MEANING OF WORDS TO SPEECH USAGE

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EtymologyAntonym

AntanaclasisHomonymEponym

HomographDialectJargon

SynonymsPragmatics:

Examples

Etymology

Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term "etymology (of a word)" means the origin of a particular word.

For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods of their history and when they entered the languages in question.

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Examples of etymology

• Whiskey 1715, from Gaelic uisge beatha "whisky," lit. "water of life," from Old Irish. uisce "water" + bethad " of life.“

• Muscle Latin  musculus "a muscle," lit. "little mouse," dim. of mus "mouse" So called because the shape and movement of some muscles (notably biceps) were thought to resemble mice.

• Molasses (Portuguese melaços, from Late Latin mellceum, from Latin mel, "honey")

• Honeymoon: The term 'honeymoon' first originated in Babylon, about 4,000 years ago. Honeymoon came into use for the month after a wedding, when the bride's father would give the groom all the mead he wanted. Mead is actually a honey beer, and being so, the Babylon's calendar was a lunar calendar, which is based off the moon. They then started to call that month, the 'honey month', which we now have adapted to be honeymoon.

AntonymThe term antonym (and the

related antonymy) has also been

commonly used as a term that is

synonymous with opposite; however, the

term also has other more restricted

meanings.

One usage hasantonym referring to both

gradable opposites, such as long : short,

and (non-gradable) complementary

opposites, such as male : female, while

opposites of the types up :

down and precede : follow are excluded

from the definition.

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Categories of Antonyms

Graded antonyms Complementary antonyms Relational antonyms 

Graded AntonymsGraded antonyms•  • Deal with levels of the meaning of the words, like if something is not “good”, is may still not be “bad.”

• Examples include:

Fat and skinnyYoung and oldHappy and sadHard and soft

Complementary antonyms

• They have a relationship where there is no middle ground. There are only two possibilities, either one or the other.•  • Examples :

oMan and womanoDead and aliveoAbsent and present

Relational antonyms :

• They are sometimes considered a subcategory of complementary antonyms.

Examples:Husband and wifeDoctor and patientBuy and sellTeach and learn

Antanaclasis Antanaclasis  (from the Greek: ἀντανάκλασις, antanáklasis, meaning "reflection"[) is the stylistic scheme of repeating a single word, but with a different meaning each time. Antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans.

Antanaclasis  A form of speech in which a key word is repeated and used in a different, and sometimes contrary, way for a play on words, as in The craft of a politician is to appear before the  public  without craft.

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While we live, let us live.Don´t worry; the judge won´t judge youIf you don’t look good, we don’t look good.

Homonym

• Two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning. Adjectives: homonymic and homonymous.

• Generally, the term homonym refers both to homophones (words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as pair and pear) and to homographs (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as "bow your head" and "tied in a bow").

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Examples:Bear (animal) and bear (carry)porter (a weak beer) and porter (a man who carries luggage) train (a loco and trucks) and train (to teach)blue (the color) blue (the feeling of sadness)

EponymAn eponym is the name of a person or thing, whether real or fictitious, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named. One who is referred to as eponymous is someone who gives his or her name to something, e.g., Julian, the eponymous owner of the famous restaurant Julian's Castle. Another term for eponym is name giver.

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Examples of Eponyms

•Examples:Aldrin: Kurt Alder (1902-58), American physician.

Alexandrine: Alexander the Great (356-323BC), king of Macedonia.

Bolivia: Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), South American soldier and statesman.

Hertz: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-94), German physicist.

Homograph

A homograph; is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning. Words with the same writing and pronunciation (i.e. homographs and homophones) are considered homonyms. Examples: bear (verb) – to support or carrybear (noun) – the animal

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DialectThe term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect; a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect.

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Jargon

Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event.

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Synonyms

Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous. In the figurative sense, two words are often said to be synonymous if they have the same connotation.verb

"buy" and "purchase"

adjective "sick" and "ill"

adverb "quickly" and "speedily"

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Examples:

loveadore

savekeep

allevery

kindnice

hopewish

smellodor

Pragmatics• It is a subfield of linguistics

• it studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.

• It depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar,

lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of

the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the

inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.

• The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is

called pragmatic competence. It often comes only through

experience.

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Examples:Back