mdao for conceptual aircraft design

MDAO

for Conceptual Aircraft Design

張元彬

僅供參考

閱讀心得

MDAO - Multi-Disciplinary Analysis & Optimization

(戰機概念設計 - 跨學科領域的分析與最佳化設計)

。 Bend The Cost Curve

。 Better Buying Power 3.0 (提昇武獲能力 3.0)

。 Own The Technical Baseline

。 Modular Open System Architecture (MOSA: 模組化開放的系統設計)

。 Digital System Model (系統實體數位系統模型)

。 Digital Thread (系統實體數位流)

。 Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS:系統發展的彈性設計)

• CREATE

• HPC.mil

。 Joint Security Implementation Guide

2

Model and Data Exchange Methods

and Standards

Clif Davies, “Phoenix Integration and the Skunk Works - A History of Success, A Path to the Future,” April 14, 2015

ERS 為本世紀 DoD 科技發展總體戰略架構的重要項目

美國國防部(對國防廠商的技術導引)

。Northrop Grumman

• 摘要

• Why MDAO (Multi-Disciplinary Analysis & Optimization; 跨學科領域的分析與最佳化設計)?

– MDAO 與 MBE (Model based Engineering; 模型導向工程)的策略:降低系統發展生命週期總成本

–戰機設計的均衡性

• What is MDAO?

–整合跨學科領域的數值分析與計算方法

–推動專案計畫參與者的即時互動

–設計過程的自動化與設計空間探索

–整合跨學科領域的分析工具

–有程序與組織的工作流程3

Contents

(目錄)

• How to Implement MDAO?

–系統發展與執行細節

– MDAO: 軟/硬體架構

• 範例

– ESAVE 高效的超音速飛行器探索

– ESAVE MDAO 模型的動畫

• MDAO的沿革:應用與支援

• 結語

。附錄

• Lockheed Martin

– ESAVE program (2011): 高效超音速飛行器探索

– EXPEDITE program (2017): 跨領域高超音速飛行器最佳化設計技術

• Phoenix Integration: MDAO, Explore, Integrate, MBE, MBSE

4

• DOE (Design of Experiment) 試驗設計

• Response Surface Models (RSM)

• N2 Diagram

• Better Buying Power (BBP) (提昇武獲能力)

• Overview of General QMU Process

5

Abstract

。For over a decade, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) has employed Phoenix Integration’s ModelCenter software to develop numerous conceptual aircraft Multidisciplinary Design Analysis & Optimization (MDAO) workflows

。Each workflow has involved integrating a number of discipline-specific analysis tools together to make onecohesive analysis, specifically tailored to the problem at hand

。However, as with any new technology, many challenges, including cultural and technical barriers, have had to be overcome in order to implement and realize the advantages of MDAO

6

https://www.phoenix-int.com/customer-apps/mdao-for-conceptual-aircraft-design-at-northrop-grumman/

https://www.phoenix-int.com/part-iii-mdao-conceptual-aircraft-design-northrop-grumman/

(摘要)

https://www.phoenix-int.com/customer-apps/mdao-for-conceptual-aircraft-design-at-northrop-grumman/

https://www.phoenix-int.com/part-iii-mdao-conceptual-aircraft-design-northrop-grumman/

Why MDAO?

(Strategic Application of MDAO and MBE to Realize Potential Large ROI)

7

Leveraging MDAO early in Concept Exploration and applying MBE best-practices during all

phases of military aircraft acquisition could result in huge payoffs of TLCC reduction.

MDAO

MBE

Notes: MDAO - Multi-Disciplinary Analysis & Optimization MBE - Model based Engineering

Kentaro Sugiyama (MDAO IPT Lead, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems), “MDAO for Conceptual Aircraft Design at Northrop Grumman,” Phoenix Integration, Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) Workshop, Feb. 21, 2019

(模型導向工程)

(模型導向工程)(跨學科領域的分析與最佳化設計)

(MDAO和MBE的策略:降低系統發展生命週期總成本 (TLCC)

Why MDAO?

(Military Aircraft Design is a Complex Process)

8

MDAO enables the designer/analyst to efficiently and confidently search for and achieve the

best balance of maximum capability and affordability in response to the Warfighter’s needs.

(MDAO)


(戰機系統發展的財務負擔)

(戰機任務需求與性能) (戰機系統發展的專案計畫)

(戰機設計的均衡性)

(戰機設計的均衡性)

What is MDAO?

(Numerical / Computational Approach)

。MDAO is an numerical / computational approach to connect multiple disciplines together to create one cohesive analysis

• Facilitates improved engineering efficiencies

• Helps explore and visualize larger design spaces

• Enables better understanding of complex design interactions

• Provides sensitivities for varying:

– Engineering disciplines’ parameters

– System requirements

9

MDAO facilitates deciding what factors to change and to what levels, tracking and recording

the responses, when everything influences everything else.


(整合跨學科領域的數值分析與計算方法)

10

What is MDAO?

(Enabler of Real-Time Stakeholder Interaction)


Notes: EMD - Engineering & Manufacturing Development SDD - System Development and Demonstration

(推動專案計畫參與者的即時互動)

11

What is MDAO?

(Tools Integration)

Once integrated, the tool is considered “wrapped” and can be executed automatically by the

Integration Framework.


(分析工具的整合)

12

What is MDAO?

(Design Process Automation / Design Space Exploration)

Once the design process is automated, this enables Design Space Exploration with a variety

of Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques.


(設計過程的自動化與設計空間探索)

13

What is MDAO?

(Design Process Automation / Design Space Exploration)

Once the design space has been explored, a variety of Optimization techniques may be

applied to find local/global maximums and minimums of some specified objective function,

subject to given constraints, in the design space.


(設計過程的自動化與設計空間探索)

14

What is MDAO?

(Executing Multi-Disciplinary Tools in Concert)


Utilizing Phoenix Integration’s ModelCenter software, NGC MDAO capability is achieved

through the integration of internally approved and calibrated models, with buy-in from

seasoned aircraft design and analysis experts. Notes: NGC - Northrop Grumman Corporation

(整合跨學科領域的分析工具)

15

What is MDAO?

(Disciplined and Organized Process Workflows)

MDAO Framework systematically links CAD and analytical systems, with Life Cycle Cost

and Operations Analysis, to provide a more disciplined approach.


(有程序與組織的工作流程)

16

How to Implement MDAO?

(Development and Execution Detail)

1. Problem Definition 2. Concept Development (sizing)

3. Parametric Model Development (configuration) - Develop parametric CAD model

4. Identify Discipline Models, Fidelity levels, Model Interfaces, Verification and Validation (V&V)

- Develop N2 Diagram by integrating discipline analysis tools

5. Design Space Exploration, Sensitivity Analysis, Constraint Assessment and Optimization Trade

11Studies - Down select to Preferred Configuration(s)

As MDAO Model evolves from Conceptual to Preliminary and Detailed design, it involves

more constraints, increasing fidelity models, and more SME interactions.


Notes: T/W - Thrust to Weight ratio W/S - Wing Loading

(系統發展與執行細節)

17

How to Implement MDAO?

(Hardware / Software MDAO Architecture)

MDAO Anywhere approach lowers the barriers

to company-wide adoption and facilitates the

use of remote computing resources.


(MDAO: 軟/硬體架構)

Example Integration: ESAVE N2 Model

(ESAVE - Efficient Supersonic Air Vehicle Exploration)

。 Requirements

• Mission, Structures, Flight Controls

。 Constraints

• Propulsion, Structures, Flight Controls

。 Variables

• Vehicle, Propulsion

。 Objective

• Minimize TOGW ( maximize affordability)

18

。 MDAO Design / Analysis Modes

• Interactive design space exploration

• Design of Experiments (DoE)

• Response Surface Model (RSM) generation

• Local vs. global optimization studies

• Pareto frontier optimizer

• Gradient based vs. line search


(範例: ESAVE 高效的超音速飛行器探索)

N2 Diagram

19

N2 Architecture couples

disciplines in both inner

and outer loops and

supports a wide range

of trade studies and

optimization methods.


N2 Diagram

ESAVE MDAO Model Animation

20

This shows an hour of ModelCenter runs (~40 iterations) in 30 seconds. Top left shows our

CATIA model. Bottom left shows a sky map of specific range at MTOW. Bottom right shows

the NASTRAN grid.


Notes: MTOW- Maximum Take Off Weight

(ESAVE MDAO 模型的動畫)

History of MDAO Applications and Support

。 CRAD: LCCM, TERN, AETD, ONR VCAT(LCCM - Low Cost Cruise Missile, TERN - Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node, AETD -Adaptive Engine Technology Development, ONR - Office of Naval Research, VCAT - Variable Cycle Advanced Technology)

。 IRAD: F X , FA XX , UCLASS, NGAS Proprietary Programs(F X - Fighter Experimental, FA XX - Fighter/Attack Experimental , UCLASS - Unmanned Carrier Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike)

。 ONR VCAT NUCAS, NAVAIR/ONR VCAT NGAD(NUCAS - Notional Unmanned Combat Air System, NGAD - Next Generation Air Dominance)

。 AFRL ESAVE MDAO Program(AFRL - Air Force Research Laboratory, Efficient Supersonic Air Vehicle Exploration)

。 AFRL RCEE(RCEE - Revolutionary Configurations for Energy Efficiency)

。 NASA N+2 ERA Sizing Study Scaled Test bed Vehicle

(ERA - Environmentally Responsible Aviation)

。 AFRL HEETE Project: Propulsion study(HEETE - Highly Energy Efficient Turbine Engine)

。 HALE Program MDAO Models Deployment(HALE - High Altitude Long Endurance)

21Kentaro Sugiyama (MDAO IPT Lead, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems), “MDAO for Conceptual Aircraft Design at Northrop Grumman,” Phoenix Integration, Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) Workshop, Feb. 21, 2019

(MDAO 的沿革:應用與支援)

。 Support: Airframe Digital Twin (系統實體數位模型) , Hypersonics

22

MDAO is a critical technology and key enabler at NGC for producing aerospace

configuration designs with maximized capability and affordability.


Concluding Remarks

。MDAO enables engineers to explore large conceptual fighter design spaces in a fraction of the time over traditional approaches, resulting in better trades and better design

。Engineers spend more time analyzing the data, rather than generating it, resulting in progressively higher quality solutions

。Exploring the design space earlier gives engineers and program management a deeper understanding of the design

。The quantitative and qualitative knowledge generated gives leadership better visibility into the risks and challenges involved, enabling them to make informed and proactive programmatic decisions

23Kentaro Sugiyama (MDAO IPT Lead, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems), “MDAO for Conceptual Aircraft Design at Northrop Grumman,” Phoenix Integration, Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) Workshop, Feb. 21, 2019

(結語)

。This in turn fosters a better rapport with the customer, allowing them to shift from “Are you doing this correctly?” to “What if?” type questions

24

Phoenix Integration’s ModelCenter software has enabled NGC to conduct MDAO quickly,

accurately, and efficiently.


25

(附錄)

。 In 2017 Lockheed Martin was announced as the winner of the AFRL Multi-Disciplinary Science and Technology Center

is the Expanded Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) for Effectiveness Based Design program that seeks to address challenges in the modern aircraft design conceptual design process by expanding methodologies and techniques to make informed, data driven design decisions earlier in the process

26

https://www.esteco.com/corporate/expanded-mdo-effectiveness-based-design-technologies

https://www.esteco.com/corporate/webinar-recording-lockheed-martin-overview-afrl-expedite-program-and-role-esteco

Abstract 1/X

X= 20

(2011): Efficient Supersonic Air Vehicle Exploration

(高效超音速飛行器探索)

(2017): anded MDO for ffectiveness Based

es gn chnologies (跨領域高超音速飛行器最佳化設計技術)



(in 2011): ESAVE - AFRL and Lockheed Martin collaboration; Automated workflow for supersonic vehicle design; which is developing MDO-based improvements to the fighter/strike conceptual design process

。Lockheed Martin, the prime contractor for , building off successes with the , adopted a parallelized approach towards

developing and investigating the challenge of Effectiveness Based Design

。These parallel efforts in included explorations of optimization modeling and techniques, high performance computing, transient subsystem modeling, uncertainty quantification (UQ), cost and reliability, and state-based modeling and path dependency

27



2/X



ESAVE Program Schedule

28

Clifton Davies, Marc Stelmack, Scott Zink, Antonio De La Garza, Pete Flick, “High Fidelity MDO Process Development and Application to Fighter Strike Conceptual Design,” 12th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference and 14th AIAA/ISSM, 17 - 19 Sept. 2012

3/X

ESAVE Sizing Missions and Payload

29


4/X

ESAVE MDO Approach

(RSM-Based Optimization)

30Clif Davies, “Phoenix Integration and the Skunk Works - A History of Success, A Path to the Future,” April 14, 2015

Notes: MDO - Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

5/X

Notes:AFS - Aeronautics Field SustainmentAAW - Anti-Air WarfareICE - Innovative Control EffectorsSSD - Spoiler/Slot Deflector SEP - Specific Excess Power

ESAVE MDO Process Development

(Focuses on Aeroelastic and Propulsion Technologies)

31

6/X

Notes:OML - Outer Mold LineRSM - Response Surface Models NGT - Next Generation Trainer FF - Forward Flight


Structures RSM Generation

32


7/X

ESAVE Low Fidelity Structural Model Generation Process (Physics-Based Structural Technology Assessment during Conceptual Design)

33


8/X

Changing MDAO Process


9/X

。 Bend The Cost Curve

。 Better Buying Power 3.0 (提昇武獲能力 3.0)

。 Own The Technical Baseline

。 Modular Open System Architecture (MOSA: 模組化開放的系統設計)

。 Digital System Model (系統實體數位系統模型)

。 Digital Thread (系統實體數位流)

。 Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS:系統獲得的彈性系統)

• CREATE

• HPC.mil

。 Joint Security Implementation Guide

35

Model and Data Exchange Methods

and Standards

Clif Davies, “Phoenix Integration and the Skunk Works - A History of Success, A Path to the Future,” April 14, 2015

ERS 為本世紀 DoD 科技發展總體戰略架構的重要項目

美國國防部(對國防廠商的技術導引)

10/X

Where is ADP Going With Phoenix/MDAO

。Model Discipline Growth

• Increased model complexity

• Increased DV’s (Design variables), constraints and objective functions

• RSM methodology

。High Performance Computing

• Higher fidelity earlier in programs

• New Physics

• Increased discipline coverage

。Pervasive MDAO

• Web based MDAO

• Server/Cluster based computing

• Service/Agent based computing


11/X

Notes: ADP - Advanced Development Projects

Problem Introduction

。The ability to efficiently and effectively model the coupled physics associated with hypersonic vehicles has not been sufficiently addressed

• Limits our ability to set realistic performance requirements

• Reduces the set of conceptual designs that can be considered

• Compromises our overall ability to effectively analyze designs

。Key Technology Gaps

• Code integration

– Limited formal communication among tools

– Few established frameworks for integrating single discipline codes

37

Dr. Ian Dettwiller, “EXPEDITE: Meeting The Engineering Challenges Of Hypersonic Design,” Engineered Resilient Systems, ERDC-ITL, 22nd Annual Systems & Mission Engineering Conference, 21 - 24 October 2019

12/X

• Effective Computing Resources

– Scalability of trusted toolsets is not a given

– Lack of computing resources at appropriate classification

• Convergence of Coupled-Physics

– Unknown order-of-execution, time-dependence, and required fidelities of single discipline analysis

。Current Status

• Flight profile defined by single discipline CFD analyses

• Thermal-structural response only considered at critical point

• No in-the-loop stability and controls consideration

。Goals

• Coupled-physics analyses

• Integrated stability and controls

• Automated workflow

38


13/X

39


14/X

Aero Domain

。Objective• Validate, develop, and integrate government tools for current and

future hypersonic vehicle design (HVD) workflows

。Approach• Compare government and industry tools to validate hypersonic

analysis

• Develop capabilities to fill technology gaps and integrate tools within the HVD workflow

。 Impact• Reduce or eliminate dependence on licensed software

• Introduce capability for S&C analysis of a hypersonic vehicle

40

Notes: RANS - Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes


15/X

Thermal Domain

。Objective• Establish the usability of government tools for current and future

HVD workflows

。Approach• Validate government tools for thermal analysis

• Develop better physics-based models for thermal analysis

• Automate code execution

。 Impact• Improved physics-capture of thermal effects Scalable solution for

thermal analysis

41

ERS interaction


16/X

Structure Domain

。Objective• Establish the usability of government tools in current and future

HVD workflows

。Approach• Validate government tools for combined thermal and aero loading

。 Impact• Increased fidelity for structures analysis

• Reduced dependency on licensed software

42


17/X

Orchestration Domain

。Objective• Couple government toolset to facilitate data transfers and

coordinate parallel execution

43

。Approach• Identify the physics needed by each discipline from each

other discipline and any software gaps preventing transition of that data to other codes

• Develop capabilities to facilitate execution of domain codes and their coordination

。 Impact• Drastic reduction in solution cost and time for HVD

• Significant increase in accuracy of hypersonic vehicle analysis

(Code Coupling)


18/X

Summary

。Objective• Quantify the coupled-physics on hypersonic vehicle design

and automate the analysis process to improve efficiency

。Status• Investigating the current hypersonic analysis capabilities of

government tools• Comparing government and industry toolsets• Developing APIs for automated execution of software

。Impact• Reduce or eliminate dependence on licensed software• Expand capabilities for S&C analysis of a hypersonic

vehicle• Increase fidelity for structures analysis• Improved physics-capture for thermal effects• Scalable solution for thermal analysis• Drastic reduction in solution cost and time for hypersonic

vehicle analysis• Enormous advance of the state-of-the art in hypersonic

vehicle analysis quality

44Dr. Ian Dettwiller, “EXPEDITE: Meeting The Engineering Challenges Of Hypersonic Design,” Engineered Resilient Systems, ERDC-ITL, 22nd Annual Systems & Mission Engineering Conference, 21 - 24 October 2019

19/X

Collaborative Effort

45


20X

Phoenix Integration

。Phoenix Integration was founded in 1995 to provide product design software to aerospace companies, defense contractors, heavy industry, as well as automotive and manufacturing companies

。Phoenix Integration's ModelCenter is the environment for Model Based Engineering. ModelCenter is a vendor-neutral software framework for creating and automating multi-tool workflows, optimizing product designs, and enabling Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)

。The software package enables users to conduct trade studies, as well as optimize designs. It interfaces with other popular modeling tools, including Systems Tool Kit, PTC Integrity Modeler, IBM Rhapsody, No Magic, Matlab, Nastran, Microsoft Excel, and Wolfram SystemModeler

。ModelCenter also has tools to enable collaboration among design team members

46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Integrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ModelCenter https://www.phoenix-int.com/

1/X

X= 16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Integration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ModelCenter

https://www.phoenix-int.com/

ModelCenter MDAO

。ModelCenter MDAO is a methodology that enables the analysis and optimization of a complete system by explicitly considering important interactions and synergies between disciplines. This results in designs that are superior to those found by conventional methods

。ModelCenter MDAO makes possible by giving organizations the ability to:

• Create automated workflows encompassing analysis tools and processes from different disciplines

• Repeatedly execute these workflows to quickly explore and quantify the performance, cost, and risk of many different design alternatives

• Perform sensitivity analyses to find the most important variables, visualize and explore the design space to understand key relationships and trends

47

(ModelCenter, PHOENIX INTEGRATION)


Notes: MDAO - Multi-Disciplinary Analysis and Optimization

2/X


• Run optimization algorithms to find the best designs and execute probabilistic analyses to evaluate the robustness and reliability of their designs

48

ModelCenter MDAO in designs that are more innovative and

have higher performance at lower cost compared to those

obtained using conventional methods.


3/X


ModelCenter Explore

。ModelCenter Explore drives innovation and improves product quality by enabling users to thoroughly explore and understand the design space, make better decisions, and find optimal solutions

。ModelCenter Explore allows users to:

• Run powerful algorithms and trade study tools

• Search, investigate and understand the design space

• Incorporate multiple variables (cost, performance, risk)

• Visualize results and the impact of design changes

• Find optimum solutions

49



4/X


。ModelCenter Explore can Gain INSIGHT into the design problem: Simulation and trade-study results can be used to discover important trends and tradeoffs

• Quickly generate many design alternatives

• Identify important variables

• Explore trade-offs

• Approximate Long-running analyses (Response Surface Models)

50https://www.phoenix-int.com/

5/X


51

Pareto charts allow decision makers to fully understanding

trade offs between Competing objectives


6/X


。Model Center Explore can OPTIMIZE your design: Engineers can take advantage of advanced mathematical optimization algorithms to help them search for better designs

• Specify your goals

• Choose an algorithm

• Add your own algorithm

• Optimize

。Model Center Explore can Perform ROBUSTNESS and RELIABILITY Analysis

• How reliable is my design?

• How long will it take?

– Create a Response Surface Model for any long-running components, and then run a Monte-Carlo analysis using the Response Surface Model instead of the actual components


7/X


ModelCenter Integrate

。ModelCenter Integrate increases productivity by enabling users to execute significantly more simulations with less time and resources

。ModelCenter Integrate allows users to:

• Automate any modeling and simulation tool from any vendor

• Integrate these tools together to create repeatable simulation workflows

• Set simulation parameters

• Automatically execute the workflow

。ModelCenter Integrate can AUTOMATE the execution of almost any modeling and simulation tool

53



8/X


。ModelCenter Integrate can AUTHOR simulation workflows

。ModelCenter Integrate can EXECUTE the workflow (automatically)


9/X


ModelCenter MBE

。ModelCenter Is The Framework for Model Based Engineering (MBE)

。Model Based Engineering (MBE) is the use of analysis and simulation tools throughout the product lifecycle to reduce the use of physical prototypes

。 In addition, MBE supports critical design decisions by allowing organizations to evaluate trade-offs between performance, cost, and risk. It also enables the identification and correction of potential problems before they become too costly

。ModelCenter MBE makes possible by giving engineers the ability to:

• Create and maintain a library of analysis models and engineering workflows

• Automatically execute the workflows across different computers and operating systems

55



10/X


• Perform multi-run trade studies and ask “what-if” questions

• Visualize the design space and find the best designs

• Archive, manage, and share the resulting data and meta-data

• This results in shorter development times, reduced costs, and better products


11/X


57

To shorten the design cycle and reduce product development

costs, Model Based Engineering (MBE) processes must be

used to better decisions earlier in the design process


12/X


。ModelCenter enables Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)

• ModelCenter MBSE is an emerging and powerful methodology for designing complex systems. A key aspect of ModelCenter MBSE is the use of a Systems Architecture Model (SAM Model) as a single source of truth for describing the evolving system design throughout its product lifecycle

• By aligning people, processes, and technology around a single vision of a product, ModelCenter MBSEpromises to dramatically reduce the development cost and risk of complex systems

• The challenge is the disconnect between systems engineers and engineering analysts that prevents ModelCenter MBSE from achieving its full potential

58

ModelCenter MBSE (ModelCenter, PHOENIX INTEGRATION)


13/X


• ModelCenter MBSE unlocks the promise of MBSE by connecting the SAM Model with virtually any analysis or workflow, assuring that the product vision remains in sync with the underlying analysis throughout the product lifecycle

• Development costs and risk are reduced because design problems can be identified and corrected early in the design lifecycle, before they become too costly to fix

• Rigorous traceability between requirements, design, and analysis results in improved quality

。ModelCenter MBSE enables Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) by integrating engineering models with SysML

。ModelCenter MBSE provides an integrated modeling and analysis capability that bridges the gap between systems engineering and domain/disciplinary engineering


14/X


。ModelCenter MBSE aims to streamline the system development process by enabling collaboration among design teams for defining, designing, optimizing, and validating complex engineering systems

。ModelCenter MBSE can CONNECT your SysML Model to Engineering Analysis

• ModelCenter MBSE Enables users to link SysMLparametric models defined in Rational Rhapsody or MagicDraw with multi-disciplinary analysis workflows developed in ModelCenter

• ModelCenter MBSE automatically generates ModelCenter models from SysML parametric diagrams

。ModelCenter MBSE can PERFORM Requirements Conformance Analysis

。ModelCenter MBSE can WORK in the environment of your choice


15/X


61

ModelCenter MBSE provides an integrated modeling and

analysis capability that bridges the gap between systems

engineering and Domain / disciplinary engineering


16/X


DOE 試驗設計

。DOE (Design of Experiment) 試驗設計:一種安排實驗和分析實驗數據的數理統計方法。試驗設計主要對試驗進行合理安排，以較小的試驗規模 (試驗次數)、較短的試驗周期和較低的試驗成本，獲得理想的試驗結果以及得出科學的結論。

。DOE methods in combination with Response Surface Models (RSM) calculated, with very little simulation effort. RSM thus allows further post-processing of DOE results

62

https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/DOE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_platform#Response_Surface_Modeling_%28RSM%29

https://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/DOE


Response Surface Models (RSM)

。 Instantly predict and improve the behavior of complex non-linear systems, use computational resources smartly and save time with Response Surface Models (RSM)

• Assessing the behavior of complex designs often requires a large number of simulations, which can be both time consuming and computationally expensive

• RSM approximation meta-models allow you to get an instant and accurate insight into the relationship between a set of design parameters and one or more design objectives, in all those situations where a simulation based on real-physics models would not be affordable in terms of computational time

63https://www.esteco.com/technology/response-surface-models-rsm

1/X

X= 5

https://www.esteco.com/technology/response-surface-models-rsm

• Take advantage of rich set of tailor-made algorithms to build reliable RSM approximation models. Save time and computational resources: integrate RSM-based optimization into your design process to improve your product performance

64https://www.esteco.com/technology/response-surface-models-rsm

2/X

https://www.esteco.com/technology/response-surface-models-rsm

。 In statistics, RSM explores the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables

65

Response Surface with second-degree polynomial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_surface_methodology

3/X


。DOE methods in combination with RSM can predict design response values for combinations of input design parameters that were not previously calculated, with very little simulation effort. RSM thus allows further post-processing of DOE results

。The DOE is the most important aspect of RSM. The DOEaims the selection of most suitable points where the response should be well examined. The mathematical model of the process is mostly related to DOE

。The main idea of RSM is to use a sequence of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response

66


4X

https://www.google.ca/search?hl=zhTW&sxsrf=ALeKk01DWWLOIUeLjiSi2RjH7qQkRbamlQ%3A1591786833063&ei=Ub3gXrK9A425m

AXchrDYDA&q=DO



https://www.google.ca/search?hl=zhTW&sxsrf=ALeKk01DWWLOIUeLjiSi2RjH7qQkRbamlQ:1591786833063&ei=Ub3gXrK9A425mAXchrDYDA&q=DO


67

Surrogate-based optimization strategy using CFD

https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/73656/Friedman_AM_T_2015.pdf?sequence=1

5X

N2 Diagram

。N2 Diagram is a diagram in the shape of a matrix, representing functional or physical interfaces between system elements. It is used to systematically identify, define, tabulate, design, and analyze functional and physical interfaces. It applies to system interfaces and hardware and/or software interfaces

。The key features and rules of an N2 Diagram are:

• System Elements or Functions are on the leading diagonal

• System Elements or Functions have inputs and outputs

• Outputs are contained in rows; inputs are contained in columns

• External Inputs and Outputs are shown entering and leaving the N2 Diagram inline with their respective source or destination function

68

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N2_chart

https://www.burgehugheswalsh.co.uk/Uploaded/1/Documents/N2-Analysis-Tool-Draft.pdf

1/X

X= 5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N2_chart


69

The key features and rules of an N2 Diagram


2/X


70

Initial low-fidelity ESAV MDO framework N2 diagram

Darcy L. Allison, “MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF AN EFFICIENT SUPERSONIC AIR VEHICLE,”

Blacksburg, Virginia, April 25, 2013

3/X

71

The higher-fidelity N2 diagram with added and changed disciplines

from the low-fidelity version of the N2 diagram

Darcy L. Allison, “MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF AN EFFICIENT SUPERSONIC AIR VEHICLE,”

Blacksburg, Virginia, April 25, 2013

4/X

72

N2 Diagram: Multidisciplinary Analysis

and Design Optimization of an Efficient Supersonic Air Vehicle

N2 Diagram illustrates the coupling of

different disciplines and their interdependencies


5/X


Better Buying Power (BBP)

(提昇武獲能力)

。BBP 1.0 (June 28, 2010) (提昇武獲能力 1.0)

• Focused on Best Practices (最佳實踐) and Business Rules (聚焦於武獲的最佳實踐與業務運作規則)– Affordability, ‘Should-Cost’, Performance-Based Contracting

。BBP 2.0 (Nov. 14, 2012) (提昇武獲能力 2.0)

• Focused on Critical Thinking (批判性思維), making better business decisions (聚焦於武獲的批判性思維與更佳業務決策)– Supplier Incentive Programs (供應商激勵計畫), Open Systems

Architectures and Risk Reduction

。BBP 3.0 (Apr. 09, 2015) (提昇武獲能力 3.0)

• Continues and builds upon prior elements, and takes the focus to our Products (除上述外，更聚焦於產品。即:)– Innovation (創新的系統)

– Technical Excellence (卓越的技術)

– Speed to Market (快速提供所需的系統)

73Jaymie Durnan, “DoD Research and Engineering Enterprise Strategic Direction,” Oct. 28, 2014

1/X

X= 3

Better Buying Power 3.0

。Achieve Affordable Programs(實現預算上可負擔得起的專案計畫)

。Achieve Dominant Capabilities While Controlling Lifecycle Costs(實現卓越的系統能量，同時控制系統能量的生命週期成本)

。 Incentivize Productivity in Industry and Government (激勵產業與政府的生產力)

。 Incentivize Innovation in Industry and Government(激勵產業與政府的創新)

。Eliminate Unproductive Processes and Bureaucracy (汰除無生產力的流程與官僚作風)

。Promote Effective Competition (提昇產業間彼此的良性競爭)

74Implementation Directive, AT&L, April 9, 2015

(提昇武獲能力 3.0)

2/X

。 Improve Tradecraft in Acquisition of Services (改善採購交易的服務)

。 Improve the Professionalism of the Total Acquisition Workforce (改善武獲整體的專業能力)

75Implementation Directive, AT&L, April 9, 2015

3/X

提昇武獲能力 3.0

76

Overview of General QMU Process

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification_of_margins_and_uncertainties

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2016/6419058/

*QMU: Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties

。 A QMU* metric, confidence factor (信賴度指標: CF), has to be developed to quantify and certify the confidence of the system reliability (系統可靠度的信賴度), which can be defined as CF = M/U

指標

Notes

BE + U: Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty

(量化裕度與不確定性)

。 QMU focuses on quantification of the ratio of design margin to model output uncertainty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification_of_margins_and_uncertainties

Virtual Integration of Systems for V&V

(Modeling, Simulations & Analysis)

77John Hodge, “Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization Using Model-Based Engineering to Support Phased Array Antenna

Architectural Trades,” Northrop Grumman Mission Systems, Phoenix Integration International Users’ Conference, April 17-19, 2018