measurement of the gravitational constant by dropping ... · measurement of the gravitational...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal
projected and presented by
Christian Rothleitner
(currently working at PTB)
NIST, Gaithersburg, USA – 9/10 October, 2014
![Page 2: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Seite 2 von 32
Outline • The differential gravity gradiometer
• Acceleration due to gravity, g – the gravimeter
• Newtonian Constant of Gravitation, G – the gradiometer
• Similarities to atom gravimeters
• Proposed experiment
![Page 3: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Seite 3 von 32
‚small‘ g vs. ‚big‘ G
Acceleration due to gravity: g = 9.806 65 m s-2
m
z g
g
Newtonian constant of gravitation:
G= 6.673 84 x 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
![Page 4: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Seite 4 von 32
Principle of measurement
acceleration due to gravity
![Page 5: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Seite 5 von 32
Free-fall absolute gravimeter
FG5-X
Microg-LaCoste (Lafayette, CO, USA)
FG5-X : Precision : 15 µGal/√(Hz)* Accuracy: 2 µGal*
(*from http://www.microglacoste.com/absolutemeters.php)
![Page 6: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Seite 6 von 32
Take Earth as source mass ME
Measurement of G with a gravimeter
ME
Calculate g with theoretical model Measure g Determine G
Problem: Mass, geometry and density distribution of Earth are not well known!
r
mt g
ME=m1
mt=m2
![Page 7: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Seite 7 von 32
use of well defined source mass, MS
ME
Ms produces perturbing acceleration P(z,G)
Total signal is
Ms
gravity gradient
configuration 1
masssourceEarth
GzPzgg ),(01 −+= γ
![Page 8: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Seite 8 von 32
masssourceEarth
GzPzgg ),(02 ++= γ
use of well defined source mass MS
ME
Ms produces perturbing acceleration P(z,G)
Total signal is
Ms
configuration 2
Differential signal
masssource
GzPgg ),(212 =−
![Page 9: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Seite 9 von 32
Schwarz et al., 1998, University of Colorado – Free-Fall Gravimeter
JP Schwarz, DS Robertson, TM Niebauer & JE Faller (1998). A free-fall determination of the universal constant of gravity. Science, 18, 2230-2234
FG5 gravimeter
source mass:
~500 kg
Result: ∆G/G = 1.4·10-3
![Page 10: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Seite 10 von 32
Free-fall Gradiometer
BS: Beam splitter
Det.: Detector
height 1: gT
height 2: gB
∆z
reference mirror also in free-fall
![Page 11: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Seite 11 von 32
M
M
Measurement of G with a gravity gradiometer
Configuration 1
top
bottom
acceleration due to external mass
acceleration due to Earth
equivalent to
second source mass to increase signal
however, cancels tides, ocean loading, etc.
![Page 12: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Seite 12 von 32
Measurement of G with a gravity gradiometer
top
bottom
Config. 2 – Config. 1:
Configuration 2
M
M
![Page 13: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Seite 13 von 32
University of Florence – Atom interferometer (Raman interferometry)
G Rosi et al. (2014). Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms. Nature, 510, 518–521.
Result: ∆G/G = 1.5.10-4
Test mass:
Rubidium atoms
Source mass:
~516 kg tungsten
![Page 14: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Seite 14 von 32
Differential gradiometer
merge
TM1
TM2
TM3
TM4
TM1
TM2,3
TM4
3 simultaneously dropped masses
M M
M
M
M
M
![Page 15: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Seite 15 von 32
height 1: gT
height 2: gM
∆ z
height 3: gB
∆ z
Second Vertical Derivative of g (SVD)
2
Neither absolute gravity value nor gradient detectable Null instrument
Differential gradiometer
Rothleitner Ch & Francis O. (2014). Measuring the Newtonian constant of gravitation with a differential free-fall gradiometer: A feasibility study. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 85, 044501.
![Page 16: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Seite 16 von 32
Separation of inertial from gravitational forces
inertial forces disappear; pure gravitational signal is measured
(possible applications in fundamental physics, airborne/shipborne gravimetry, navigation (gravity map matching), etc.)
Measured force in a non-inertial frame:
see e.g. Hofmann-Wellenhof, B & Moritz, H (2005). Physical Geodesy. Springer Wien New York.
Coriolis force
Euler and centrifugal force
(in principle no inertial stabilization necessary)
Linear acceleration
Gravitat. force
![Page 17: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Seite 17 von 32
Preliminary data • First tests show statistical uncertainties of about
0.2 µGal (24 h) (standard deviation ~ 8 µGal) • Max. drop frequency is 1/36 s
© by MicroG LaCoste
9 cm
100 cm
20 cm
![Page 18: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Seite 18 von 32
Rothleitner Ch & Francis O. (2014). Measuring the Newtonian constant of gravitation with a differential free-fall gradiometer: A feasibility study. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 85, 044501.
Could be improved with current technology
-> aimed uncertainty of 1.2x10-4 looks feasible
Uncertainty budget of gradiometer
![Page 19: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Seite 19 von 32
Similarity to atom gravimeters • Dropper chamber can have the same dimension -> same source mass
• Common (but also different) uncertainty sources -> comparison; detection of systematic errors
Picture from Lamporesi, 2006, PhD thesis
![Page 20: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Seite 20 von 32
atom interferometer
probability
classical laser interferometer
intensity
Rothleitner, Ch., Svitlov, S. (2012). On the evaluation of systematic effects in atom and corner-cube absolute gravimeters. Phys. Lett. A., 376, 1090-1095.
Analogy in the measurement functions of corner cube and atom gravimeters
*) figure from Peters et al. (2001). High-precision gravity measurements using atom interferometry. Metrologia. 38, 25-61.
keff : effective Raman wavenumber
λ: wavelength of laser
describes three level system
*)
![Page 21: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Seite 21 von 32
Proposal
Perform a Big G measurement by
• Using an atom and a classical gradiometer
• Using the same source mass
• Compare uncertainty budgets
• Identify and eliminate systematic errors if present
![Page 22: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Seite 22 von 32
• The classical and the atom gravimeter can have the same physical sizes;
-> same source masses can be used
• The experiment can be realized with two different technologies / physical laws
-> proof of physical theories possible
• Both technologies are under intense research
-> good know-how; immediate start possible
• Benefit for industry
-> use in other areas of science and technology possible
• Reflects the popular story about Newton´s apple
-> Attractive for popular readership
Advantages of free-fall experiments
![Page 23: Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping ... · Measurement of the Gravitational Constant by dropping three test masses – a proposal. projected and presented by Christian](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020206/5c85dd2c09d3f2e9068b976a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Acknowledgements Geophysics laboratory @ University of Luxembourg
Prof. Olivier Francis, Gilbert Klein, Marc Seil, Ed Weyer, André Stemper
Micro-g LaCoste Inc., Lafayette (CO), USA
Dr. Timothy M. Niebauer and the team of Micro-g
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin Bundesallee 100
38116 Braunschweig Dr. rer. nat. Christian Rothleitner
Arbeitsgruppe 5.34 Multisensor-Koordinatenmesstechnik (Working Group 5.34 Multisensor Coordinate Metrology) Telefon: +49 (0)531 592-5348
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.ptb.de
Stand: 10/13