measuring women in poverty and women’s economic contribution – the philippine experience

NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARDSlide No. 1 JOEncarnacion Dec. 2007

Global Forum on Gender Statistics10-12 December 2007

Measuring Women in Poverty and Women’s Economic Contribution –

The Philippine ExperiencePresented by

Jessamyn O. Encarnacion

Global Forum on Gender StatisticsRome, Italy

10-12 December 2007

National Statistical Coordination Board



Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

I. Introduction

II. Women in Poverty

III. Women’s Contribution to the Economy

IV. Concluding Remarks


Global Forum on Gender Statistics10-12 December 2007I. IntroductionI. Introduction

• From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest number of poor population (after the children)

• Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic participation

Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for women in 2006

Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women in 2005

• Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the MDGs!

Magnitude of poor women

Poverty Incidence (%)

2000 12.2 million 32.3

2003 11.6 million 29.0



About the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

• The Philippine Statistical System is a decentralized statistical system

• Many agencies of government generate statistics

NSOBureau of Agricultural StatisticsBureau of Labor & Employment StatisticsBSPDENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc.

• Need for coordinating agency



About the NSCB

• Issued on January 30, 1987

• Created the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country

Executive Order 121, Series of 1987Reorganizing the Philippine Statistical System and for Other Purposes



About the NSCB

• Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines

Estimates GDP, GNP

• Generates Official Poverty Statistics

Poverty Threshold

Poverty Incidence

• Philippine Statistical Yearbook

• Leading economic index, foreign direct investments, etc.

• Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education

• Other economic and social statistics

Our Products



About the NSCB

• Coordination servicesInter-agency concernsSurvey review systemDesignation of statisticsSubnational statistical system

• Online statistical service• Technical services (including data requests and advocacy

for statistical awareness)• Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION

CENTERhttp://www.nscb.gov.ph

Our Services



Serves as the Secretariat to the Interagency Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics, which serves as a strategic mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives in the generation and improvement of gender statistics and institutionalize the implementation of the Gender and Development Framework

Coordination mechanisms



II. Women in PovertyII. Women in Poverty

Official Poverty Statistics

• Starting 1985, Philippines’ official poverty estimates are regularly compiled by the NSCB (i.e., every three years)

• Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) is the main source of data on income and expenditure, conducted by the NSO every three years

• These are disaggregated by geographical location:

- National

- Regional

- Provincial

• Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation




Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425)

• Defined poverty in the Philippines• Also declared that the State should adopt an

area-based sectoral and focused intervention to poverty alleviation

• Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged sectors of Philippine society




14 Basic Sectors

1. Farmer-peasant2. Artisanal fisherfolk3. Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers

4. WOMEN5. Senior citizens6. Youth and students7. Children8. Urban poor9. Workers in the informal sectors10. Indigenous peoples and cultural communities11. Differently-abled persons12. Victims of calamities and disasters13. Cooperatives14. Non-government organizations




Poverty statistics for the basic sectors

• Hence, in 2004, the NSCB embarked on the “Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors Project”, funded by the UNDP, whose aim was to generate poverty statistics across all the basic sectors for the year 2000

• In line with the NSCB’s thrust of institutionalizing project outputs and activities, the NSCB Board, per Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007, approved the “Methodology for the Generation of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors”

• Official poverty statistics on basic sectors cover 2000 and 2003




Data sources

• 2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES)

• 4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004

• 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH)• 2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics




Variable Data source

1. Income FIES was used for classifying households as poor or non-poor

2. Sectoral characteristic of the population

LFS was used to assign household members into sectors

3. Total population Estimated total population of the sector based on the FIES and LFS.

However, for years when the conduct of the CPH and FIES coincide, data from the CPH will be used (e.g., 2000) to estimate the total population for four sectors, namely, women, youth, children, and senior citizen. Otherwise, data from FIES will be used.




• Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the estimation of poverty incidence straightforward. For example, the poverty incidence for women is:

Number of poor

women Poverty incidence women = ----------------------------------

Total number of women




Poverty incidence among the eight sectors

Highlights:

• The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased from 2000 to 2003. The Women Sector exhibited a decrease of 3.3 percentage points over the 3-year period.

• In terms of magnitude of poor population, the Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the largest.

Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0

Pov Inc CV Pov Inc CVWomen 32.3 1.6 29.0 1.3 3.3 Youth 24.5 1.9 23.5 1.6 1.0 Children 42.5 1.7 38.8 1.2 3.7 Senior Citizens 28.0 3.0 18.4 2.7 9.6 Urban poor 17.3 2.5 15.9 2.7 1.4 Migrant and Formal Sector Workers

18.7 2.2 18.4 2.0 0.3

Farmers 46.6 1.9 42.4 1.7 4.2 Fishermen 50.8 3.6 43.6 3.7 7.2

Pov Inc, % Diff

20032000




• Summary of findings

1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent)

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 2000 2003 2000 2003

Women 8.4 58.1 6.5 53.7 12 12 4 2

Youth 5.4 47.0 4.1 49.5 13 12 0 0

Children 13.8 68.6 10.9 61.7 12 12 17 17

Senior Citizens

5.8 52.3 3.3 38.7 11 12 3 0

Urban poor 7.3 50.7 6.7 43.9 13 12 0 0

Migrant and Formal Sector Workers

3.5 39.2 3.3 37.0 12 12 0 0

Farmers1 26.4 64.2 6.7 65.7 9 8 13 13

Fishermen2 24.2 66.6 17.9 72.9 8 7 14 14

2000 2003Sector

Number of regions worse off than the general population

Number of regions worse off than the regional situation

Range of regional poverty incidence



III. Women’s Economic ContributionIII. Women’s Economic Contribution

• Observed gender inequality in economic participation

• Hence, men have greater economic “visibility” and higher contribution to the economy, more participation in making economic decisions, and more likely to have access to credit

• Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a situation that can perpetuate, if not outright worsen the inequity between men and women

• Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the economy

• To adequately measure women’s contribution in society:

- means expanding the definition of the SNA production boundary to include non-market services



• Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts:

a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The

Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)

b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo

A. Virola (1999)

c. “Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation Building” by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O. Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre, Raymond S. Perez (2007)




• Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in 1998

• Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS.

a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio

b/ Used in this study

c/ Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.

Original Adjusted c/ Original Adjusted c/

Employed 4.271 7.155 6.554 1.218 5.455 5.054Unemployed 6.575 8.704 8.034 1.875 5.171 4.906Outside the Labor Force 6.575 8.704 8.034 1.875 5.171 4.906

Women Men

Total Unpaid Hours / Day

Total Unpaid Hours per Day (from various studies)

Employment Status NEDA (1984), IPC / ILLO (1985-

1990) a/

TUS / NSO (2000) b/NEDA

(1984), IPC / ILLO (1985-

1990) a/

TUS / NSO (2000) b/





1. GDP by Sex

a. Using Total Employment (from LFS)

b. Using Total Hours Worked (from LFS)

- Data from the LFS was used as weights

- Used hours – deemed to be more reflective of the “quantity” of participation of women or men in the labor force




2. NFIA by sex

a. Net Compensation

- remittances by sex in the Survey of Overseas Filipinos (SOF) was used as weights

b. Net Property Income

- allocated equally to men and women due to unavailability of an allocation basis

3. GNP by sex

- simply the sum of GDP and NFIA by sex




Women Men6.554 5.054

8.034 4.906

8.034 4.906

Unpaid work per day

Employed

Unemployed

Outside the LaborForce

during weekdays

during weekends

during weekends

Multiplied by the total number of employed, unemployed and those outside the labor force from the LFS




Methods Used in Valuation of Unpaid Work

Method Monetary value used in this study

Labor force participation

1. Opportunity Cost (OC) Mean compensation per employee

•Employed

2. Market Price (MP) •Employed

•Unemployed

•Not in the labor force

Generalist Janitor

Specialist N/A

Minimum Wage Minimum wage




Unpaid household and community services by sex was estimated using the same procedures except total time spent in community services was included

Direct estimation of unpaid household was used in computing for the self-valuation results



Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

OC/MP MP OC/MP MP OC/MP MP

2000 46.69 40.73 48.60 27.42 95.28 68.15

2001 47.45 40.90 48.48 27.73 95.93 68.63

2002 47.23 40.84 49.27 27.80 96.51 68.64

2003 44.82 38.83 47.69 26.17 92.50 65.00

2004 43.55 37.90 48.16 25.63 91.70 63.54

2005 45.29 39.19 47.84 26.63 93.13 65.83

2006 44.89 38.93 48.56 26.40 93.45 65.33

2000-2006 45.52 39.46 48.34 26.73 93.86 66.19

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Housework Services) to GDP, At Current Prices

Year

% to GDP

Women Men Total




Women’s share to GDP increased by 8 percentage points!

Men Women Total Men Women Total

2000 61.80 38.20 100.00 53.06 46.94 100.00

2001 60.42 39.58 100.00 52.27 47.73 100.00

2002 60.49 39.51 100.00 52.35 47.65 100.00

2003 61.62 38.38 100.00 53.21 46.79 100.00

2004 62.10 37.90 100.00 53.65 46.35 100.00

2005 61.12 38.88 100.00 52.92 47.08 100.00

2006 61.07 38.93 100.00 52.91 47.09 100.00

2000-2006 61.23 38.77 100.00 52.93 47.07 100.00

Table 2. Percentage Share to GDP and Adjusted GDP by Sex, 2000-2006

Year

Conventional GDP Adjusted GDP




Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours of unpaid work!

Women Men

Employed 44.68 55.32

Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry 11.07 24.84

Mining and Quarrying 0.03 0.29

Manufacturing 5.09 4.62

Electricity, Gas and Water 0.08 0.28

Construction 0.11 4.53

Wholesale and Retail Trade 12.99 6.31

Transportation, Communication and Storage 0.44 6.30

Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services 1.49 1.60

Government Services 8.04 5.17

Private Services 5.34 1.38

Unemployed 50.95 49.05

Not in the Labor Force 81.25 18.75

TOTAL 59.62 40.38

Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Total Unpaid Hours of Work (Housework Services) by Sex, Employed, Unemployed and Not in the Labor Force

2000-2006




Women not in the labor force account for more than half of the total value of unpaid work of women!

At Current Prices

Women Men

Employed 40.62 74.23

Unemployed 5.12 7.28

Not in the Labor Force 54.26 18.49

TOTAL 100.00 100.00

2000-2006

Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Total Value of Unpaid Hours of Work (Housework Services) by Sex for All (Market Price), In




Other findings of the study:

• Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)

• Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent when unpaid work was not included




1. Core GAD Indicators Data Framework2. Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women

and Men3. Coordination of statistical activities

concerning the gender sector thru the Interagency Committee on Gender Statistics

4. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index by sex

Other NSCB Initiatives




Conceptual FrameworkCommunity

participation & volunteer work

Cultural activities

Education

Family

Friends

Health

Income and financial security

Leisure and sports

Love life

Religion and spiritual work

Work

Technological know-how

Government

Politics

Environment

Economy

Sex life

Others

HI1

HI2

HI n

Philippine Happiness Index

Note: From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains

DigressionIII. Women’s Economic ContributionIII. Women’s Economic Contribution




· BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS THE LEAST!

WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH LOVE AND SEX IMPORTANT – THERE IS A MISMATCH!

WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN!

BASED ON A SINGLE QUESTION, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN! BUT DERIVING INDEX FROM ALL DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, MEN ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN!



• National Demographic and Health Survey

• Maternal and Child Health Survey

• Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey

Other Efforts of the Philippine Statistical System




IV. Concluding RemarksIV. Concluding Remarks

1. The poorest sectors could be identified using the combined FIES-LFS data with some degree of reliability.

2. Knowing which basic sectors were the poorest would help in designing appropriate poverty alleviation programs.

3. More comprehensive poverty alleviation programs could be designed if estimates for the other sectors could be generated as well.

On measuring women in poverty




1. Methodology needs improvement

2. Data limitations of the Philippine Statistical System

3. Financial and manpower constraints of the NSCB

4. Reports appear to be comparable to other countries

5. Better appreciation from international community will benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in the SNA

On measuring the contribution of women




6. Users should recognize the benefits from the

generation of statistics and it will be helpful if they are

able to demonstrate actual policy uses of statistics.

7. Need for statistical capacity building of the producers,

users and the providers of statistics.

8. The Government thru the Department of Budget and

Management and Congress should realize that statistics

will play a the critical role in the global competition

among knowledge-based economies in the Third

Millennium.



visit: www. nscb.gov.phemail: [email protected]

[email protected]

Thank you!

measuring women in poverty and women’s economic contribution – the philippine experience

Documents