measurement & scaling techniques in research
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
1/18
MEASUREMENT ANDSCALING TECHNIQUES IN
RESEARCH
Presented By-Diptesh PatilRoll No. 514014ME(Structural Engg.)
1
Guided by-Dr.N.J.Sathe
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
2/18
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
3/18
Incidentally, only quantitative variables can be measuredwith the help of standard counting devices and qualitative
variables can only be observed , there is no standard device
or instrument to measure them.
For example, in case of human beings, there are certainQuantitative( physical) characteristics like height,
weight etc and there are certain qualitative ( abstract)
characteristics like beauty, attitude, creativity etc.
3
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
4/18
Classification or Types of Measurement Scales
All measurement scales can be classified into the following
four categories:
(i) Nominal
(ii) Ordinal(iii) Interval
(iv) Ratio
4
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
5/18
In Nominal Scalethe numbers serve only
as labels or tags for identifying andclassifying objects.
The Ordinal Scale is a ranking scale inwhich numbers are assigned to objects toindicate the relative extent to which the
objects possess some characteristic. In Interval Scale numerically equal
distances on the scale represent equalvalues in the characteristic beingmeasured.
The Ratio Scale possesses all theproperties of the nominal, ordinal, andinterval scales. It has an absolute zeropoint
5
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
6/18
Sources of Error in Measurement:
Respondent: Reluctance,fatigue,boredometc.
Situation: Any condition which places a strain on
interview can affect interviewers response.
Measurer: Careless mechanical processing, faulty
tabulation or statistical calculations in data-analysis.
Instrument: Defective measuring instrument.
6
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
7/18
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
8/18
Meaning of Scaling
Scaling describes the procedures of assigning of
numbers or symbols(i.e., quantitative measures)
to subjective abstract concepts (or properties of
objects)
8
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
9/18
Scale Classification Basis:
Scaling procedures may be broadly classified on one
or more of the following bases:
1) Subject Orientation
2) Response Form
3) Degree Of Subjectivity
4) Scale Properties5) Number Of Dimensions
6) Scale Construction Technique
9
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
10/18
Subject Orientation:Under it a scale may be designed to measure
characteristics of the respondent who completes it or tojudge the stimulus object which is presented to therespondent.
10
Response form:
Under this we may classify the scales as categoricaland comparative. Categorical scales (rating scales) -
These scales are used when a respondent scoressome object without direct reference to other
objects. Under comparative scales, which are also known as
ranking scales, the respondent is asked to comparetwo or more objects.
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
11/18
Degree of Subjectivity:
With this basis the scale date may be based onwhether we measure subjective personal preferencesor simply make non-preference judgments.
In the former case , the respondent is asked tochoose which person he favours or which solutionhe would like to see employed, whereas in the lattercase he is simply asked to judge which person is
more effective in some aspect or which solution willtake fewer resources without reflecting anypersonal preference.
11
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
12/18
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
13/18
Number of Dimensions:
In respect of this basis, scales can be classified as
unidimensionaland multidimensionalscales.
Under the unidimensional scale we measure only
one attribute of the respondent or object, whereas
multidimensional scaling recognizes that an object
might be described better by using the concept ofan attribute space of n dimensions, rather than a
single-dimension continuum.
13
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
14/18
Scale Construction Techniques:Following are the five main techniques by
which scales can be developed-
Arbitrary approach-Scale is developed on ad hoc basis.
Consensus approach-Panel of judges evaluate the items
chosen for inclusion in the instrument Item analysis approach-Individual items are analysed
from a test given to group of respondent.
Cumulative scales-Chosen on the basis of their
conforming to some ranking of items with ascending anddescending discriminating power.
Factor scales- Common factor accounts for therelationship between items.
14
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
15/18
Important Scaling Techniques:
The important scaling techniques often used in the
context of research specially in context of social or
business research are as follows:
Rating Scales
Ranking Scales
15
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
16/18
Rating Scales:
The rating scale involves qualitative description of alimited number of aspects of a thing or of traits of a
person.
These ratings may be in such forms as like-dislike,
above average, average, below average etc.
There is no specific rule whether to use a two-pointsscale, three-point scale or scale with still more points.
In practice, three to seven points scales are generally used
for the simple reason that more points on a scale providean opportunity for greater sensitivity of measurement.
16
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
17/18
Ranking Scales:
There are two generally used approaches of rankingscales viz.,
Method of paired comparisons-Under it the
respondent can express his attitude by making a
choice between two objects, say between a new
flavour of soft drinks and an established brand of
drink.
Method of rank order-Respondents are asked torank their choices. This method is easier and faster
than the method of paired comparisons.
17
-
8/10/2019 Measurement & Scaling Techniques in Research
18/18
Thank you..
18