly aircraft to friendly airdefense agencies. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint search and rescue center (JSRC). A primary search and rescue facility suitablystaffed by supervisory personnel and equipped for planning, coordinating, andexecuting joint search and rescue and combat search and rescue operations within thegeographical area assigned to the joint force. The facility is operated jointly bypersonnel from two or more Service or functional components or it may have amultinational staff of personnel from two or more allied or coalition nations(multinational search and rescue center). The joint search and rescue center should bestaffed equitably by trained personnel drawn from each joint force component, includingUS Coast Guard participation where practical. (Joint Pub 1-02)

low level transit routes (LLTR). A temporary corridor of defined dimensionsestablished in the forward area to minimize the risk to friendly aircraft from friendlyair defenses or surface forces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Glossary-17

Mobile Microwave Landing System (MMLS). A new USAF system for landing sites/airfields to land USAF airlift assets. Also in the Marine Corps inventory.

Mobile Tower System (MOTS). A vehicular mounted tower with the voice/datadigitized communications packages, which replaces the TSQ-70 and the TSW-7A forlanding sites/airfields.

minimum-risk route (MRR). A temporary corridor of defined dimensionsrecommended for use by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft that presents the minimumknown hazards to low-flying aircraft transiting the combat zone. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Precision/Non-precision Recovery System. A precision recovery system is aninstrument approach that provides glideslope information to the pilot of an aircraft. Anonprecision recovery system is an instrument approach that does not provideglideslope information to the pilot of an aircraft.

Theater Air-Ground System (TAGS). A system of systems consisting of the TheaterAir Control System (TACS) (USAF), the Army Air Ground System (AAGS) (USA), theMarine Air Command and Control System (MACCS) (USMC), and the Navy Tactical AirControl System (Navy TACS) (USN).

Glossary-i8

Note: denotee Appendix I

INDEX

A

A2C2 I-i, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 11-5,11-6, 11-7, D-i, D-2, D-3, E-6, E-9,

References-i, Glossary-i, Glossary-15,Glossary- 16

AASC F-i, F-2, Glossary-iACA I-i, 1-2, Il-i, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-5, 11-7,

11-9, Il-li, 11-12, Glossary-i, Glossary-15ACO I-i, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-6, 11-12, 11-14,

11-17, Glossary-i, Glossary-iSACP I-i, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-5, 11-6, Il-li,

11-17, Glossary-i, Glossary-i5,Glossary- 16

ACS 1-2, 1-4, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-7,Glossary-i, Glossary-iS

AIC I-i, 1-2, 1-3, 1-5, 11-5, 11-6, 11-7, 111-5,D-3, E-5, E-7, Glossary-i, Glossary-i5

Air Force ATC Equipment E-15air operations control center (see AOCC)air resource element coordinator (see

AREC)air support control section (see ASCS)Air Support Coordinator (see ASC)Air Traffic Control Central (see ATC

Central)Air Traffic Control Tower (see ATC Tower)Air Traffic Control Facility (see ATC

Facility)air traffic control section (see ATCS)Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and

Coordination System (see ATNAVICS)Air Warfare Coordinator (see AWC)air warfare section (see AWS)Aircraft Control Central E-3, E-6Airspace Control Authority (see ACA)Airspace Control Center 11-3airspace control order (see ACO)airspace control plan (see ACP)Airspace Control System (see ACS)Airspace Information Center (see AIC)Airspace Management Liaison Section

(see AMLS)All-Weather Landing Subsystem (see

ALS)ALS 1-15, E-iO, E-li, Glossary-2AMLS 11-5, 11-7, Glossary-2ANG Air Traffic Control SQuadrons A-3

AOCC 1-17, 1-19, 11-8, B-i, F-2, Glossary-2AREC I-i7, Glossary-2Army Airspace Command and Control

(see A2C2)ASC F-i, F-2, Glossary-2ASCS I-i8, F-i, Glossary-2Assault Division Support Company D-2Assault Zone (see AZ)Assistant Air Support Coordinator (see

AASC)ATC Central 1-6, E-i2ATC Facility 1-6, 1-15, I-i9, 11-4, E-i, E-5,

References-i, Glossary-16ATC Tower 1-7, 1-8, E-4, E-6, E-i2, E-i9ATC Unit 1-7, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4ATCS 1-18, C-2, E-iO, E-il, E-23,

Glossary-2ATNAVICS v, 1-6, 1-7, E-6, E-8,

References-i, Gloss ary-2ATS Battalion 11-5, 11-6ATS Company Commander 11-6ATS Group 11-5, References-2AWC I-i7, F-2, G-1, G-2, Glossary-3,AWS 1-18, F-2, Glossary-3AZ I-2i, C-2, H-i, Glossary-3

B

Battlefield Coordination Detachment (seeBCD)

BCD 1-6, 11-3, 11-5, 11-6, 11-7, E-9,References-i, Glossary-3, Glossary-16

Beacon Set 1-6, E-5, E-6Beacons and Transponders E-i5

C

CAC2S 1-15, Glossary-3CAIC D-2, D-3, Glossary-3carrier air traffic control center (see

CATCC)CATCC 1-17, 1-19, 11-8, Glossary-3CCS 1-15, E-iO, E-ii, Glossary-3CDC I-i7, 11-8, E-i4, Glossary-3close operations 1-3, 1-5combat communications 1-21, 11-15, A-2,

E-i6, Glossary-3combat controllers viii, 1-20, E-22

Index-i

Combat Direction Center (see CDC)common aviation command and control

system (see CAC2S)Communications Systems E-15Communications Zone (see COMMZ)COMMZ D-2, Glossary-4Component Liaison Elements 11-3Composite Warfare Commander (see

CWC)Control and Communications Subsystem

(see CCS)Control Central 1-15, E-3, E-12,Corps Airspace Information Center (see

CAIC)Corps Support Company D-2CWC 11-8, Glossary-4

D

DAIC D-2, D-3, Glossary-4DCP 11-13,11-14, Glossary-4deep operations 1-3Director of Combat Plans (see DCP)Distribution of Approaches 11-16Division Airspace Information Center

(see DAIC)Division Support Company D-2drop zone (see DZ)DZ 1-3, 1-5, 11-12, E-2, E-16, Glossary-4

E

EMCON I-li, 11-14, G-3, Glossary-5emission control (see EMCON)End of Operations iv, 111-7

F

FAA I-i, 1-2, 1-7, 1-8, 1-19, 1-22, 1-23, 1-24,11-3, 11-4, 11-10, 11-14, 11-16, 111-2, 111-3,111-5, 111-7, B-i, C-2, Glossary-5

Facility Chief 11-7FARP 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-9, 1-21, Glossary-5FCC 1-6, E-5, E-9, Glossary-5,

Glossary-17Federal Aviation Administration (see

FAA)fixed base ATC 1-21fixed flight following facility rating 1-8Flight Coordination Center (see FCC)Flight Inspection 1-2, 1-22, 11-14, 11-15,

11-16, 111-5, E-i7, E-18, E-20

Index-2

Flight Inspection Beddown 11-16Forward Area Support Services 1-5,

Glossary-16forward arming and refueling point (see

FARP)Functional Component Command 11-3

G

GCA 1-2, 1-7, 1-8, 1-22, 1-25, 11-5, 11-7, 111-6,D-1, E-4, E-5, E-7, E-10, E-16, E-17,Glossary-6

GCA Team D-1, E-5global positioning system (see GPS)GPS 1-5, 1-23, E-15, *1.9, Glossary-6ground controlled approach (see GCA)

H

handover checklists iv, 111-5, 111-7, *IiHandheld Radios E-15HC F-2, Glossary-6HCS 1-18, G-2, Glossary-6HDC 1-17, 1-18, F-2, Glossary-6helicopter coordination section (see HCS)Helicopter Coordinator (see HC)helicopter direction center (see HDC)HF Manpack Radios E-i5

I

ICAO 1-23, 11-3, 11-4, 11-16, *1.8,Glossary-6

IFR 1-2, 1-13, 1-21, 11-13, 11-14, 11-15, 11-16,Ill-i, 111-4, 111-5, 111-7, B-i, E-il, E-12,E-21, E-23, *J..5, *Ili, Glossary-6,Glossary-17

IMC 1-3, 1-5, I-li, 1-20, 11-15, E-6, E-12,H-i, Glossary-6

Initial Operations iv, 11-14, Ill-iinstrument flight rules (see IFR)instrument meteorological conditions

(see IMC)Integration v, vii, viii, I-i, 1-7, 1-9, 1-18,

1-22, 11-6, Il-li, 11-13, 11-14, 111-6, 111-7,A-2, D-1, E-6, E-8, E-9, References-i,Glossary-2, Glossary-8, Glossary-12

International Civil Aviation Organization(see ICAO)

Interoperability 1-15, 11-4, 11-13, Ill-i,111-6, 111-7, E-3, E-4, E-i5, E-i9

L

laager points 1-9Landing Control Central 1-6, 1-22, E-6,

E-16, E-17landing zone (see LZs)Laser Equipment E-16LZ 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-20, 111-4, 111-5, E-1,

E-2, E-15, Glossary-8

M

MACCS iv, 1-9, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 11-8,11-9, Glossary-8, Glossary-18

MACG iv, 1-9, 1-10, 11-9, Glossary-8Marine Air Command and Control

System (see MACCS)Marine air control group (see MACG)Marine air traffic control and landing

system (see MATCALS)Marine air traffic control mobile team

(see MMT)Marine ATC detachment (see MATCD)Marine ATC Equipment 1-10, 1-15, E-10Marine Remote Area Approach and

Landing System (see MRAALS)Marine tactical air command center I-liMATCALS 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, E-11, C-2

Glossary-8MATCD iv, 1-9, 1-10, I-il, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14,

1-15, 11-9, A-i, E-11, References-2,Glossary-8

Military Emergency Use Only 11-16military operations other than war (see

MOOTW)MMT iv, I-il, 1-13, 1-14, 11-9, Ill-i, 111-6,

Glossary-9Mobile Microwave Landing System 1-22,

111-2, E-15, Glossary-8, Glossary-18MOOTW 1-2, 1-3, 1-7, 1-12, 1-20, 1-25, lI-li,

E-9, Glossary-9MR.A.ALS 111-4, E-13, Glossary-9

N

NATTC 1-15, 1-19, Glossary-9NAVAIDS 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14,

1-21, 1-22, 1-23, 11-12, 11-13, 11-14, 11-15,11-16, 111-4, D-i, D-2, E-2, E-6, E-18, H-i,*J..3, *J_9, 9-li Glossary-9, Glossary-17

Naval Air Technical Training Center (seeNATTC)

navigational aids (see NAVAIDS)Normal Commissioning 11-16

p

PCGs 1-24, Glossary-bpick up zones (see PZs)plans and support section (see PSS)Position Certification Guide (see PCG)P55 1-18, Glossary-ilPZs 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, E-2, Glossary-li

R

radar control section 1-10rapid ground refueling points (see RGR

points)rear operations 1-3, D-2RED CROWN 1-17Restricted Facility Commissioning 11-16RGR points 1-9

S

SEI v, 1-24, 1-25, Glossary-liService Component Command 11-3Special Experience Identifier (see SEI)Special Instructions (see SPINS)special tactics (see ST)Special Tactics Squadrons (see STS)Special Tactics Teams (see STT)SPINS 1-17, 11-4, 11-6, Glossary-12ST iv, viii, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, Il-li, 11-12,

Ill-i, 111-2, 111-3, 111-4, 111-5, A-3, E-15,H-i, References-2, Glossary-12

STS iv, 1-20, A-3, A-2, E-i5, H-i,References-2, Glossary- 12

STT 1-20, 1-21, 11-12, 11-13, 11-14, 11-15,111-2, 111-4, 111-5, 111-6, 111-7, A-3, B-i,E-23,Glossary-i2

Sustainment Operations iv, v 11-12, 11-15,111-6, D-2

Synchronization vii, I-i, 1-2, 1-7, 111-7,D-i

T

TACAN 1-12, 1-22, 1-23, 11-12, 111-2, 111-4,B-i, E-i2, E-15, E-i8,E-20, E-2i, E-22,*I..3, *I9, *141, Glossary-12,Glossary-14, Glossary-i7

Index-3

TACC I-li, 1-12, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 11-8,11-9, 11-16, E-i1, F-i, F-2, G-2,Glossary-12

TACGRU 1-16, 1-17, A-2, Glossary-12TACRON iv, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 1-19, 111-4,

A-2, B-i, F-i, F-2, G-i, Glossary-12TACT 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-8, 11-5, Ill-i, 111-4,

111-5, 111-6, D-1, D-2, E-7, Glossary-12Tactical air control group (see TACGRU)Tactical air control squadron (see

TACRON)Tactical Air Controller F-i, F-2,

Glossary-12Tactical Air Director (see TAD)Tactical Air Navigation (see TACAN)Tactical Air Traffic Control 1-17Tactical Aviation Control Team (see

TACT)Tactical Certification Program 1-8Tactical Terminal Control System (see

TTCS)TAD 1-17, F-2, Glossary-12TAGS I-i, 1-4, lI-i, References-i,

Glossary-i2, Glossary-18,TATC 1-17, Glossary-i3Terminal Instrument Procedures (see

TERPS)

Index-4

Terminal Services 1-4, 1-6, D-1,Glossary- 16

TERPS 1-2, 1-12, 1-16, 1-24, 1-25, 11-6, 11-7,11-12, 11-15, 11-16, 11-17, 111-2, 111-4, B-i,C-i, E-17, *14, *Ii1, Glossary-13

Theater Air Ground System (see TAGS)Tower Restoral Vehicle (see TRV)Tower Teams D-1TRV 1-22, E-18, Glossary-13TTCS 1-6, References-i, Glossary-13

U

unit type code (see UTC)UTC 1-20, 1-22, 1-24, 11-14, 11-17, B-i,

E-16, E-20, E-21, E-22, Glossary-14

V

VFR 1-6, 1-13, 1-15, 1-2 1, 1-22, 11-14, 111-4,111-5, 111-7, B-i, E-i, E-2, E-4, E-11, E-23,*14, *Iii, Glossary-14, Glossary-17

VHF/UHF Manpack Radios E-15VHF/UHF-AM Radio Set E-2ivisual flight rules (see VFR)

FM 100-104MCRP 3-25ANWP 3-56.3

AFTTPQ) 3-2.2325 JANUARY 1999

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

DENNIS J. REIMERGeneral, United States Army

Off icaI: Chief of Staff

JOEL B. HUDSONAdministrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army05582

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordancewith the initial distribution number 115756, requirements for FM 100-1 04.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:2000.517-714/94636