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8/3/2019 MCWP 3-36 AMCI November 2001-Tukhachevsky

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ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE

MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES

AIR LAND SEA

APPLICATION

CENTER DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved forpublic release; distribution is unrestricted.

ARMY AND MARINE CORP

INTEGRATION IN JOINT

OPERATIONS

AMCI

FM 3-31.1

MCWP 3-36

NOVEMBER 2001

PCN: 14400000200


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FOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our

respective comm an ds an d oth er comma nds a s appr opriat e.

This publication is available on the

General Dennis J. Reimer Training

and Doctrine Digital Library at

www.adtdl.army.mil

J OHN N . ABRAMSGeneral, USA

Commander

Tra ining and Doctr ine Comma nd

EDWARD HANLON, J R.Lieut enan t Genera l, USMC

Commanding General

Marine Corps Combat

Development Comma nd


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i

PREFACE

1. Scope

This un classified publicat ion a ddress es the hows of Army-Marine Corps

Int egrat ion (AMCI) in joint opera tions. It describes the capabilities an d limita tions

of selected Un ited Sta tes Arm y (USA) an d Unit ed Sta tes Mar ine Corps (USMC)

un its a nd pr ovides meth odologies in t he form of tactics, techniques, a nd pr ocedur es

(TTP) for th e integra ted em ployment of th ose units in a joint wa rfight ing

environment.

2. Purpose

This pu blication provides a single-source reference deta iling m ultiser vice TTP

for pla nn ing an d execut ing joint opera tions between Army an d USMC forces.

3. Application

This publicat ion a pplies to the operat ing forces of th e Arm y and Mar ine Corps.

Although th e focus of th e pu blication is a t th e joint force an d component levels, it

has application for planning and warfighting personnel at all echelons.

4. Implementation Plan

Participating service command offices of primary responsibility (OPR) will

review this publicat ion, validate t he inform at ion, reference, and in corpora te it in

service ma nu als, regulat ions, an d curr icula a s follows:

Army. The Arm y will incorpora te t he pr ocedures in th is publicat ion in Armydoctrinal and training publications as directed by the Commander, USA Training

an d Doctrine Comma nd (TRADOC). Distribut ion is in accordan ce with DA Form 12-

99-R.

Marine Corps. The Mar ine Corps will incorpora te th e procedur es in thispublicat ion in USMC doctr ina l and t ra ining publicat ions a s directed by th e

Comma nding General, United Sta tes Mar ine Corps Combat Development Comma nd

(MCCDC). Distribut ion is in accordan ce with Mar ine Corps P ublicat ion Distr ibution

System (MCPDS).

5. User Information

a. TRADOC, MCCDC, and Air La nd Sea Application (ALSA) Cent er d eveloped

th is publicat ion with th e joint pa rt icipation of th e appr oving service comman ds.

ALSA will review an d up dat e th is publicat ion a s necessar y.

b. This publication reflects curr ent joint a nd ser vice doctrine, comma nd and

cont rol orga nizat ions, facilities, personn el, responsibilities, an d pr ocedures.

Cha nges in service pr otocol, app ropriat ely reflected in joint an d ser vice pu blications,

will likewise be incorpora ted in r evisions to th is docum ent .

Marine Corps: PCN 14400000200


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ii

c. We encour age recomm ended chan ges for improving th is publication. Key your

comm ent s to specific pages an d par agra phs a nd pr ovide a r at iona le for ea ch

recomm enda tion. Send comm ent s an d recomm enda tions to

Army

Commander

US Army Training and Doctrine Command

ATTN: ATDO-A

Fort Monroe VA 23651-5000

DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153

Marine Corps

Commanding General

US Marine Corps Combat Development CommandATTN: C42 (Director)

3300 Russell Road, Suite 318A

Quantico VA 22134-5021

DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234

ALSA

ALSA Center

ATTN: Director

114 Andrews Street

Langley AFB, VA 23665-2785DSN 575-0902 COMM (757) 225-0902

E-mail: [email protected]


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iii

*FM 3-31.1 US Army Training and Doctrine Command

Fort Monroe, Virginia

*MCWP 3-36 Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Quantico, Virginia

21 November 2001

AMCIArmy and Marine Corps Integration in Joint Operations

TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................xi

CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION AND FUNDAMENTALS

Background ...................................................................................... I-1

Un ited St at es Arm y (USA) Corps ................................................... I-2Hea vy Notional Arm y Brigade ....................................................... I-2

Mar ine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) ...................................... I-4

Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) ............................................... I-5Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) ........................................... I-5Fu ndam enta ls of Army-Mar ine Corps In tegrat ion AMCI)

Operations ..................................................................................... I-8Augmenta tion Requirement s ......................................................... I-8

CHAPTER II COMMAND AND CONTROL

Background ..................................................................................... II-1Terminology .................................................................................... II-1Comma nd Relationships ................................................................ II-1

Organ ization of Forces ................................................................... II-3Liaison ............................................................................................ II-4Comm an d an d Cont rol (C2) Comm un icat ions .............................. II-6Army Tactical C2 Syst em (ATCCS) ............................................... II-7

Notiona l Arm y Brigade C2 Organ izations an d Fa cilities ............ II-8

Notiona l Arm y Brigade Commun icat ions Architectu re ............. II-10MEB C2 F acilities ........................................................................ II-12MEB Communications ................................................................. II-13AMCI Commu nications ................................................................ II-15

*This publication supersedes FM 90-31 and MCRP 3-3.8, 29 May 1996.


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CHAPTER III INTELLIGENCE

Background .................................................................................... III-1

Terminology ................................................................................... III-1

Intelligence Responsibilities ......................................................... III-1Notiona l Arm y Brigade Int elligence ............................................ III-2

Notiona l Army Brigade I nt elligence Organizat ions .................... III-3MAGTF In telligence Organ izations ............................................. III-6AMCI In telligence Opera tions ...................................................... III-8

CHAPTER IV MANEUVER

Background .................................................................................... IV-1

Notional Army Brigade Ground Maneuver Organizations ......... IV-1Man euver of the Notiona l Army Brigade ..................................... IV-4MEB Maneuver Organizations ..................................................... IV-6Maneuver of the MEB ................................................................... IV-8

Integra ted Maneuver a nd Complementa ry Capabilities .......... IV-10

CHAPTER V FIRE SUPPORT

Background ..................................................................................... V-1

Fire Support Coordinat ing Measures (FSCMs) ............................ V-1

Notional Army Brigade Fire Support Operations ........................ V-1Army Aviation ................................................................................. V-6MEB Fire Support Opera tions ...................................................... V-6Integra ted Fire Support Opera tions ............................................. V-8

CHAPTER VI ENGINEER OPERATIONS

Background .................................................................................... VI-1Terminology ................................................................................... VI-1

Notiona l Army Brigade Oper at ions .............................................. VI-1

MEB Engineer Operat ions ........................................................... VI-2Integra ted Engineer Operat ions .................................................. VI-8

CHAPTER VII AVIATION

Background ................................................................................... VII-1

Army Aviat ion Overview .............................................................. VII-1

Capabilities a nd Limitat ions ....................................................... VII-4Comma nd a nd Control .................................................................VII-5Plann ing Considerations .............................................................VII-7Mar ine Aviat ion .......................................................................... VII-12

Aviation Comba t E lement .......................................................... VII-12Mar ine Aviation Fu nctions ........................................................ VII-13Notiona l Army Brigade Under MEF Cont rol ............................ VII-22MEB Un der Arm y Corps Contr ol .............................................. VII-24

Commu nications Integra tion ..................................................... VII-29


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CHAPTER VIII AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE

Background .................................................................................. VIII-1

Integra ted Army a nd Marine Corps Air a nd Missile

Defense Operations ................................................................... VIII-1Army Air a nd Missile Defense Oper at ions ................................ VIII-7

MEB Operat ions ........................................................................ VIII-12Comma nd a nd Control .............................................................. VIII-12MAGTF Air a nd Missile Defense Or ganizat ions a nd

Equipment ............................................................................... VIII-13

CHAPTER IX ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS

Background .................................................................................... IX-1Authority for Logistics Oper at ions ............................................... IX-1J oint Logistics F un ctions .............................................................. IX-2Notiona l Arm y Brigade Logistics Or ganizat ions ......................... IX-2

Notiona l Arm y Brigade Logistics Oper at ions ............................ IX-12MEF Logistics Orga nizat ions ..................................................... IX-14

MEB Logistics Opera tions .......................................................... IX-19

Integrated Logistics .................................................................... IX-21

Logistics Status Reporting .......................................................... IX-30

APPENDIX A UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS ...................................................A-1

APPENDIX B MARINE AIR-GROUND TASK FORCES (MAGTFs)...................... B-1

APPENDIX C REPORTING FORMATS .................................................................C-1

REFERENCES............................................................................................. References-1

GLOSSARY .....................................................................................................Glossary-1

INDEX .................................................................................................................... Index-1

FIGURES I-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade ....................................................... I-3

I-2 Notional Marine Corps Expeditonary Brigade .................. I-6

III-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Direct Sup port

Militar y In telligence (MI) Compa ny ............................... III-4

III-2 Int elligence an d Reconn aissa nce Units/Assets ................ III-6

III-3 MEF G-2 Section ............................................................... III-7

III-4 Int elligence Batt alion ........................................................ III-7

IV-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Mecha nized Infant ry

Battalion .......................................................................... IV-2

IV-2 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Tan k Ba tt alion ........................... IV-3

IV-3 Marine In fant ry Regimen t ................................................ IV-7

IV-4 Light Armored Reconn aissa nce Compa ny ....................... IV-8

V-1 Notiona l Arm y Brigade F ire Su pport Coordin at ion

Organizations ................................................................... V-2


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V-2 Notiona l Arm y Brigade F ield Artillery Or gan ization ....... V-3

V-3 Multiple Laun ch Rocket System (MLRS) Batt ery ............ V-5

V-4 Notiona l MEB Art illery Ba tt alion ..................................... V-7

V-5 Mar ine Air Comma nd a nd Cont rol System (MACCS)/

Force Fires Coordin at ion Cent er (FFCC) /Fir e Support

Coordinat ion Cen ter (FSCC) Relationships .................... V-8

VI-1 Notiona l Army Brigade En gineer Bat ta lion .................... VI-2VI-2 Notional MEB Engineers .................................................. VI-3

VI-3 MEB Ground Combat Element (GCE) Combat

Engineer Compan y .......................................................... VI-4

VI-4 MEB Air Combat Elemen t (ACE) Marin e Wing Su pport

Squadron .......................................................................... VI-5

VI-5 MEB Brigade Ser vice Support Group (BSSG)

Engineer Compan y .......................................................... VI-7

VII-1 Notiona l MEF ACE Or ganizat ion .................................. VII-13

VII-2 Close Air S upport (CAS) Request Pr ocedur es ............... VII-16

VII-3 Helicopter S upport Team (TM) ......................................VII-20

VII-4 US Army/USMC Air Oper at ions Conn ectivity .............. VII-25VII-5 CAS/Air Int erdiction (AI) Sup port Request

Channels ....................................................................... VII-26

VII-6 Immediate CAS Request Ch ann els ............................... VII-27

VII-7 Airlift Support Request Chan nels ................................. VII-28

VIII-1 Dissemination Measures Between Corps an d

ME B ............................................................................... VIII-6

VIII-2 Dissemination Measur es Between th e MEF an d

Notiona l Arm y Brigade ................................................. VIII-6

VIII-3 Notiona l Army Br igade Air Defense Artillery (ADA)

Organization .................................................................. VIII-9

VIII-4 Corps ADA Brigade Organ ization ................................. VIII-10

IX-1 Forward Su pport Batt alion ............................................... IX-2IX-2 Sam ple Corps S upport Group (-) ...................................... IX-7

IX-3 Notiona l Brigade Service Support Group ...................... IX-16

IX-4 Aviation Combat Elemen t Logistics Or ganizat ion ........ IX-18

IX-5 Logistics C2 N otiona l Arm y Brigade U nder MEF ......... IX-22

IX-6 Notional Combat Support Battalion in

Supp ort of a ME B .......................................................... IX-22

IX-7 MEB Logistics C2 Un der Corps Cont rol ........................ IX-23

A-1 Notiona l US Army Corps ...................................................A-1

A-2 Hea vy Armored Cavalr y Regiment ....................................A-2

TABLES I-1 Notiona l Army Brigade Ca pabilities

and Limitations Sum mary ................................................ I-4

I-2 Capa bilities and Limita tions of th e MEB .......................... I-8

I-3 Notional Army Brigade Augmentation Requirements ...... I-9

I-4 MEB Augmenta tion Requirement s .................................. I-10

II-1 Liaison Requ iremen ts from Notiona l Arm y

Brigade to MEF ................................................................ II-5

II-2 Liaison Requirement s from MEF to

Notiona l Arm y Brigade .................................................... II-5


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II-3 Liaison Requir ement s from MEB t o Corps ....................... II-6

II-4 Liaison Requir ement s from Corps to MEB ....................... II-6

II-5 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Comm an d Group Fu nctions

an d Chara cteristics .......................................................... II-9

II-6 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Tactical CP Fu nctions a nd

Characteristics .................................................................. II-9

II-7 Notiona l Army Brigade Main CP Fu nctions andCharacteristics ................................................................ II-10

II-8 Notiona l Army Br igade Rear CP F unctions a nd

Characteristics ................................................................ II-10

II-9 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Signa l Plat oon

Capabilities/Limitat ions Summ ar y ................................II-11

II-10 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Signal S ection

Capabilities/Limitat ions Summ ar y ................................II-11

II-11 MEB DS Comm un icat ions Compa ny (Reinforced)

Capabilities and Limitations Summa ry ........................ II-14

II-12 Typical Comm un icat ions Systems Available

from Marine Corps DS Communications Company(Reinforced) and Notiona l Arm y Brigade Signal

Section ............................................................................. II-15

III-1 Notiona l Army Brigade Oper at ions P latoon

Capabilities ...................................................................... III-5

III-2 Int elligence Bat ta lion Ca pabilities ................................... III-8

III-3 Notional Army Brigade Collection/Electronic Warfare

(EW) Capabilities ............................................................ III-9

III-4 MEB Collection/EW Capabilities .................................... III-10

IV-1 M2 Bra dley Fighting Vehicle Cha ra cteristics .................. IV-2

IV-2 M1064A3 (120mm) Mort ar Cha ra cteristics ..................... IV-3

IV-3 M1A1 Abra ms Tank Ch ar acter istics ................................ IV-4

IV-4 Notiona l Arm y Brigade Maneu ver SpaceRequirements ................................................................... IV-5

IV-5 Un opposed Movement Ra tes ............................................. IV-6

IV-6 MEB Mobility Asset s ......................................................... IV-9

IV-7 AMCI Operations Complementary Capabilities

(Amph ib Operat ions/Pa ssage of Lines) ........................ IV-10


(Movement to Cont act) .................................................. IV-11


(Attack) .......................................................................... IV-11


(Breaching/River Crossing Opera tions) ....................... IV-12


(Defend) .......................................................................... IV-13


(Retrograde) ................................................................... IV-14

IV-13 Opposed Rates of Movement in Km /h ............................ IV-15

IV-14 Major Weapons an d Aircra ft Summ ar y .......................... IV-17

V-1 Army F ire Support Coordinat ion Organizations and

Coordinators ..................................................................... V-1


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V-2 Fir epower Compar ison of MLRS an d

155mm H owitzer .............................................................. V-4

V-3 MEB Tar get Acquisition Assets ......................................... V-8

V-4 Inh eren t Responsibilities of Art illery Sta nda rd

Tactical Missions ............................................................ V-10

V-5 Cha ra cteristics of MEB a nd Notional Arm y

Brigade Artillery ............................................................. V-11V-6 MLRS Ammu nition Plan ning Figures ............................ V-14

V-7 Notiona l Army Brigade Art illery E xtern al

Commu nications Net Stru ctur e When Opera ting

with MEF ........................................................................ V-16

V-8 MEB Artillery External Communications Net

Str ucture When Operat ing with Corps ......................... V-17

VI-1 Notiona l Army Brigade En gineer Bat ta lion

Equipment ....................................................................... VI-2

VI-2 Notiona l Comba t E ngineer Compa ny (Reinforced)

Equipment in Support of a MEB GCE ........................... VI-4

VI-3 Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS)(Fixed-Wing) Engineer Equ ipment ................................. VI-6

VI-4 Notiona l En gineer Compa ny (Reinforced)

Equipment in Support of a MEB BSSG .........................VI-7

VI-5A Mobility Tasks ................................................................... VI-8

VI-5B Coun ter mobility Task s ...................................................... VI-9

VI-5C Sur vivability Task s ............................................................ VI-9

VI-5D General E ngineering Tasks ............................................ VI-10

VII-1 Possible Army Aviat ion Task F orce .................................. VII-2

VII-2 Army Aviat ion Missions ................................................... VII-3

VII-3 Arm y Aviation Capa bilities an d Limita tions .................. VII-4

VII-4 Aviation Deep Operations GO/NO-GO

Planning Matrix ............................................................. VII-9VII-5 Asset Capa bilities for Antiair War fare Task s ............... VII-14

VII-6 TACP/FACP Personnel ...................................................VII-19

VII-7 MEB Fixed-Wing Aircra ft Ca pabilities .........................VII-21

VII-8 MEB Rota ry-Wing Aircraft Capa bilities ....................... VII-22

VII-9 Arm y Aviation Aircra ft Capa bilities an d

Limitations ................................................................... VII-23

VII-10 Arm y Aviation Comm un icat ions Equ ipment

Summary ....................................................................... VII-31

VII-11 USAF/USMC/USN Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Commu nicat ions Summ ar y ......................................... VII-32

VII-12 TACP/FAC Commu nications E quipmen t ...................... VII-33

VIII-1 Inh eren t Responsibilities of Air Defense

Standard Tactical Missions ........................................... VIII-3

VIII-2 Types a nd Cap abilities of Army ADA Weap ons ............. VIII-7

IX-1 FSB Supp ly Compa ny Ca pabilities/Major

Equipment ....................................................................... IX-3

IX-2 MSB Augmen ta tion of Notional Arm y Brigade ............... IX-5

IX-3 Corps Direct Support (DS) Supply Capa bilities .............. IX-9

IX-4 Supp ly Compa ny (DS) Major E quipmen t ......................... IX-9


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IX-5 Ammun ition Compan y (DS) Major E quipmen t ............. IX-10

IX-6 Maint ena nce Compa ny (DS) Capa bilities ...................... IX-10

IX-7 Maintenance Company (DS) Major Equipment ............. IX-11

IX-8 Combat Service Support Organizations ......................... IX-15

IX-9 Illustr at ive Class III Consumption Ra tes ...................... IX-26


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THIS P AGE INTENTIONALLY LEF T BLANK

x


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Army and Marine Corps Integration (AMCI) in Joint Operations

This publ ication-

Provides multiservice tactics , techniques , and procedures focusing

on the integrated e mployme nt of United States Army (USA) and

United States Marine Corps (USMC) forces .

Provides various ope rational tools for comma nde rs and joint

planne rs in tas k-organizing Army an d USMC forces .

Our na tional militar y stra tegy recognizes todays un cert ain world requ ires flexible

an d inter operable forces tha t can r espond quickly to th e mult itude of potentia l crises

tha t ma y threat en United Stat es vital nat ional interests. To respond to these crises,

th e na tions evolving force str uctur e mu st be both capable an d responsive toimplement a nd enforce the stra tegy tha t will protect our n at ional interests. The

exact composition of a given force depends on t he n at ur e of th e crisis and t he

prevailing str at egic politico-militar y environm ent . Such ada ptive force packaging

seeks t o maximize the capa bilities of opera tional execut ion. This publicat ion focuses

on one t ype of force packaging a vailable to the joint wa rfight ing commun ity: th e

integra ted em ployment of Army an d USMC forces.

Chapter I

Organizat ion and Fundamen ta l s

Cha pter I pr ovides an overview of selected Arm y an d USMC forces, an d describesth e orga nizat ion, capabilities, an d limitat ions of a n otiona l Arm y brigade an d a

Mar ine Expeditiona ry Brigade (MEB). It also discusses th e fun dam ent als of

integra ted opera tions to ma ximize th e capabilities of one force to counter balan ce the

vulnera bilities of th e other.

Chapter II

Command and Control

Cha pter II pr ovides an overview, principals, an d r esponsibilities of comm un icat ions.

It describes comman d a nd contr ol (C2) orga nizat ions, facilities, and commun icat ions

ar chitectu re of both a notiona l Army brigade an d MEB.

Chapte r III

Intel l igence

Cha pter II I addr esses int elligence support of AMCI opera tions. It highlights

selected t erm s an d defines t he r esponsibilities of the var ious in telligence

organizations that support the joint force.


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Chapter IV

Maneuver

Chapt er IV defines man euver at the operat ional a nd t actical levels of war a nd

describes a joint Arm y-USMC persp ective on m an euver. It focuses on ma neu ver

from both a notiona l Army brigade an d MEB an d includes a discussion of ma neu verfrom a n int egrat ed vant age point . Specific topics include: AMCI opera tional

capabilities, ta ctical plan ning consider at ions, r ecomm ended em ployment options,

and a recapitulation of major weapons systems a nd a ircra ft.

Chapter V

Fire Support

Cha pter V defines fire support opera tions. It discusses Arm y and USMC service

perspectives on fire support , selected coordin at ing measu res, an d fire su pport

tactics, techniques and procedures to support integrated combat operations.

Chapter VI

Engineer Operations

En gineers provide comm an ders with significant capa bilities to assist th em in

mu ltiplying th e batt le effectiveness of both m an euver a nd fire. Cha pter VI describes

engineer sup port to comba t operat ions. It esta blishes comm on termin ology an d

addresses Army an d USMC engineer C2, organizations, and equipment . It a lso

offers a n int egrat ed appr oach to plann ing and executing th ose operat ions by cross-

walking engineerin g capa bilities regar ding the four comm on pr imar y fun ctions of

mobility, countermobility, survivability, and general engineering.

Chapte r VII

Aviation

Cha pter VII fam iliar izes comm an ders a nd st affs on th e mission, capa bilities,

limitat ions, C2, a nd plan ning factors for employmen t of respective service a viation

organizations. It a lso describes AMCI operat iona l and augment ation requirement s.

Chapte r VIII

Air and Miss i le Defen se

Cha pter VIII addr esses joint force air an d missile defense opera tions. It pr ovides

th e basis for a comm on lexicon an d deta ils opera tions from Arm y an d USMCperspectives.

Chapter IX

Administration an d Logist ics

Cha pter IX defines a ut hority, responsibilities, a nd cont rol of logistics su pporting t he

joint force. This chapt er a lso includes a discussion of integr at ed logistics usin g the

six logistics functions a s th e fram ework (supply, ma inten an ce, hea lth ser vices,

tr an sporta tion, oth er ser vices, and civil engineering).


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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following comm an ds a nd a gencies pa rt icipated in th e developmen t of this

publication:

CommandantUnited S tates Army comm and an d General Staff Col lege

ATZL-FD-CD

1 Reynolds Ave

Fort Leavenworth , KS 66027-1352

Commandant

United S tates Army Infantry School

ATTN : ATSH-ATD

Fort Benn ing, GA 31905-5000

Commandant

Uni ted States Army Enginee r School

ATTN: ATSE -DOT

Fort Leonard Wood, Mo 65473-8929

Commandant

United State s Army Signal Cente r and School

ATTN: ATZH-CDC

Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5090

Commandant

U.S. Army Field Artil lery Sch ool

ATTN: ATSF -DDDFort Sill, OK 73503-5600

Commandant

United States Army Armor Sch ool

ATTN : ATZK-MW-DTD

Fort Knox, KY 40121-5200

Commandant

United States Army Air Defens e Arti l lery Sc hool

ATTN : ATSA-DT

Fort Bliss, TX 79916-3802

United S tates Army Combined Arms Sup port Command an d Fort Lee

ATN: ATCL-CDD

3901 A Avenue

Fort Lee, VA 23801


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Marine Corps Combat Deve lopmen ts Comman d

Joint Doctr ine Branch

3300 Russell Road, 3rd Floor, Suit e 318A

Quantico, VA 22134-5021

HQDA, ODCSOP S (DAMO-SS P )

400 Army Pen ta gon

Washington D.C. 20310-0400

HQ INSCOM

ATTN: IAOP-SP

Fort Belvoir, VA 22060


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I-1

Chapter I

ORGANIZATION AND FUNDAMENTALS

The nature of modern warfare demands that we fight as a team....

Effectively integrated joint forces expose no weak points or seams toenemy action, while they rapidly and efficiently find and attack enemy

weak points....

(Joint Publication (JP) 1, Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United

States)

1. Background

Given t he expan se of options a vailable to joint pla nn ers in t ask -orga nizing

Unit ed Sta tes Arm y (USA) an d Unit ed Sta tes Mar ine Corps (USMC) forces, this

publicat ion pr ovides two bas e cas es for discus sion. Thes e two cas es focus on

comm an d an d cont rol (C2) of a n otiona l arm y brigade by a Marin e Expeditiona ry

Force (MEF ) and C2 of a n otional Mar ine Expeditionar y Brigade (MEB) by an Army

corps.

a. Notional Army Brigade. The notiona l army brigade serves as the center piece

for t he discussions t ha t follow. Thr oughout th is text, notional ar my brigade refers to

a t ailored, ea rly-deploying arm or-heavy/mecha nized force. The Arm y has four

differen t t ypes of divisions: light, hea vy, airborne, an d air assa ult. The most likely

scenar io for Army an d USMC cont ingencies is th e use of a br igade from a hea vy

division. See Appendix A, Un ited St at es Arm y Corps, for an overview of oth er Army

forces th at ma y employ with USMC forces. The ra tionale for u sing th e notiona l arm y

brigade is t hr eefold:

(1) A notiona l arm y brigade will likely be the init ial mechan ized force

deployed in a cont ingency situ at ion r equiring a mechan ized capa bility.

(2) Notiona l arm y brigades a re ideally suited to deploy and linku p with

prepositioned Arm y equipmen t.

(3) Notiona l arm y brigades featur e unique capabilities that complement

USMC capa bilities.

b. Notationa l MEB. Throughout t his text, MEB refers to Marine Air-Ground

Task Force (MAGTF) out lined in Mar ine Corps Bu lletin 3501. This MEB is cent ered

ar ound the equipment a nd su pplies loaded on th e ships of a Ma ritime Pr epositioning

Ship Squa dron (MPSRON ). This MEB is also comm only referr ed to as a Ma ritime

Pr epositioning F orce (MPF ) Brigade. For t he sa ke of consist ency, an y reference to

amph ibious operations will be based on t he pret ense th at the Mar ines and

equipmen t of th is notiona l MEB are emba rk ed on am phibious shipping. See

Appendix B, Mar ine Air-Groun d Task Forces (MAGTFs ) for an overview of differen t

type USMC forces th at ma y employ with Army forces.


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2. United States Army (USA) Corps

The corps, comm an ded by a lieut ena nt genera l, is designed to conduct operat ions

at th e ta ctical or opera tional level of war an d norm ally fights a s par t of a lar ger joint

or mu ltina tional force with in th e cont ext of campa igns or ma jor operat ions. See

Appendix A an d F ield Manu al (FM) 3-100.1 (100-15), Corps Oper at ions, for furt her

information.

a. Composition. Becau se corps differ in size an d composition, ther e is no

sta nda rd organ ization. Depending on th e preponder an ce of ar mored, mechan ized, or

light infant ry comba t u nits, a corps can be cha ra cterized as hea vy, light, or mixed.

Corps a re t ailored for t he specific requ iremen ts of th e mission. Genera lly, a corps

cons ists of:

(1) Two to five divisions

(2) A corps a viat ion br igade

(3) Corps art i llery

(4) A mu ltifun ctiona l corps su pport comm an d (COSCOM)

(5) A nu mber of comba t, comba t su pport (CS), and comba t ser vice support

(CSS) units t ha t can r an ge in size from compa nies to brigades.

3. Heavy Notional Army Brigade

The h eavy notiona l arm y brigade is orga nized to fight su ccessive bat tles on an y

par t of the bat tlefield in conventional, nuclear, or chemical environmen ts. This k ind

of unit feat ur es th e mobility, firepower, an d su rvivability n eeded to destr oy enemy

forces by fire an d ma neu ver an d disru pt en emy opera tions by fire. An Arm y brigade

is commanded by a colonel.

a. Organization. There is no stan dard organizat ion for an Army brigade. A

notiona l ar my brigade is u sed in t his pu blication to show what forces ma y compose a

brigade du ring operat ions in which it may be integra ted with the Marine Corps.

Specific composition depen ds on th e following:

(1) Strat egic si tuation

(2) Nat ure of the contingency mission

(3) Forces available

(4) Mission, enemy, terra in an d weath er, tr oops an d support a vailable, and

time available (METT-T/METT-TC) ana lysis of the par ticular situa tion th at r equired

the deployment and employment of the brigade.


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(Note: The Arm y uses ME TT-TC, adding civil considerat ions as a sixth a rea

of an alysis. Civil considerat ions r elate to the at titu des an d activities of th e

civilian lead ers, populations, and organ izations with in an ar ea of operat ions

an d th e impact th ey have on th e conduct of militar y opera tions.)

Figure I-1 represents a notiona l army brigade . The model is not absolute for th e

un its or t ypes and qu an tities of weapons portr ayed; its function is to serve as a

comm on point of depar tu re for su bsequent discussions th roughout t he publicat ion.

Figure I-1. Notional Army Brigade

Note: This is a notional orga nizat ion. These as sets will be provided according to

METT-T/METT-TC and a vailability. It will be difficult for t he Army to provide

the multiple laun ch r ocket system (MLRS) battery a nd t he a viation batt alion.

b. Capabilities and Limitat ions. The notiona l arm y brigade perform s missions

assigned by higher headqu ar ters a nd conforms to tha t comma nder s intent and

concept of opera tion. Although capable of acting indepen dent ly, th e brigade

norma lly condu cts opera tions as pa rt of a la rger force. Table I-1 lists capabilities

and limitations of the notiona l army brigade.

X

II II I

SPT

II IIII IIII II

MI MP

44 44 44 18

6

24


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Table I-1. Notional Army Brigade Capabilities and Limitations Summary

Capabilities Limitations

C2 up to five ground and air maneuver Mobility restricted by jungle and dense

battalions and supporting CS and CSS forests, steep and rugged terrain, andunits significant water obstacles

Conduct range of sustained offensive Brigade consumes significant

and defensive combat operations quantities of Class III, V, and IX supplies

Conduct covering force operations Strategic mobility limited by

Conduct security operations available air and sea lift

Penetrate enemy forward defenses and Bridging capability limited and comes

rapidly maneuver to operational depths from the reserves

Combine effects of inherent maneuver Heavy dependence on radio and digital

speed and firepower to exploit communications

opportunities for decisive action Significant logistics support required for

Pursue and destroy enemy forces long administrative ground moves

Conduct defensive operations of delay Capability for dismounted operations

Rapidly conduct linkup operations limited Perform as multinational reserve Logistics lines of communications (LOCs)

Perform role as breakout/counterattack dependent and vulnerable to enemy

force in forcible entry operations activity

Assist breakout of encircled forces No forcible entry assault capability

Aviation assets may not be available

Deliberate decontamination capability

limited

No airmobile operations capability

without lift helicopter support (helicopter

mix provided) and additional training.

Limited organic intelligence, surveillance,

and reconnaissance (ISR) capability

4. Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF)

The specific composition of MAGTFs depends upon th e r equirem ent s of a

par ticular mission, but t he basic orga nizat ion is sta nda rd. Ea ch MAGTF consists of

a comm an d element (CE), a ground comba t elemen ts (GCE), an aviat ion comba t

element (ACE), and a comba t ser vice support element (CSSE).

a. CE. The CE consists of the MAGTF comma nder, an executive staff,

hea dqua rt ers sections, comm un icat ions, and other service support sections. The CE

serves a s t he focal point for MAGTF operat iona l execut ion in coordin at ing an d

directing th e effort s of assigned a viation, groun d, an d CSS forces.

b. GCE. The GCE is task organized around combat an d CS units and can r ange

in capa bility an d size from a single reinforced rifle compan y to one or more

rein forced Ma rin e divisions (MARDIVs).

c. ACE. The ACE plans and executes air opera tions for th e MAGTF. Marine

aviation functions include air reconna issance, ant iair war far e, assau lt support,

offensive air support , electr onic warfar e (EW), an d cont rol of aircra ft an d missiles.

The ACE var ies in size from a reinforced helicopter squ adr on t o one or m ore Marin e


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Air Wings (MAWs). Like th e GCE, the ACE is also ta sk organ ized with appropriate

CS and CSS.

d. CSSE. The CSSE is task organized to provide the necessary CSS to

accomplish th e MAGTF mission. Based on situ at iona l requ iremen ts, CSSEs var y in

size from an expansive Force Service Support Group (FSSG) that supports a MEF to

the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Service Support Group (MSSG) that supports

a MEU.

5. Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)

The MEF, th e lar gest MAGTF, is th e Mar ine Corps prima ry wa rfight ing force.

The ME F m ay consist of one or m ore MARDIVs, one or more MAWs, an d possibly

more tha n one FSSG. An MEF (single division/wing/FSS G) featu res a pproxima tely

55,000 Marin e Corps a nd N avy personnel, 300 fixed an d rota ry-wing air craft, 300

comba t vehicles, and 72 ar tillery pieces.

6. Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)

The specific composition depen ds on the sa me conditions th at dicta te t he t ask

orga nizat ion of the notiona l arm y brigade described ear lier. Figur e I-2 shows th e

orga nizat ion of a n otional ME B. As with the notiona l army brigade, th e model is not

absolute for the units or types and quan tities of weapons port ra yed but designed t o

serve as a comm on point of depar tu re for ensu ing discussions. The MEB is th e mid-

sized MAGTF an d is norma lly comm an ded by a brigadier gener al. The MEB bridges

the gap between t he MEU at the t ip of the spear, and t he MEF, our principal

war fighter. Like all MAGTFs, th e MEB is comprised of th e CE, GCE, ACE, an d

CSSE. The GCE is norm ally a rein forced infan tr y regimen t while the ACE is

cent ered on a composite Mar ine Aircraft Group (MAG), compr ised of both rota ry a nd

fixed-wing assets. The CSSE is comm only referr ed to as a Brigade Ser vice Support

Group (BSSG) and is capa ble of susta ining th e fighting force for a pproximately 30

days.

a. Mission. The MEB mission is to plan , coordinat e, and conduct sust ainable

combined arms combat and other expeditionary operations across the spectrum of

conflict. MEB ta sks include:

(1) Independent operations ran ging from forcible entr y to hum an itarian

assistance.

(2) Deployment to Comm an der in Chiefs (CINC) area of responsibility (AOR)as pa rt of joint or combin ed force

(3) Pr oviding a nu cleus Joint Task Force Headqua rter s (J TF HQ)

(4) En abling follow-on forces

(5) Being prepar ed to act a s th e Marine Corps Service Component

(6) Being prepar ed to serve as the a dvance echelon of a MEF


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Figure I-2. Notional Marine Corps Expeditionary Brigade

b. MEB Comma nd Element. The MEB comma nd element pr ovides C2 forelement s of th e MEB. It u sua lly includes t he following elemen ts:

(1) Detachment (Det), MEF Headquarters Group

(2) Det, Intelligence Batt alion

(3) Det, MEF Liaison Element

(4) Det, Commu nicat ions Bat talion

(5) Det, Radio Batt alion

(6) Force Reconna issance Compan y

c. GCE. The GCE is normally formed ar ound a reinforced infan try regiment . It

usu ally includes th e following element s:

(1) Headqua rt ers Compan y (reinforced)

(2) 3 to 5 Infantr y Battalions

INFANTRY

GROUND COMBATELEMENT (REININFANTRY REGT)

TANK COMPANY

ASSAULT AMPHIBIAN

LIGHT ARMORED

ARTILLERY BATTALION

INTELLIGENCE BN DET

RADIO BN

FORCE RECON

COMMUNICATION

CIVIL AFFAIRS

MHG DET

COMMAND ELEMENT(CE)

RECONNAISSANCE BN

COMBAT ENGINEER

VMM/HMM

VMAQ VMGR

MARINE WING

MARINE AVIATION

MARINE AIR

HEADQUARTERS

TRANSPORTATION

SUPPLY COMPANY

COLLECTION

SURGICAL SUPPORT

DENTAL DETACHMENT

ENGINEER SUPPORT

MAINTENANCE

BULK FUEL COMPANY

COMBAT SERVICESUPPORT ELEMENT

(BSSG)

AVIATION COMBATELEMENT

(COMPOSITE MAG)

MEB

VMFA/VMFAALL WEATHER (AW)


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(3) Artillery Bat talion

(4) Armor, as sa ult a mph ibious veh icle (AAV), and light ar mored veh icle (LAV)

capabilities as required

(5) Reconnaissance

(6) Combat En gineer

d. ACE. The ACE is a composite MAG task -organ ized for th e assigned mission.

It usu ally includes th e following element s:

(1) Fixed Wing Squad rons F-18C/D, AV-8B, EA-6B, and KC-130

(2) Rota ry Wing Squ adr ons CH-46, MV-22, CH-53E, UH-1, an d AH-1

(3) Det, Mar ine Air Contr ol Group (MACG)

(4) Det, Mar ine Un ma nn ed Aeria l Vehicle (UAV) Squa dron (VMU)

(5) Det, Marine Air Support Squa dron (DASC)

(6) Det, Marin e Air Contr ol Squadr on (TAOC)

(7) Det, Marin e Tactical Air Comma nd Squ adr on (MTACS)

(8) Det, Mar ine Air Tra ffic Cont rol

(9) Det, Mar ine Wing Support Gr oup

(10) Marine Wing Su pport Squadr on(s)

e. CSSE. The brigade CSSE is task-organized to provide CSS beyond th e

capability of the supported air a nd ground elements. It u sually includes th e

following elemen ts :

(1) Engineers

(2) Supply

(3) Tran sporta tion

(4) Landing Support-Beach, Port, Airfield

(5) Medical

(6) Maintenance

(7) Services


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Table I-2 describes the capa bilities an d limitat ions of the MEB.

Table I-2. Capabilities and Limitations of the MEB


C2 several maneuver battalions, a Marine Limited ground capability to counterair group, and associated CS and CSS extensive enemy armor threat

units Limited numbers of ground mobility

Conduct amphibious assaults, raids, assets constrain tactical mobility to

demonstrations, withdrawals and other approximately one battalion by ground

amphibious operations transport.

Seize advanced operating bases Limited capability to conduct mounted

Conduct vertical assaults and ground maneuver operations

envelopments Limited protection and decontamination

Conduct sustained combat operations capabilities in nuclear, biological and

ashore as part of a larger force to achieve chemical (NBC) environments

campaign or major operations objectives Limited indirect counterfire capability

Provide close and deep air support and Limited bridging capabilities. Armored

aerial reconnaissance. Vehicle Launched Bridges (AVLB) are

Achieve local air superiority to support in active forces while the rest of bridging

ground operations. is in the reserves.

Conduct EW Limited organic ISR capability

Conduct dismounted operations in all

geographic environs

Conduct military operations in urban

terrain

Coordinate naval support of ground

operations

Conduct military operations other than

war

7. Fundamentals of Army Marine Corps Integration (AMCI) Operations

The ba sic principle for effectively int egra ting a nd employing Arm y an d US MC

forces as a joint war fightin g tea m is t o maximize the capabilities of one force to

coun ter balan ce th e vulner abilities of th e oth er. To achieve th at en d, requ iremen ts

for a dditiona l exter na l forces and a ssets m ust be identified and r esourced, comm an d

relationships must be established, and the force must be task organized for

operational planning and execution.

8. Augmentation Requirements

In some circumst ances, the notiona l arm y brigade a nd t he MEB ma y fight in the

configur at ions depicted in F igures I-1 an d I-2 respectively. In m ost cases, h owever,

both forces requ ire augmen ta tion to condu ct sust ained comba t opera tions. The

au gment at ion m at rix foun d in Table I-3 provides a sum ma ry of some of th e

augment ation the n otiona l arm y brigade ma y require to operat e as pa rt of a MEF.

The table also identifies potential sources for the required augmentation assets.

Table I-4 provides similar da ta for t he MEB when it opera tes a s par t of an Army

corps. The tables illustra te ra ther tha n prescribe; specific requirement s ar e


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situat ion dependent. Augmenta tion requirement s are addr essed in greater deta il in

succeeding fun ctiona lly focused chapt ers.

Table I-3. Notional Army Brigade Augmentation Requirements

Type Operations From From

USMC Army

C2 Liaison X X

Communications X X

Military police X

Civil affairs X X

Intelligence Long range reconnaissance and surveillance X X

Intelligence and electronic warfare X X

Communications X X

Maneuver Combat forces X X

Fire Support MLRS XEW X X

Target acquisition X X

Naval gunfire spotters X

Mobility/Survivability Combat engineers X X

Bridging X

Chemical X

Aviation Air support (fixed wing) X

Air support (rotary wing) X X

Maneuver (rotary wing) X X

Air Defense SHORAD/HIMAD X X

C2 X X

Logistics Class III operations X

Class IV operations X

Class V operations X

Medical support (USN) X

Transportation X

Personnel X

Terminal operations X X

Maintenance XClass IX operations (limited) X

Mortuary Affairs X

Psychological Operations X

Legend:MLRS multiple launch rocket systemSHORAD short range air defenseHIMAD high to medium altitude air defenseUSN United States Navy


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Table I-4. MEB Augmentation Requirements

Type Operations From From

USMC Army

C2 Liaison X XCommunications X X

Military police X

Civil affairs X X

Intelligence Long range reconnaissance and surveillance X X

Intelligence and electronic warfare X X

Communications X X

Maneuver Combat forces X X

Fire Support MLRS X

EW X XTarget acquisition X X

Naval gunfire spotters X

Mobility/Survivability Combat engineers X X

Bridging (from reserves) X X

Chemical X

Aviation Air support (fixed wing) X

Air support (rotary wing) X X

Maneuver (rotary wing) X X

Air Defense SHORAD/HIMAD XC2 X

Logistics Class III operations X

Class V operations X

Medical support (USN) X

Transportation X

Personnel X

Terminal operations X X

Maintenance X

Mortuary Affairs XPsychological Operations X


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II-1

Chapter II

COMMAND AND CONTROL

1. Background

This chapt er pr ovides an overview of the C2 system , the p rinciples of C2, an d th e

responsibilities for C2 comm un icat ions. It a lso describes the C2 orga nizat ions,

facilities, and comm un icat ions a rchitectur e of both a notiona l arm y brigade and a

MEB.

2. Terminology

The joint lexicon feat ur es a var iety of ter ms a nd a cronyms t ha t define th e

concept of C2. Thr oughout ensu ing discussions, commandrefers to th e J FCs vested

aut hority as defined in J P 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).C2 indicates

th e process which comm an ders u se to plan, direct, coordin at e, an d cont rol forces toaccomplish ass igned missions. The C2 system , the comm an d, cont rol an d

comm un icat ions (C3) system , or t he comm an d, cont rol, comm un icat ions, a nd

compu ter (C4) system consists of those integra ted systems of doctr ine, procedur es,

organizations, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications that support

the comma nder.

3. Command Relationships

J oint force comman ders (J FCs) esta blish a ny of th e basic comm an d relat ionsh ips

to facilita te C2 of th e joint force. Thes e include oper at iona l cont rol (OPCON),

ta ctical cont rol (TACON), support, or a tt achm ent of forces with th e t ype of comman d

relat ionsh ip specified a s discussed below:

a. OPCON. OPCON may be exercised at a ny echelon a t or below the level of the

combat ant comma nd. OPCON is inh erent in combat an t comma nd (COCOM) an d is

th e au th ority to perform th ose functions of comm an d over su bordina te forces

involving organ izing an d employing comm an ds a nd forces, assigning ta sks,

designat ing objectives, an d giving a ut horita tive direction necessar y to accomplish

th e mission. OPCON includes aut horita tive direction over all aspects of militar y

opera tions an d joint t ra ining necessary to accomplish a ssigned missions.

(1) OPCON is norm ally exercised thr ough ser vice component comman ders.

OPCON, in an d of itself, does n ot include au th orita tive direction for logistics ormat ters of administra tion, discipline, interna l organization, or unit tr aining.

OPCON does include the a ut hority to delineat e fun ctiona l responsibilities and

geogra phic AOR of subordina te comman ders.

(2) OPCON is also exercised by functiona l componen t comm an ders over

assigned and att ached forces and other forces as esta blished by J FCs.


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II-2

b. TACON. TACON may be exercised by comm an ders a t an y echelon at or below

th e level of COCOM. TACON is th e deta iled and u sua lly local direction an d cont rol

of movement s or man euvers n ecessar y to accomplish a ssigned missions or ta sks.

TACON pr ovides sufficient au th ority for cont rolling an d directing t he a pplicat ion of

force or t act ical us e of comba t su pport a sset s. TACON does not provide for

administra tive and logistic support ; the comma nder of the par ent unit continu es to

exercise th ose responsibilities un less oth erwise specified in t he est ablishing

direct ive. TACON is typically exercised by funct iona l component comma nd ers over

militar y capa bility or forces made a vailable for tas king th at ar e not assigned or

attached to the functional component.

c. Support. A support relationship is established by a senior comma nder between

subordina te comm an ders wh en one orga nizat ion sh ould aid, protect, complement, or

susta in an other force.

(1) J FCs may establish support relationships within th e joint force to

enh an ce unity of effort for given operat iona l ta sks, emph asize or clar ify priorities,

provide a subordina te with an add itiona l capa bility, or combine t he effects of similaras set s. The following definit ions a re from J P 0-2, UNAAF.

(a) Mutual Support . Mutual support is the action tha t units render each

other against an enemy because of their assigned tasks, position relative to each

other an d to th e enemy, and inherent capa bilities.

(b) General Support (GS). GS is the a ction th at is given to the supported

force as a whole rat her tha n t o a par ticular subdivision t hereof.

( c) D i rect Sup por t (DS) . DS s uppo r t i s a m i s s i on r equ i r i ng a fo rce

to supp or t a no th er spe cif ic forces requ es t fo r ass i s t an ce .

(d) Close Support. Close support is the a ction of th e supportin g force

against t ar gets or objectives th at ar e near enough t o the supported force as to

requ ire deta iled int egra tion or coordin at ion of th e support ing action with fire,

movemen t, or other actions of th e sup ported force.

(2) Esta blishing supported a nd supporting relationships between components

is a useful option t o accomplish n eeded ta sks. This concept a pplies equa lly to all

component s of th e joint force. Ea ch subordina te elemen t of the joint force can be

support ed by other element s.

(3) As sta ted in J P 0-2, UNAAF, Un less limited by th e esta blishin g directive,

th e comman der of th e supported force will ha ve the au th ority to exercise gener al

direction of th e support ing effort . Gener al direction includes t he designa tion of

ta rgets or objectives, timing, dur at ion of th e supportin g action, an d oth er inst ru c-

tions necessar y for coordinat ion a nd efficiency. The su pporting comm an der is r e-

sponsible for ascertaining th e needs of the supported comma nder and ta king the

necessar y action t o fulfill these n eeds within existing capa bilities, consistent with

priorities and requirement s of other assigned tasks.


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II-3

(4) The esta blishing directive indicat es th e pur pose of the support action in

ter ms of th e effect desired and t he scope of th e action t o be tak en. It sh ould include:

(a) The str ength of forces allocated to the support ing mission.

(b) The time, place, and dura tion of the supporting effort.

(c) The priority of the su pport ing mission relative to the other missions of

th e support ing force.

(d) The au th ority, if an y, of th e support ing force to depart from its

support ing mission in t he event of exceptional opport un ity or a n em ergency.

(e) The general or special au thority for a ny operat iona l or other

instr uctions t o be issued by th e forces being support ed or by oth er a ut hority in th e

action a reas.

d. Atta chmen t. Atta chmen t is the temporary placement of a unit into an otherorga nizat ion. Subject to limitat ions placed by th e att achm ent order, th e receiving

comm an der h as t he sa me degree of C2 an d th e sam e responsibilities for logistics an d

administra tion over th e unit(s) received as over organic units. The at tachment order

should specify the su pply an d ma intena nce requirements in t erms of what the

receiving and pa ren t u nit will provide.

4. Organization of Forces

Once th e J FC h as est ablished comma nd r elationships, the r eceiving MEF or

corps comm an der m ay exercise several options in organ izing th eir forces. In

addit ion t o the r ecommended options described below, th e J FC m ay a lso elect t o

esta blish TACON or sup port r elationships in organ izing th e joint force.

a. For th is discussion, we will illustra te t he comma nd r elationships for both

scenar ios: a n otional ar my brigade at ta ched to a MEF, and a MEB at ta ched to an

army corps.

(1) Notiona l Army Brigade to a MEF:

(a) Pr ovide th e notional a rmy brigade OPCON/TACON to the MEF for

employment by the comma nder a s a sepa ra te ground combat element .

(b) Pr ovide th e notional a rm y brigade OPCON/TACON to the MEF GCEcomma nder a s a separ ate m aneu ver force.

(c) Pr ovide the notiona l army brigade OPCON/TACON to a designat ed

MARDIV to be employed within th at division comm an der s scheme of man euver.


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(2) MEB to Corps:

(a) Pr ovide th e MEB OPCON/TACON to an Army corps.

(b) Pr ovide the MEB OP CON/TACON to an Army division.

b. Tra nsfer of Units. Army an d Marine Corps forces are stru ctur ed to operat e

most efficiently usin g service doctr ine a nd ta ctics, techniques, a nd procedur es (TTP).

However, there will be situations where circumstances dictate the need to transfer

un its at levels below th e notiona l arm y brigade or ME B in order to optimize th e

capabilities of th e joint force a nd accomplish th e m ission.

5. Liaison

Liaison teams contribute to successful integrated operations and reduced

insta nces of frat ricide. To be effective, liaison t eam s mu st be pr operly tr ained,

planned for, and int egrated into all major hea dquar ters elements. In Army an d

Mar ine Corps int egrat ion (AMCI) opera tions, robust liaison provides critical linka gebetween Arm y and Mar ine un its an d contr ibutes to the su ccess of th ose opera tions.

Liaison provides current expertise and representation for critical planning,

coordinat ion, a nd execution. (See Tables II -1 thr ough II-4.)

a. Dut ies. Liaison officers (LNOs) advise the sending and receiving

comma nders. The sending comma nder is assisted in determ ining requirement s,

priorities, and requ ired a llocations. The r eceiving comm an der is a dvised on

capabilities, ta ctics, and doctr ine of th e sending comman d. The sta tu s of th e sending

an d receiving comm an ds is monitored to ma inta in a basis for advising. LNOs act as

a t wo-way condu it t o coordin at e an d facilitat e th e flow of support an d inform at ion

between comma nds.

b. AMCI Liaison Requirement s. Comma nders must ensur e their liaison teams

ar e adequa tely mann ed an d equipped to execute 24-hour operations a nd can

comm un icat e with t heir pa ren t element s. The following tables provide

recomm ended liaison excha nges between Arm y and Mar ine un its dur ing AMCI

operations.


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II-5

Table II-1. Liaison Requirements from Notional Army Brigade to MEF

Function Notional Army Brigade to MEF

C2 To GCE (command liaison)

To GCE (G-6 liaison)Intelligence To Intelligence Battalion

To GCE G-2

Maneuver To GCE G3

To adjacent units as required

Fire Support To Force Fires Coordination Center (FFCC) and Senior FireSupport Coordination Center (FSCC)

Engineer To MEF engineer

Aviation To ACE

To GCE G3 air

Air Defense To ACE

To GCE G3 air

Logistics To Force Service Support Group (FSSG)

To GCE G-4

Note: Tables II-1 to II-4 depict the areas, which will require liaison, however,neither service will be able to provide this high number of liaisons. Therefore,liaison officers may be required to interact with several functions of the otherservice.

Table II-2. Liaison Requirements from MEF to Notional Army Brigade

Function MEF to Notional Army Brigade

C2 To notional army brigade signal officer

Intel To Direct Support Military Intelligence (MI) company as required

Maneuver Lateral exchange as required

Fire Support To notional army brigade tactical (TAC) fire support element (FSE)

To main FSE

Engineer To notional army brigade Main Command Post (CP)

Aviation To notional army brigade TAC CP

Forward Air Controllers (FACs) to maneuver battalions as required

Air Defense To notional army brigade main CP

Logistics To rear CP


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Table II-3. Liaison Requirements from MEB to Corps

Function MEB to Corps

C2 To Command Group

To Corps G-6

Intelligence To Corps G-2

Maneuver To G3

Lateral exchange as required

Fire Support To Corps FSE

To maneuver units as required

Engineer To Corps engineer BDE CP

Aviation To Corps operations (G3 air)

To maneuver units as required

Air Defense To Corps air defense element or brigade CP

Logistics To Corps support group

To Corps G-4

Table II-4. Liaison Requirements from Corps to MEB

Function Corps to MEB

C2 To Command Group

To MEB G-6

Intelligence To Intelligence Battalion (BN)Maneuver Lateral exchange as required

Fire Support To MEB FSCC and GCE FSCC

Engineer To MEB engineer

Aviation To ACE

To G3 air

Air Defense To ACE

Logistics To BSSG

To G-4

6. Command and Control (C2) Communications

a . Th e t er m C2 communications encompasses t he m eans by which t he comma nd

tra nsmits a nd r eceives informa tion a nd orders.

b. Service Responsibilities.

(1) Pr ovide, operat e, and maint ain the C2 facilities organ ic to its own ta ctical

forces, including organic service elements.


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(2) Pr ovide, operat e, an d mainta in termina l equipment on defense

comm un icat ions s ystem a ccess circuits, circuits r equired for comm un icat ions with

element s of oth er services, an d a ssociated circuit facilities.

(3) Pr ovide, operat e, and ma intain int eropera ble and compat ible C2 systems

for dist ress, disas ter, emergency, an d sa fety a s directed by proper a ut hority.

c. Latera l Commu nications. Responsibility for establishing latera l

communications between adjacent units may be fixed by the next higher commander

or by esta blishing or ada pting sta nding opera ting procedur es (SOPs). When

responsibility is not fixed by orders, comm an ders esta blish comm un icat ions on a

geogra phical basis from left t o right a nd from the r ear forwa rd.

7. Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS)

a. ATCCS is a groun d mobile, deployable network of comm on har dwar e an d

softwa re for echelons a t corps a nd below. Its pu rpose is to assist comm an ders a ndth eir sta ffs to obta in a n ear rea l-time a ccess to comman d critical inform at ion

requirements (task organization, maneuver, engineer, NBC, signal, Army airspace

C2, fire su pport, a ir defense, intelligence an d electr onic warfar e (IEW), CSS,

resources, and enemy situation) through a force level database.

b. The ATCCS architectu re includes five component bat tlefield fun ctions a na lysis

systems:

(1) The Maneu ver Contr ol System (MCS) is th e primar y aut omat ed decision

support /inform at ion system supporting the ta ctical comman der an d staff. The MCS

provides th e fun ctiona l applicat ions n ecessa ry to access an d ma nipula te th e force

level inform at ion da ta base a nd sa tisfy all sta ted comm an der s critical inform at ion

requ iremen ts. MCS also allows effective an d timely contr ol of curr ent comba t

opera tions (deep, close, and r ear ), an d th e developmen t a nd distr ibution of plans a nd

estimates in support of futu re operations.

(2) The All Sour ce Ana lysis System (ASAS) is th e int elligence a nd E W

component of the ATCCS. It is a deployable, computer -assisted int elligence and E W

an alysis, report ing, and techn ical cont rol system. ASAS receives an d ra pidly

processes lar ge volumes of comba t inform at ion a nd sen sor report s from all sour ces to

provide timely and accurate targeting information, intelligence products, and threat

alert s such a s collection ma na gement , int elligence processing an d report ing, high

value/high payoff ta rget pr ocessing an d nomina tions, and comm un icat ionsprocessing an d inter facing.

(3) The F orwar d Area Air Defense Comma nd, Control, Commu nicat ions, a nd

Int elligence (FAAD C3I) System p rovides th e au tomat ed inter face between t he

Forwar d Area Air Defense System (FAADS) and th e C2 nodes within th e ATCCS.

Fu nctiona l applicat ions include:

(a) Alertin g supported field forces of impen ding air a ction.


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(b) Pr oviding hostile aircra ft cueing to forwar d ar ea a ir defense (FAAD)

units.

(c) Pr oviding rapid disseminat ion a nd a cknowledgment of air bat tle

man agement informa tion.

(d) Pr oviding exchan ge, processing, and display of air defense comm an d

information.

(e) Pr oviding an au tomated decision support for t he plann ing,

coordinat ing, cont rolling, an d executing of air defense su pport.

(4) The Combat Ser vice Support Contr ol System (CSSCS) provides critical,

timely, integr at ed, au tomat ed logistical in form at ion to include a ll classes of supply,

critical systems ma intena nce statu ses, and CSS un it locat ions a s well as integrat ed

logistic plan ning t ools. It is ut ilized by batt alion t hr ough echelon above corps (EAC)

logistic comm an ders an d sta ffs.

(5) The Advan ced F ield Art illery Tactical Da ta System (AFATDS) provides

au toma ted decision support for t he fire support fun ction, to include joint a nd

combined fires. The AFATDS provides a fully integra ted fire supp ort C3 system,

giving the fire support coordin at or aut omat ed support for plan ning, coordin at ing,

cont rolling, and execut ing close su pport, coun ter fire, int erdiction, a nd suppr ession of

enemy a ir defense (SEAD) system s. AFATDS perform s all th e fire su pport

opera tional functions, t o include au tomat ed allocat ion a nd dist ribut ion of fires ba sed

on t ar get value ana lysis.

8. Notional Army Brigade C2 Organizations and Facilities

a. The notiona l army brigade comma nder comma nds an d cont rols thr ough an

orga nizat iona l stru ctur e tha t includes th e comm an d group, TAC CP, main CP, an d

rea r CP. Tables II-5 th rough II-8 describe th e fun ctions a nd char acter istics of each

of these organ izations.

b. Comma nd Group. The notiona l ar my brigade comma nd group consists of the

comm an der an d staff necessar y to help comm an d and cont rol th e fight. Per sonnel

include t he in telligence st aff officer (S2), oper at ions st aff officer (S3), fire su pport

coordinat or (FSCOORD) (Note: USMC uses th e a cronym fire support coordinat or

(FSC), an d Un ited S ta tes Air F orce (USAF) a ir liaison officer (ALO), (USMC u ses Air

Officer ). METT-T/METT-TC ma y dicta te inclus ion of th e engineer, air defense, an d

aviat ion officer, subordin at e comm an ders, or special sta ff officers. Becau se th ecomm an d group fights t he bat tle from t he location of the comm an der, it is a sm all,

highly mobile organ ization th at displaces with th e ebb an d flow of the t actical

situation.


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Table II-5. Notional Army Brigade Command Group Functions and Characteristics

Primary Functions Influence the battle

Issue planning guidance

Conduct ongoing close operations

Disseminate the commanders intent

Characteristics Comprised of notional army brigade commander and selected

personnel

Led by commander

Small size affords reduced physical and electronic signatures

Can relocate to any position on battlefield

Communicates on move

c. TAC CP. The TAC CP conducts on-going close oper at ions . The TAC CP

provides t he comm an der with a sma ll sta ff composed of S2, S3, fire support , ALO,

aviat ion, air defense, an d oth er personn el as requ ired. The TAC CP opera tes wellforwa rd in t he notiona l ar my br igades a rea of operat ion (AO), typically within

several kilometers of the forwa rd edge of th e bat tle ar ea (FE BA) or forwa rd line of

own tr oops (FLOT), depending on th e situ at ion. It affords t he comman der th e

capabilities of exercising C2 over th e notional ar my brigade an d plan ning close

operations.

Table II-6. Notional Army Brigade Tactical CP Functions and Characteristics

Functions Controls ongoing close operations

Provides the commander with combat critical information

Maintains current close operations situation

Disseminates the commanders decisions

Characteristics Positioned forward in brigade AO

Operates in mounted or dismounted modes

Organized as a single, cohesive cell

Small, highly mobile

Comparatively low electronic signature to provide security

Controlled by brigade S3

d. Main CP. The main CP or ta ctical opera tions cent er (TOC) providescontinuity

for notiona l ar my brigade opera tions by synchronizing th e entire C2 system . Thema in CP m onitors t he close fight, plans fut ur e opera tions, condu cts deep opera tions,

and coordinat es combat, CS, an d CSS r equirements t o support ongoing and futu re

opera tions. The ma in CP includes cur ren t opera tions, plan s, intelligence, fire

support , comm un icat ions, a nd Army a irspa ce comman d a nd contr ol (A2C2) sections.


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Table II-7. Notional Army Brigade Main CP Functions and Characteristics

Functions Assists the brigade and task force

Plans future operations

Coordinates operations throughout the depth of the AO Synchronizes CS and CSS assets

Executes planned deep attacks

Monitors the close fight

Conducts rear operations

Keeps higher headquarters informed

Coordinates with adjacent units

Maintains continuous operations for extended periods

Assumes C2 of close operations if the TAC CP is destroyed

Characteristics Organized by functional cells


Positioned in brigade rear area

Controlled by brigade executive officer (XO)

e. Rear CP. The rear CP sustains th e force during cur rent operations, forecasts

futu re CSS requirement s, and conducts rea r operations. The personnel or

ma npower st aff officer (S1) cont rols the rea r CP an d norm ally collocates with th e

forwar d support bat talion (FSB) CP in t he brigade support ar ea.

Table II-8. Notional Army Brigade Rear CP Functions and Characteristics

Functions Tracks current battle

Sustains current deep and close operations

Forecasts future CSS requirements

Conducts detailed CSS planning

Serves as the entry point for units entering the brigade rear area

Coordinates with the FSB CP (collocate)

Characteristics Positioned in brigade support area

Collocates with forward support battalion


Controlled by the S4

9. Notional Army Brigade Communications Architecture

Two sour ces provide comm un icat ions su pport for t he n otional ar my brigade: th e

communications platoon organic to the brigade headquarters and a signal section

provided by the divisions signa l bat ta lion.

a. Notiona l Army Brigade Commu nications Platoon. Table II-9 describes the

capabilities and limitat ions of the comm un icat ions pla toon organ ic to th e notiona l

ar my brigades headqua rt ers a nd h eadquar ters compan y (HHC).


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Table II-9. Notional Army Brigade Signal Platoon Capabilities/Limitations Summary


Provide FM radio net (network) control No mobile subscriber equipment

communications. (MSE) capability.

Install, operate, and maintain internal wire Limited ability to establish externalcommunications. connectivity.

Install, operate, and maintain FM radio Limited communications redundancyretransmission to higher HQs. and equipment.

Install, operate, and maintain IHFRcommunications.

Provide tactical facsimile (FAX) capability.

Manage COMSEC material.

Provide local area network (LAN)management and connectivity into the

wide area network (WAN).

b. Signal Section. A signal section from division a ssets a lso provides

commu nicat ions su pport to the n otional a rmy brigade. The section a ugments the

capabilities of th e signal platoon a nd pr ovides the n otional ar my brigade a ccess an d

conn ectivity int o th e MSE net work . Table II-10 describes the capabilities and

limitat ions of the signa l section.

Table II-10. Notional Army Brigade Signal Section Capabilities/Limitations Summary


Provide secure long haul multichannel tactical Cannot support full range

satellite (TACSAT) communications connectivity of MEF MSE requirements.

into higher HQs communications network.

Increased requirement to logistically

Provide secure net radio interface into the support additional signal assets

MSE network.

Provide MSE automated switching service to

network subscribers.

Install and maintain MSE network for the

notional army brigade.

Install, operate, and maintain secure single

channel (SC) TACSAT communications.

Provide remote access unit (RAU) coverage

sufficient to support the notional army brigade

force.


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10. MEB C2 Facilities

MEB CPs a re t he facilities (e.g., buildings, stru ctur es, ships, tent s, and veh icles)

used by the comm an der a nd st aff at each echelon t o plan , direct, cont rol, an d

coordinat e opera tions of assigned forces.

a . The Main Echelon. The primary inter ests of the ma in echelon ar e directing

curr ent operations an d planning futu re operat ions. The main CP is organized into

two sections: the current operations staff and future operations staff.

(1) Current operations sta ff:

(a) Supervises mission execution.

(b) Coordinat es combat operat ions.

(c) Coordinates r equired CSS.

(d) Ha ndles close and deep operat ions occurr ing with in 12-72 hour s.

(2) Futu re operations sta ff:

(a) Plan s futur e, close, and deep operations beyond 72 h our s.

(b) Coordinat es the C2 organization an d support system.

(c) Monitors cont inuit y of MAGTF opera tions.

(d) Deter mines friendly and en emy possible cour ses of action.

(e) Develops execution plans with key decision points a nd a lterna te plans.

(f) Ensu res synchronization of operat ing systems in opera tion plans,

bran ches, an d sequels.

b. The Rear Echelon. The rea r echelons primar y mission is to provide support to

forces condu cting comba t opera tions. The r ear echelon is locat ed close enough t o

perform dut ies with out engaging in close combat. The rea r CP pr ovides C2 over

rear-area security operat ions, terra in mana gement within th e rear ar ea,

sustainment operations, control of administrative moves, and other associated

functions. The r ear echelon is often positioned nea r m ajor port s, airfields, ortelecomm un icat ions facilities, or it can r ema in sea-based.

c. The Tactical Echelon. The prima ry pur pose of th e tactical echelon (commonly

referr ed to as th e com m and group ) is t o provide th e comm an der with freedom of

movemen t an d the inform at ion critical to situa tional awar eness. Typically, th e

ta ctical echelon consist s of the comm an der a nd r epresen ta tives from th e intelligence,

opera tions, an d comm un icat ions sta ff sections. The ta ctical echelon must h ave the

mobility and C2 su pport commensu ra te with its sta ted pur pose.


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11. MEB Communications

a. Organization. The organization char ged with t he overall responsibility of C4

is the CE. J ust a s the other elements of the MEB are ma de up of subordinat e units

th at perform var ious m issions a nd fun ctions, t he CE of a notiona l MEB consist s of a

num ber of comma nd support organizations as required, but tr aditiona lly includes:

(1) A headqua rt ers compan y.

(2) The general staff sections.

(3) A reinforced DS comm un icat ions compa ny. The DS commun icat ions

compa ny of th e MEB comes from th e MEFs comm un icat ions ba tt alion. The

compa ny is ta sk organized to support t he functions discussed below. Ther e will also

be augment ation from t he Genera l Support Company, Service Compan y an d

Headqua rter s Compan y from th e Commu nications Batta lion.

b. Fu nctions. The elements of the MEB must be supported with commu nicat ionsresour ces whether a float or a shore. When the MEB CE is sea-based, the Na vy

am phibious ta sk force pr ovides conn ectivity to t he N ava l Telecomm un icat ions

System (NTS). When ash ore, the MEB CE pr ovides entry into the NTS or the

Defense Commu nications System (DCS). Table II-11 shows comm un icat ions

capabilities and limitat ions a ssociat ed with th e DS commun icat ions compa ny

assigned to the MEB CE.


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Table II-11. MEB DS Communications Company (Reinforced)

Capabilities and Limitations Summary


Provides CE with SC (VHF, HF, UHF, SHF) Limited numbers of SC UHFportable and mobile radio sets, to include SATCOM radios.

SC UHF SATCOM (AN/PSC-3/5).

Provides CE multichannel (LOS UHF, SHF, and Cannot directly connect to

SHF SATCOM) connectivity to subordinates and MSE network via a SEN due to a

higher units as part of the communications DTGs signaling format difference.

network (AN/TRC-170, MRC-142, AN/TSC-85/93). can only be established between

ULCS (AN/TTC-42, SB-3865) MSE

Provides CE with internal wire, telephones, and switches (AN/TTC-47/48/39D)

phone switching system (digital and analog), to using CCIS trunks at NSC & LEN

include STU-III, DSVT, DNVT, AN/TTC-42, points of entry.

SB-3865 & SB-3614.

Provides CE with an AUTODIN entry capability, to Limited communications repair

include stand alone GENSER and DSSCS capabilities.

personnel computers and follow on possibility of

a message center (AN/MSC-63).

Provides CE with a tactical FAX (UXC-7A) Limited communications

capable of radio or wire interface. redundancy in equipment and

personnel.

Provides CE with a secure E-mail to subordinate

units using a LAN. LAN includes direct

server-to-server and dial up capabilities.

Provides CE with DCS and or NTS access

(DSCS, FLTSATCOM, or HF DCS entry) with

(AN/TSC-85, AN/TSC-96, or AN/TSC-120).

LEGEND

AUTODIN automatic digital network LAN local area network

CCIS Common Channel Interswitch Signaling LEN large extension node

DCS Defense Communications System LOS line of sight

DSSCS Defense Special Security SATCOM satellite communications

Communications System SC single channel

DNVT digital nonsecure voice terminal SEN small extension node

DSVT digital subscriber voice terminal SHF super high frequencyDTG date time group STU-III secure telephone unit III

FLTSATCOM fleet satellite communications ULCS unit level circuit switches

GENSER general service

HF high frequency


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12. AMCI Communications

For effective C2, the comm an der a nd st aff rely on comm un icat ions syst ems t ha t

facilita te t he pa ssing of inform at ion qu ickly and accur at ely, in both secure a nd

nonsecure modes. At the brigade/regiment level and below, the Arm y and t he

Mar ine Corps u se similar equipmen t (see Table II-12). Comm un icat ions challenges

include interoperability issues, communications procedures, standard message

form at s, an d comm un icat ions secur ity (COMSEC).

Table II-12. Typical Communications Systems Available from Marine Corps DS

Communications Company (Reinforced) and Notional Army Brigade Signal Section

Capability DS COMM CO Notional Army Brigade

(reinforced) Signal Section

Combat Net Radio (CNR)/ MRC-145 PRC-119

single channel radio (SCR) PRC 119 VRC-88, 89, 90, 91, and 92

VRC-88PRC 113

Switching TTC-42 MSE-TTC-47, TTC-48

SB 3865

SB 3614

Message center MSC 63A

COMSEC VINSON KY-57 VINSON, DSVT, KY-99

ANDVT KY-99

DLED KG-84C

Tactical FAX UXC-7A UXC-7A/B

Telephones DNVT-TA-1042 and 954, DNVT TA-1042, DSVT KY-68

DSVT KY-68 Analog TA-312, 838, TA-1035

Analog TA-312, 838, and and STU-III

STU-III

Multichannel TRC-170 V3

MRC-142

UHF TACSAT MRC-140 MST-20

PSC-5 PSC-5

AN/TSC-96

SHF Multichannel GMF SAT TSC-93 AN/TSC-85, AN/TSC-93

HF MRC-138 AN/GRC-193, PRC-104

PRC-104

AN/TSC-120

Navigational aids MSE GPS w/GCE EPLRS

NCS (2), SEN (8), RAU (2), R-

RAU (2)


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a. Inter operability. USMC and Army un its use SC frequency modulation radios

to commun icat e at lower u nit levels. Both services ma ke us e of UHF TACSAT,

alth ough t he Mar ine Corps h as fewer TACSAT assets t ha n th e Arm y. The Arm y

employs MSE extensively and when operating with Marine Corps units should

consider pr oviding MSE to Marine un its at critical int erface points. One technique

is to au gment t he notional ar my brigade with a signa l comm un icat ions compa ny (-)

from t he division signa l batt alion t o provide MSE connectivity between th e TOC an d

brigade su pport ar ea (BSA) and t heir MAGTF count erpar ts.

b. Commu nications Procedures and Considerations.

(1) Plann ing. Pr ocedura l planning and coordinat ion prevents inter operability

conflicts tha t ma y ham per C2 effectiveness. Ea ch service ha s its own peculiar

procedur es and equipment . Int eropera bility-specific procedur es tha t assist in

effective C2 execution are discussed below:

(a) UH F

mcwp 3-36 amci november 2001-tukhachevsky

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