measuring water velocity and streamflow in open-water and under ice john fulton and steve robinson...
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![Page 1: Measuring Water Velocity and Streamflow in Open-water and Under Ice John Fulton and Steve Robinson U.S. Geological Survey Joe Ostrowski Middle Atlantic](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649cfa5503460f949cbb90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Measuring Water Velocity and Measuring Water Velocity and Streamflow in Open-water and Under Streamflow in Open-water and Under IceIce
John Fulton and Steve RobinsonJohn Fulton and Steve RobinsonU.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Geological Survey
Joe OstrowskiJoe OstrowskiMiddle Atlantic River Forecast CenterMiddle Atlantic River Forecast CenterNational Weather ServiceNational Weather Service
Dapei WangDapei WangWater Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada
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OverviewOverview
• Evolution of MethodsEvolution of Methods Water VelocityWater Velocity StreamflowStreamflow
• Open-water and Ice-cover ProjectsOpen-water and Ice-cover Projects RadarRadar AcousticsAcoustics
• The ‘Real Story’ Behind Your Ice RecordThe ‘Real Story’ Behind Your Ice Record
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Evolution of MethodsEvolution of Methods
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Current-meter methodsCurrent-meter methods
Evolution of MethodsEvolution of Methods
Chapra (1997)Chapra (1997)
)( VxAQ
umaxumax
oz
z
ku
uequationondistributivelocityKarmanvonandtlorlawpowerGeneral ln
1,Pr
*
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Evolution of MethodsEvolution of Methods
• Secondary and vertical Secondary and vertical flow components develop flow components develop due to side-wall effectsdue to side-wall effects
• uumaxmax may occur below the may occur below the water surfacewater surface
Darcy, in Proc. Roy. Soc., A (1909)Darcy, in Proc. Roy. Soc., A (1909)
Therefore, we need an “alternative” velocity distribution equation
USGS (1904)
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Velocity vs. Water DepthMississippi River Data (Gordon, 1992)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
- 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Velocity (mps)
Wat
er D
epth
(m
)
Actual Regression
Evolution of MethodsEvolution of Methods
Information EntropyInformation Entropy (probability-based solution for characterizing the velocity distribution) (probability-based solution for characterizing the velocity distribution)
“y-axis” contains umax
0,1exp11ln, max
hwherehD
y
hD
ye
M
uuequationondistributivelocityChiu M
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Evolution of MethodsEvolution of Methods
• uuavgavg = = u umaxmax
• Q = uQ = uavgavg A A
(M) (M) is a measure of a is a measure of a streams “happy place” streams “happy place” and and does not change withdoes not change with flowflow velocityvelocity stagestage channel geometrychannel geometry bed form and materialbed form and material slopeslope alignmentalignment
Relationship between umax and uavg
Skagit River, Washington
uavg = 0.6346umax
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
umax (ft/s)
uav
g (f
t/s)
A significant amount of information can be derived from the maximum velocity
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept Study
ADCPsADCPs
Radar gunsRadar guns
Rating CurveRating Curve
““Actual” Stream FlowActual” Stream Flow
Current-meter Current-meter methodmethod
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Steps …Steps …
1.1. y-axisy-axis
2.2. (M)(M)
3.3. uumaxmax or u or uDD
4.4. areaarea
5.5. Q = uQ = uavgavg A = ( A = ( u umax max ) A) A
Ohio River at SewickleyUSGS Data, 12/1938-8/1974
Year
1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975
Zy
(ft
)
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400 Water level below 8 ft G.H.Mean location of y-axis Zy=-695 ft
Zy± ft)
Water level above 8 ft G.H.Mean location of y-axis Zy=-329 ft
Zy±ft)
Ohio River at SewickleyUSGS Data, 12/1938-8/1974
G (ft)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Zy
(ft
)
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400Water level below 8 ft G.H.Mean location of y-axis Zy=-695 ft
Zy± ft)
Water level above 8 ft G.H.Mean location of y-axis Zy=-329 ft
Zy±ft)
Yen (1998)
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Steps …Steps …
1.1. y-axisy-axis
2.2. (M)(M)
3.3. uumaxmax or u or uDD
4.4. areaarea
5.5. Q = uQ = uavgavg A = ( A = ( u umax max ) A) A
Ohio River at SewickleyUSGS Data, 10/1938-8/1974U=Q/A
Umax (ft/s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
_ U (
ft/s
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Water level below 8 ft G.H.Water level above 8 ft G.H.=0.76 (M=3.70)
Yen (1998)
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Steps …Steps …
1.1. y-axisy-axis
2.2. (M)(M)
3.3. uumaxmax or u or uDD
4.4. areaarea
5.5. Q = uQ = uavgavg A = ( A = ( u umax max ) A) A
Chiu and others (2001)
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Steps …Steps …
1.1. y-axisy-axis
2.2. (M)(M)
3.3. uumaxmax or u or uDD
4.4. areaarea
5.5. Q = uQ = uavgavg A = ( A = ( u umax max ) A) A
Figure 9 Relationship between the Gage Height and Channel Area,
Allegheny River at West Hickory
Area (ft2)
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Gag
e H
eigh
t (ft
)2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Allegheny River at West Hickory
Data reported by USGS for the period 6/14/76 to 11/30/93Maximum gage height and area = 6.99 ft and 3754 ft2
Minimum gage height and area = 3.05 ft and 1412 ft2
Note:
r2 = 0.99
Yen (1998)
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Steps …Steps …
1.1. y-axisy-axis
2.2. (M)(M)
3.3. uumaxmax or u or uDD
4.4. areaarea
5.5. Q = uQ = uavgavg A = ( A = ( u umax max ) A) A
Ohio River at SewickleyUSGS Data, 10/1938-8/19740.76 (M=3.7)Qest=UmaxAest
Aest=1115(G+16.5)1.02
Qobs (ft3/s)
0 100000 200000 300000 400000
Qes
t (f
t3 /s)
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
Yen (1998)
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Discharge Discharge methodmethodss
Current-meter = 210 cfsCurrent-meter = 210 cfs
Rating curveRating curve = 189 cfs= 189 cfs
Entropy Entropy regressregress = 193 cfs= 193 cfs
Entropy Entropy surf velsurf vel = 201 cfs= 201 cfs
s.d. s.d. = 9 cfs= 9 cfs
= 0.58= 0.58
uusurf velocity – ADVsurf velocity – ADV = 2.6 fps = 2.6 fps
uusurf velocity – radarsurf velocity – radar= 2.5 - 2.6 fps= 2.5 - 2.6 fps
Open-waterOpen-waterChartiers Creek at Chartiers Creek at Carnegie, PaCarnegie, PaDrainage area – 257 Drainage area – 257 mimi22
Unregulated systemUnregulated system
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Discharge Discharge methodsmethods
Current-meter = 10,800 Current-meter = 10,800 cfscfs
ADCPADCP = 10,130 cfs= 10,130 cfs
Rating curveRating curve = 10,550 cfs= 10,550 cfs
Entropy Entropy regressregress = 10,330 cfs= 10,330 cfs
Entropy Entropy surf velsurf vel = 9,950 cfs= 9,950 cfs
s.d. s.d. = 340 cfs= 340 cfs
= = 0.780.78
uusurf velocity – ADVsurf velocity – ADV = 2.4 fps = 2.4 fps
uusurf velocity – radarsurf velocity – radar= 2.0 - 2.3 fps= 2.0 - 2.3 fps Susquehanna River at Susquehanna River at Bloomsburg, PaBloomsburg, PaDrainage area – Drainage area – 10,560 mi10,560 mi22
Regulated systemRegulated system
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyOpen-waterOpen-water
Actual vs. Simulated Stream Flow
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
Actual Stream Flow (cfs)
Sim
ulat
ed S
trea
m F
low
(cf
s)
Susquehanna R. at Harrisburg, Pa Susquehanna R. at Bloomsburg, Pa
Susquehanna R. at Towanda, Pa Skagit River at Mount Vernon, Wa
Open-waterOpen-waterBasin DAs – 260 to 24,100 Basin DAs – 260 to 24,100 mimi22
Regulated and non-Regulated and non-regulated systemsregulated systems
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyIce-coverIce-cover
Steps …Steps …
1.1. y-axis and y-axis and (M) (M) established during established during open wateropen water
2.2. uumaxmax along y-axis along y-axis
3.3. areaarea
4.4. Q = uQ = uavgavg A = ( A = ( u umax max ) A) A
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept StudyIce-coverIce-cover
• Red River of the North at Red River of the North at Grand Forks, ND (1984 to Grand Forks, ND (1984 to 2002)2002)
• Open water measurementsOpen water measurements
• Ice measurements were Ice measurements were collected by the North collected by the North Dakota District onDakota District on 01/20/0401/20/04 02/05/0402/05/04 03/02/0403/02/04
• = .596 computed for = .596 computed for open-water used to calculate open-water used to calculate stream flow under ice coverstream flow under ice cover
Relation between maximum velocity and mean channel velocityRed River of the North at Grand Forks, ND (05082500) from
1984 to 2002
0 2 4 6 8 100
2
4
6
feet per second
feet
per
sec
ond
uavg
best_fit
umax umax
STA 84STA 84
QQactact= 463 cfs= 463 cfs
QQobsobs= 476 cfs= 476 cfsdiff = 3%diff = 3%
Nolan, K.M. and Jacobson, Jake, Discharge measurements Nolan, K.M. and Jacobson, Jake, Discharge measurements
under ice cover, USGS WRIR 00-4257under ice cover, USGS WRIR 00-4257
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NWS Proof-of-Concept StudyNWS Proof-of-Concept Study
Future Efforts …Future Efforts …
• Partnering with the Partnering with the NWSNWS SRBCSRBC HIFHIF University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington USGS, North Dakota USGS, North Dakota
DistrictDistrict Water Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada
• Wind and precipitation Wind and precipitation influencesinfluences
• Flashy conditionsFlashy conditions• Ice conditionsIce conditions• Real-time areasReal-time areas
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Project ScopeProject Scope
• EquipmentEquipment SonTek Argonaut-SW & SonTek Argonaut-SW &
SLSL
• Open-channel flow and Open-channel flow and flow under iceflow under ice
• Flow velocity Flow velocity distribution (FVD) modeldistribution (FVD) model
Water Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada
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Vertical velocity distribution Vertical velocity distribution in open waterin open water
universal-velocity-universal-velocity-distribution lawdistribution law
bed roughness parameter bed roughness parameter y0b to reflect effects of y0b to reflect effects of channel bed roughnesschannel bed roughness
hydraulic parameterhydraulic parameter to to reflect effects of hydraulic reflect effects of hydraulic gradientgradient
Water Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada
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Vertical velocity distribution Vertical velocity distribution under ice coverunder ice cover
• ice roughness parameter ice roughness parameter y0i y0i for effects of bottom for effects of bottom surface surface of ice coverof ice cover
• approximated by a two-approximated by a two-layer layer scheme scheme
• lower layer - solely lower layer - solely affected affected by bed roughnessby bed roughness
• upper layer - solely upper layer - solely affected affected by ice roughnessby ice roughness
Water Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada
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Chateauguay, Downstream, XS & SW position
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tagmark (from IP) m
He
igh
t
m
ADVM SonTek Argonaut-SW @ Chateauguay River
Chateauguay River, QC, Canada two SW installations, 400 m apart SW data: Dec. 03 – May 04
Open flows & Flow under ice cover
upstream site:
flow depth 2-5 m
channel width ~ 85 m
ice cover 12/11/03 to 3/25/04 21:30 downstream site:
flow depth 2-4 m
channel width ~ 40 m
ice cover 1/9/04 9:45 to 3/4 12:00
Chateauguay, Upstream, XS & SW position
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tagmark (from IP) m
Heig
ht
m
Water Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada
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Chateauguay, Discharge w/ SW Data, U/S vs. D/S
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
12/1
0
12/2
4
1/7
1/2
1
2/4
2/1
8
3/3
3/1
7
3/3
1
4/1
4
4/2
8
5/1
2
5/2
6
6/9
Dis
ch
arg
e
c
u.m
./s
Q us
Q m/m
Q ds
Water Survey of CanadaWater Survey of Canada