mechanical eng anna university final year project thesis of bio plastics

SYNTHESIS OF BIO-PLASTICS BY THE UTILIZATION

OF MUSACEAE FAMILY PLANTS TO INCREASE THE

HARDNESS OF THE BIO-PLASTICS BY USE OF

FILLERS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

A.ANANTHAN 810012127002

S.ARUN 810012127004

M.PICHAIMUTHU 810012127029

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BHARATHIDASAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS

ANNA UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-620024

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI-600025

APRIL- 2016

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “SYNTHESIS OF BIO-

PLASTICS BY THE UTILIZATION OF MUSACEAE FAMILY PLANTS

TO INCREASE THE HARDNESS OF THE BIO-PLASTICS BY USE OF

FILLERS” is a bona-fide work carried out by the following students whose names

are given below

Mr. A. ANANTHAN (Reg. No. 810012127002)

Mr. S. ARUN (Reg. No. 810012127004)

Mr.M.PICHAIMUTHU (Reg. No. 810012127029)

Who successfully completed the project work under my direct supervision.

SIGNATURE

Dr. T. SENTHIL KUMAR

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT


ANNA UNIVERSITY, BIT CAMPUS

TIRUCHIRAPALLI-620024

Examined on: 13.04.2016

Internal Examiner

SIGNATURE

Dr. B. KUMARAGURUBARAN

(SUPERVISOR)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


ANNA UNIVERSITY, BIT CAMPUS

TIRUCHIRAPALLI-620024

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any piece of work that has proved its way remains incomplete if the sense of

gratitude and respect is not being deemed to those who have proved to be

supportive during its development period. Though these words are not enough,

they can at least pave way to help understand the feeling of respect and admirance.

I have for those who have helped the way through.

First and foremost we would like to thank the Nature & Society for giving us the

power to believe in our self and pursue our dreams.

We wish to express our profound thanks with gratitude to our dean & our head of

the department Dr. T. SENTHIL KUMAR M.E., Ph.D., for providing us to done

this project.

We take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness

to our Project Coordinator Dr. T. PARAMESHWARAN PILLAI M.E., Ph.D.,

for His encouragements given to us to done this project successfully.

We take immense pleasure to express our sincere gratitude to our supervising

Guide and mentor Dr. B. KUMARAGURUBARAN M.E., Ph.D., for His valuable

ideas and encouragements given to us to done this project successfully.

We thank the chemistry department HOD, Dr. R. THIRU NEELAKANDAN for

providing us with the necessary help in the laboratories.

We wish to express our heart full thanks to pharmaceutical department Associate

professor Dr. A. PURATCHI KODY for providing us with the necessary help in

the laboratories.

We wish to thank the chemistry department assistant professor

Dr. V. THANGARAJ for his valuable ideas.

We would like to thanks pharmaceutical department senior research fellow

Mr. N. IRFAN for his valuable instructions and moral supports given to us to done

this project successfully.

Lastly we would special thanks to all our tamilian people who lived in all over the

world & all our family members and friends for their moral and financial support

during the tenure of our course.

ABSTRACT

The project aim is study about the method of the production of bio-plastics using

musa-acuminate and musa-balbesiana plants starch and increase the hardness of the

bio-plastics to adding plasticizer (Additives) and fillers. The filler is cocos-nucifera

shell powder. The cocus-nucifra shell powder is reinforcing filler. The plasticizer

was tri-hydric alcohol as glycerol. The bio-plastics are Poly lactic acid. It is made

aid of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The bio-plastics are synthesis in

front of micro wave irradiation. The radiation time duration based on the dielectric

constant of the substance. Than plant layout for bio-plastics production are

discussed. And the hardness test was conducted as per the ASTM standards of

plastics. Compare the test analysis results between filler added bio-plastics and

normal bio-plastics.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

NO

TITLE PAGE

NO

ABSTRACT III

LIST OF TABLE X

LIST OF FIGURE XI

LIST OF SYMBOLS XIII

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 1

1.1.1 POLYMER 1

1.1.2 PLASTICS 1

1.1.3 BIO-PLASTICS 2

1.1.4 PLASTICIZER 2

1.1.5 FILLER 2

1.1.6 HARDNESS 3

1.1.7 POLY LACTIC ACID 3

1.1.8 BIODEGRADATION 3

1.1.9 HYDROLYSIS 3

1.1.10 MICROWAVE OVEN 3

1.2 RAW MATERIALS 4

1.2.1 STARCH 4

1.2.2 HYDROCHLORIC ACID 5

1.2.3 SODIUM HYDROXIDE 5

1.2.4 GLYCEROL 5

1.2.5 COCUS-NUCIFRA SHELL POWDER 5

2 LITRERATURE REVIEW 6

3 HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS 8

3.1 HISTORY OF PLASTICS 8

3.2 HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS 9

4 ECONOMICS OF BIO PLASTICS 11

4.1 MARKET SIZE 11

4.2 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO

PLASTICS

11

5 METHODOLOGY 14

5.1 PREPARATION OF STARCH 14

5.2 PREPARATION OF NAOH 14

5.3 PREPARATION OF STARCH 14

5.4 PREPARATION OF COCUS-NUCIFRA DUST

POWDER

16

5.5 MICROWAVE OVEN PROCEDURE 17

5.6 SYNTHESIS OF BIO PLASTICS 18

6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 20

6.1 NUMBER OF TRIALS 20

6.1.1 TRIALS CONDUCTED ON 16.03.2016 20



7 PRELIMINARY PROCESS PLAN 23

7.1 DESCRIPTION 23

7.2 PROCESS LAY-OUT OF BIO PLASTICS

PRODUCTION

24

8 TEST OF BIO PLASTICS 25

8.1 MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL TESTS 25

8.1.1 SHORE HARDNESS TEST 25

8.1.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE SHORE HARDNESS

TEST METHOD

25

8.1.2 TENSILE TEST 27

8.1.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE TENSILE TEST

METHOD

27

8.1.2.2 CONVERSION OF WEIGHT INTO FORCE 29

8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH 29

8.1.2.4 TENSILE TEST REPORT 30

8.1.3 ACID AND ALKALINE TEST 30

8.1.3.1 ACID TEST 30

8.1.3.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE ACID TEST

METHOD

30

8.1.3.1.2 ACID TEST REPORT 31

8.1.3.1.3 WEAK ACID TEST 32

8.1.3.1.4 WEAK ACID TEST REPORT 32

8.1.3.2 ALKALINE TEST 33

8.1.3.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE ALKALINE TEST

METHOD

33

8.1.3.2.2 ALKALINE TEST REPORT 34

8.1.4 SOLUBILITY TEST 34

8.1.4.1 SUMMARY OF THE SOLUBILITY TEST

METHOD

34

8.1.4.2 SOLUBILITY TEST REPORT 35

8.1.5 FLAME TEST 36

8.1.5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FLAME TEST

METHOD

36

8.1.5.2 FLAME TEST REPORT 37

8.1.6 FOURIER TRANSFORMS INFRA RAY

SPECTROSCOPY

37

8.1.6.1 TEST RESULTS OF FTIR 38

9 ANALYSIS OF BIO PLASTICS 40

9,1 ANALYSIS OF HARDNESS VALUE 40

9.2 ANALYSIS OF TENSILE STRENGTH 41

9.3 ANALYSIS OF ACID AND ALKALINE TEST 42

9.4 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBILIYT TEST 42

9.5 ANALYSIS OF FLAME TEST 42

9.6 ANALYSIS OF FTIR TEST 42

10 APPLICATIONS OF BIO PLASTICS 43

1O.1 FLIMS & BAGS 43

10.2 FOOD PACKAGING 43

10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

PRODUCTS

44

10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 45

10.5 CLOTHING 45

10.6 SANITARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS 46

10.7 TEXTILES-HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE 46

10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION 47

11 CONCULSION 48

REFERENCES 49

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

NUMBER

CONTENT PAGE

NO

5.5 DI – ELECTRIC CONSTANT VALUE 17

6.1 EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS 20



8.1.1.2 SHORE HARDNESS TEST REPORT 26

8.1.2.2 WEIGHT TO FORCE CONVERSION 29

8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH 29

8.1.2.4 TEST REPORT OF TENSILE STRENGTH 30

8.1.3.1.2 STRONG ACID TEST RESULTS 31

8.1.3.1.4 TEST RESULTS OF WEAK ACID 32

8.1.3.2.2 TEST RESULTS OF ALKALINE 34

8.1.4.2 TEST RESULTS OF SOLUBILITY 35

8.1.5.2 RESULT OF FLAME TEST 37

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

NUMBER

CONTENT PAGE

NO

1.1 MOLECULE STRUCTURE OF STARCH 4

3.2 FIRST BIO PLASTIC CAR 10

4.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO

PLASTICS

12

4.2 GLOBAL PROTECTION CAPACITIES OF BIO

PLASTICS IN 2016 (BY REGION)

12

5.3 BANANA PEELS 14

5.3.1 BANANA PEELS PASTE 15

5.3.2 BOILING THE STARCH SOLUTION 15

5.4 COCONUT SHELL 16

5.4.1 SHELL POWDER 16

5.6 PASTE IN PETRI DISH 18

5.6.1 BIO PLASTICS FILM 19

5.6.2 BIO PLASTICS 19

7.2 PROCESS LAY-OUT OF BIO PLASTICS

PRODUCTION

24

8.1.1 SCHEMATIC TEST SETUP 26

8.1.2 TENSILE STRENGTH SCHEMATIC SETUP 28

8.1.3.1.1 BIO PLASTICS IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN

SULPHURIC ACID

31

8.1.3.1.3 BIO PLASTICS IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WEAK

ACID

32

8.1.3.2.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN NaOH 33

8.1.4.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WATER 35

8.1.5.1 ASH OF BIO PLASTIC POLY LACTIC ACID 36

8.1.6 FTIR SETUP 37

8.1.6.1 FTIR OF PLA WITH OUT FILLER 38

8.1.6.1 (B) FTIR TEST OF PLA WITH FILLER 39

9.1 PLOT OF SHORE HARDNESS vs VOLUME OF

FILLERS

40

9.2 PLOT OF TENSILE STRENGTH vs VOLUME

OF FILLERS

41

10.1 FLIMS AND BAGS 43

10.2 FOOD PACKAGING 43

10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

PRODUCTS

44

10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 45

10.5 CLOTHING 46

10.6 SANTARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS 46

10.7 TEXTILES – HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE 47

10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION 47

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

S NO SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS PAGE NO

1 HCL Hydrochloric Acid 5

2 IUPAC The International Union Of Pure And

Applied Chemistry

5

3 K Kelvin 5

4 FTIR Fourier Transforms Infra Ray

Spectroscopy

7

5 COPA Committee of Agricultural Organization

in the European Union

11

6 COGEGA General Committee for the Agricultural

Cooperation in the European Union

11

7 US United States 12

8 $ Symbol of American Dollars 13

9 % Percentage 13

10 NaOH Sodium Hydroxide 14

11 M Molarity 14

12 g/mL Gram per milli liture 14

13 g/mol Gram per mole 14

14 N Normality 18

15 PLA Poly Lactic Acid 18

16 Bcc Blind carbon copy 12

17 NNFCC The National Non-food crops centre 11

18 ASTM American standard of testing and

material

25

19 mm Milli meter 28

20 N Newton 29

21 MPa Mega pascal 29

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION

In recent years, the concept of „eco-materials‟ has gained key importance

due to the need to preserve our environment. The meaning of eco-material includes

„safe‟ material systems for human and other life forms at all times. Past experiences

have shown that it is necessary to characterize materials and determine those which

are safe for both short and long-term utilization. Selection of a material system that

satisfies not only industrial requirements but also this wider definition of eco-

materials, as described above, is an urgent necessity. The diminishing supply of

petroleum along with the pollution caused due to the non-bio degradability of

petroleum based plastics, has led to an increased interest in the field of bio plastics.

The initial sections of this report begin with the history of plastics followed by bio

plastics. A brief economic study of bio plastic has also been discussed in this report.

Applications also mentioned to give the reader a broader understanding of the

scenario.

1.1.1 POLYMER

A polymer is a large molecule built up by the repetition of small, simple

chemical units. The repeat unit of the polymer is usually equivalent or nearly

equivalent to the monomer.

1.1.2 PLASTICS

Plastics belong to the family of organic materials. Organic materials are

those materials which are derived directly from carbon. They consist of carbon

chemically combined with hydrogen, Oxygen and other non-metallic substances,

and their structures, in most cases, are fairly complex. Plastics and synthetic rubbers

are termed as „polymers‟. They are low density materials.

1.1.3 BIO-PLASTICS

Bio-Plastics, that are made from renewable resources (plants like corn,

tapioca, potatoes, sugar) and which are fully or partially bio-based, and/or

biodegradable or compostable are called bio-plastics.

1.1.4 PLASTICIZER

Plasticizer is a Material that an increase the flexibility of plastics is usually

is an Additive.

1.1.5 FILLER

Fillers are usually solid additives mixed with plastics to improve material

properties, to introduce specific characteristics, or to reduce the cost of the

compound. In the case of mass volume biodegradable polymers, cost reduction has

practical importance besides improvement in the mechanical properties. Fillers are

inorganic or organic materials, and each group consists of fibrous and non-fibrous

types. Individual fillers are available in a number of grades differing in average

particle size and size distribution, particle shape and porosity, chemical nature of the

surface, and impurities. As a result of the presence of filler, hardness and stiffness

are increased while impact and tensile strength are usually decreased. talc, which is

commonly added as a filler, also acts as a nucleating agent for poly(1actide) and

increases the number of spherulites in crystallization.

1.1.6 HARDNESS

Hardness is a characteristic of a Material, not a fundamental physical

property. It is defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is determined by

measuring the permanent depth of the indentation.

1.1.7 POLY LACTIC ACID

PLA is usually obtained from poly condensation of D- or L-lactic acid or

from ring opening polymerization of lactide, a cyclic isomer of lactic acid. Two

optical forms exist: D-lactide and L-lactide. The natural isomer is L-lactide and the

synthetic blend is D, L-lactide.

1.1.8 BIODEGRADATION

Biodegradation perhaps is a more familiar concept. When natural organic

materials go into the ground, they tend to decompose progressively, to disappear.

This phenomenon is very important for the environment, which has to get rid of

waste to make room for new life.

1.1.9 HYDROLYSIS

Usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.

When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis

(e.g. sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is

termed saccharification. Generally, hydrolysis or saccharification is a step in the

degradation of a substance. Hydrolysis can be the reverse of a condensation

reaction in which two molecules join together into a larger one and eject a water

molecule.

1.1.10 MICROWAVE OVEN

The microwave oven contains a high frequency tube called a magnetron. It

converts electrical energy into electromagnetic waves called microwaves. These

microwaves are then distributed evenly throughout the oven interior and reflected by

its metal walls, which allows the microwaves to reach the food from all sides.

Distribution of the microwaves is optimized by an activated turntable. In order for

microwaves to reach the food.

1.2 RAW MATERIALS

1.2.1 STARCH

Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose

units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green

plants as an energy store. Starch consists of two different types of polymer chains,

called amylose and amylopectin, made up of adjoined glucose molecules. Starch is a

soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other

solvents. The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C 6H 10O 5) n.

FIGURE 1.1 MOLECULE STRUCTURE OF STARCH

1.2.2 HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Hcl is an inorganic acid; Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly

pungent solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong

mineral acid with many industrial uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in

gastric acid. It was using for hydrolysis purpose only.

1.2.3 SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic

compound. It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt of

sodium which is available in pellets, flakes. It was using neutralize the solution.

1.2.4 GLYCEROL

The compounds containing three hydroxyl groups are known as Tri hydric

alcohols. These three hydroxyl groups are attached to three different carbon atoms

for stability of the compound. The most important compound of the series is

Glycerol.

3 2 1

CH2OH – CHOH – CH2OH

This is also known as propane- 1, 2, 3-triol in IUPAC system. This was first

discovered by Scheele in 1779 who obtained it by the hydrolysis of olive oil.

It is a colourless and odourless liquid. It is a highly viscous and hygroscopic liquid

with high boiling point (536 K). The latter properties can be explained on the basis

of intermolecular hydrogen bond leading to complex polymeric structure. It is

miscible with water and alcohol in all proportions but insoluble in organic solvents.

1.2.5 COCUS-NUCIFRA SHELL POWDER

The cocus-nucifra is the large palm tree. Its shell was consist phosphorus,

carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, Manganese. The filler

is cocos-nucifera shell powder. The cocus-nucifra shell powder is reinforcing filler.

2. LITRERATURE REVIEW

The Royal Society of Chemistry describes the generic process for the manufacture

of starch based bio plastics. This involves hydrolysis of the starch by using an acid.

Abdorreza et al (2011) have described in their paper the physiological, thermal and

rheological properties of acid hydrolysed starch. This paper shows that the amylose

content increases initially but continuous hydrolysis causes a decrease in the

amylose content.

This fact is also corroborated in the paper by Karntarat Wuttisela et al (2008). The

amylose content is responsible for the plastic formation in starch. Plasticizers are

used to impart flexibility and mould ability to the bio plastic samples.

Thawien Bourtoom, of the Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, in his paper

(2007) discusses the effects of the common types of plasticizers used and their

effects on various properties like tensile strength, elongation at break and water

vapour permeability of the bio plastic film.

Applications of bio plastics, especially in the packaging industry have been

discussed in the paper by Nanou Peelman et al (2013) where bio based polymers

used as a component in (food) packaging materials is considered, different strategies

for improving barrier properties of bio based packaging and permeability values and

mechanical properties of multi-layered bio based plastics is also discussed.

And the pharmaceutical applications are discussed in paper by Veeran Gowda

Kadajji (2011) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of

Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA Where the water soluble polymer is use

in pharmaceutical industry.

The filler material coconut shell powder composition has been discussed in paper by

C.J. Ewansiha in (2012) Chemistry Department, College of Education, P.M.B 003,

Igueben, Nigeria, have described the chemical composition of coconut shell powder.

The proximate analysis and mineral compositions of coconut shell were carried out

in this paper.

And the shell powder added polymer matrix composite has been discussed in paper

by J.Olumuyiwa Agunsoye (2012) Department of Metallurgical and Materials

Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. Have described the filler volume

fraction of coconut shell powder and the effect of the particles on the mechanical

properties of the composite produced was investigated. Because we selected cocous

nucifra shell powder is as reinforcing filler material.

The testing of bio plastic formation has been discussed in paper by K. Kanimozhi

(2014) department of Chemistry in Periyar University, Salem , Tamilnadu, India.

She described the analysis of bio plastics formation and its structure using FTIR

spectroscopy in various phases.

3. HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS

3.1 HISTORY OF PLASTICS:

The development of artificial plastics or polymers started around 1860,

when John Wesley Hyatt developed a cellulose derivative. His product was later

patented under the name Celluloid and was quite successful commercially, being

used in the manufacture of products ranging from dental plates to men‟s collars.

Over the next few decades, more and more plastics were introduced, including some

modified natural polymers like rayon, made from cellulose products. Shortly after

the turn of the century, Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Belgian-American chemist,

developed the first completely synthetic plastic which he sold under the name

Bakelite.

In 1920, a major breakthrough occurred in the development of plastic materials. A

German chemist, Hermann Staudinger, hypothesized that plastics were made up of

very large molecules held together by strong chemical bonds. This spurred an

increase in research in the field of plastics. Many new plastic products were

designed during the 1920s and 1930s, including nylon, methyl methacrylate, also

known as Lucite or Plexiglas, and poly tetra fluoro ethylene, which was marketed as

Teflon in 1950.

Nylon was first prepared by Wallace H. Carothers of DuPont, but was set aside as

having no useful characteristics, because in its initial form, nylon was a sticky

material with little structural integrity. Later on, Julian Hill, a chemist at DuPont,

observed that, when drawn out, nylon threads were quite strong and had a silky

appearance and then realized that they could be useful as a fibre.

The World Wars also provided a big boost to plastic development and

commercialization. Many countries were struck by a shortage of natural raw

materials during World War II. Germany was cut off quite early on from sources of

natural latex and turned to the plastics industry for a replacement. A practical

synthetic rubber was developed as a suitable substitute. With Japan‟s entry into the

war, the United States was no longer able to import natural rubber, silk and many

metals from most Far Eastern countries. Instead, the Americans relied on the

plastics industry. Nylon was used in many fabrics, polyesters were used in the

manufacturing of armour and other war materials and an increase in the production

synthetic rubbers occurred.

Advances in the plastics industry continued after the end of the war. Plastics were

being used in place of metal in such things as machinery and safety helmets, and

even in certain high temperature devices. Karl Ziegler, a German chemist developed

polyethylene in 1953,

And the following year Giulio Natta, an Italian chemist, developed polypropylene.

These are two of today‟s most commonly used plastics. During the next decade, the

two scientists received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research of

polymers.

3.2 HISTORY OF BIO PLASTICS:

In 1st Jan, 1862 At the Great International Exhibition in London,

Alexander Parkes (1813- 1890), a chemist and inventor, displayed a mouldable

material made of cellulose nitrate and wascalles called Parkesine. Parkesine was

greeted with great public interest, so Parkes began the Parkesine Company at

Hackney Wick, in London. However it wasn‟t very successful commercially.

In 8th Aug, 1869 after the fall of the Parkesine Company, a new name in bioplastics

surfaced. In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt, in an effort to find a new material for billiard

balls other than ivory, invented a machine for the production of stable bio plastic.

He was able to patent the material as Celluloid.

In, 8th Sep, 1924 Henry Ford, in an attempt to find other non-food purposes for

Agricultural surpluses. Ford began making bio plastics for the manufacturing of

automobiles. The bio plastics were used for steering wheels, interior trim and

dashboards. Ford has been using them ever since.

In 13th Aug, 1941 Henry Ford unveiled the first bio plastic car in 1941. This car had

a bio plastic body and parts consisting of 14 different bio plastics. There was a lot of

Interest , but soon after, world war two was started and attentions were diverted.

FIGURE 3.2 FIRST BIO PLASTIC CAR

Source: The collection of Henry Ford

In 9th Aug, 1990 A British Company, Imperial Chemical Industries, developed a bio

plastic, Bio polymer, which is biodegradable. This was the beginning of the bio

plastic Revolution.

4. ECONOMICS OF BIO PLASTICS

4.1 MARKET SIZE:

At one time bio plastics were too expensive for consideration as a

replacement for petroleum-based plastics. The lower temperatures needed to process

bio plastics and the more stable supply of biomass combined with the increasing

cost of crude oil make bio plastics' prices more competitive with regular plastics.

Because of the fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult

to describe the total market size for bio plastics, but estimates put global production

capacity at 327,000 tonnes.

COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organisation in the European Union) and

COGEGA (General Committee for the Agricultural Cooperation in the European

Union) have made an assessment of the potential of bio plastics in different sectors

of the European economy:

Catering products: 450,000 tonnes per year

Organic waste bags: 100,000 tonnes per year

Biodegradable mulch foils: 130,000 tonnes per year

Biodegradable foils for diapers 80,000 tonnes per year

Diapers, 100% biodegradable: 240,000 tonnes per year

Foil packaging: 400,000 tonnes per year

Vegetable packaging: 400,000 tonnes per year

Tyre components: 200,000 tonnes per year

Total: 2,000,000 tonnes per year

4.2 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO PLASTICS:

In the years 2000 to 2008, worldwide consumption of biodegradable

plastics based on starch, sugar, and cellulose – so far the three most important raw

materials – has increased by 600%. The NNFCC predicted global annual capacity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable

would grow more than six-fold to 2.1 million tonnes by 2013. BCC Research

forecasts the global market for biodegradable polymers to grow at a compound

average growth rate of more than 17 % through 2012. Even so, bio plastics will

encompass a small niche of the overall plastic market, which is forecast to reach 500

billion pounds (220 million tonnes) globally by 2010. Ceresana forecasts the world

market for bio plastics to reach 5.8 billion US dollars in 2021 - i.e. three times more

than in 2014.

FIGURE 4.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO PLASTICS

FIGURE 4.2 GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF BIO PLASTICS IN

2016 (BY REGION)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceresana

Growing demand for more sustainable solutions is reflected in growing production

capacities of bio plastics: in 2011 production capacities amounted to approximately

1.2 million tonnes. Market data of “European Bio plastics” forecasts the increase in

the production capacities by fivefold by 2016 – to roughly 6 million tonnes.

The factors driving market development are both internal and external. External

factors make bio plastics the attractive choice. This is reflected in the high rate of

consumer acceptance. Moreover, the extensively publicised effects of climate

change, price increases of fossil materials, and the increasing dependence on fossil

resources also contribute to bio plastics being viewed favourably.

Over the next eight years, shares in demand of the individual world regions will

shift significantly. Ceresana forecasts two regions to considerably influence the bio

plastics market. Because of dynamic growth in consumption and production, Asia-

Pacific will expand its share of bio plastics demand. As a result, Asia-Pacific will

almost draw level with Europe and North America. In addition, South America will

see strong growth, mainly because of massive increases in production in Brazil.

The market research institute Ceresana expects the global bio plastics market to

reach revenues of more than US$2.8 billion in 2018 - reflecting average annual

growth rates of 17.8%. Bio plastics are supposed to contribute to protecting the

climate, provide a solution for the waste issue, reduce the dependence on fossil raw

materials, and improve the image of plastic products. With a roughly 35% share,

Europe was the largest outlet for bio plastics in 2010, followed by North America

and Asia-Pacific.

5. METHODOLOGY

5.1 PREPARATION OF HCL:

Our stock solution of Hydrochloric Acid is calculated to be 12.178 M

based on a density of 1.2 g/mL, a formula weight of 36.46 g/mol, and a

concentration of 37% w/w. To make a 1 M solution, slowly add 42 mL of our stock

solution to 125 mL deionized water. Adjust the final volume of solution to 500 mL

with deionized water.

5.2 PREPARATION OF NaOH:

Our stock solution of Sodium Hydroxide is calculated to be 18.938 M based

on a density of 1.515 g/mL, a formula weight of 40 g/mol, and a concentration of

50% w/w. To make a 0.5 M solution, slowly add 26.5 mL of our stock solution to

125 mL deionized water. Adjust the final volume of solution to 500 mL with

deionized water.

5.3 PREPARATION OF STARCH:

Musa peels and Starch are boiling with water for 60 minutes over 373K.

The water is decanted from the beaker and the peels are now left to dry on

filter paper for about 45 minutes.

After the peels are dried. The peels are grinding by the mixer grinder over up

to 60 minutes and Starch solution was boiled 15 minutes. Now starch paste

was ready to use.

FIGURE 5.3 BANANA PEELS

FIGURE 5.3.1 BANANA PEELS PASTE

FIGURE 5.3.2 BOILING THE STARCH SOLUTION

5.4 PREPARATION OF COCUS-NUCIFRA DUST POWDER:

Crushing the cocus-nucifra dust with aid of knife.

To dry the dust in front of sunlight over 48 hour.

And washing with cold water, to remove impurities.

Than dry the dust in front of sunlight over 48 hour.

Now the dust is eligible for add as a filler.

FIGURE 5.4 COCONUT SHELL

FIGURE 5.4.1 SHELL POWDER

5.5 MICROWAVE OVEN PROCEDURE:

The heating temperature of the paste of bio-plastics is depending on the di-

electric constant of the chemicals.

Then the process depends on di-electric constant of hydro chloric acid,

sodium hydroxide and glycerol.

TABLE 5.5- DI – ELECTRIC CONSTANT VALUE

S.NO SUBSTANCE DK VALUE

1 WATER 80.3

2 GLYCEROL 47 to 68

3 HCL 2.3 to 4.6

4 SHELL DUST 1.5 to 2.3

5 NaOH 57.5

6 STARCH 3.6

o The important thing is the DK value is low the rate of heat is low and its takes

more minutes.

o The DK value is high the rate of heat is high its take less time.

o We consider only shell dust and hydro chloric acid. it have low DK value. we

put the paste in oven over 45 minutes.

5.6 SYNTHESIS OF BIO PLASTICS:

o 500gm of paste is placed in a beaker

o 60ml of (0.5 N) HCL is added to this mixture and stirred using glass

rod.

o 40ml Plasticizer is added and stirred.

o 0.5 N NaOH is added according to pH desired,

o And adding filler as per 0%, 5%, and 10% respectively.

o Then add gelatin for more adhesiveness for filler with PLA.

o The mixture is spread on a ceramic tile or petri dish and this is put in

the oven at 393K and is baked till dry.

o Than the specimen was out from oven, cool the specimen overnight.

o Now the specimen eligible for testing.

FIGURE 5.6 PASTE IN PETRI DISH

FIGURE 5.6.1 BIO PLASTICS FILM

FIGURE 5.6.2 BIO PLASTICS

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

6.1 NUMBER OF TRIALS:

6.1.1 TRIALS CONDUCTED ON 16.03.2016:

TABLE NO-6.1: EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL

S. No Sample pH Weight of the

paste(grams)

Weight of the

film(grams)

1 16 mar 16 – 1 Neutral 32.14 4.8

2 16 mar 16 – 2 Neutral 31.42 4.2

3 16 mar 16 – 3 Neutral 31.21 4.1

4 16 mar 16 – 4 Neutral 30.04 4.6

5 16 mar 16 – 5 Neutral 29.98 4.2

6 16 mar 16 – 6 Neutral 32.41 4.6

7 16 mar 16 – 7 Neutral 30.64 4.3

8 16 mar 16 – 8 Neutral 29.12 4.2

STATUS OF TRIAL:

Trial 1, 2, 3 rejected due to poor formation of film.

Trial 4, 5,6,7,8 selected for the test.


TABLE NO-6.2: EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

S.NO Sample pH Weight of the

paste(grams)

Weight of the

film(grams)

1 17 mar 16 – 9 Neutral 33.22 4.8

2 17 mar 16 – 10 Neutral 30.51 4.2

3 17 mar 16 – 11 Neutral 31.46 4.1

4 17 mar 16 – 12 Neutral 29.84 4.6

5 17 mar 16 – 13 Neutral 30.58 4.2

6 17 mar 16 – 14 Neutral 33.62 4.6

7 17 mar 16 – 15 Neutral 31.72 4.3

8 17 mar 16 – 16 Neutral 30.55 4.2

STATUS OF TRIAL:

All trials are selected.


TABLE NO-6.3: EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS

S.NO Sample pH Weight of the

paste(grams)

Weight of the

film(grams)

1 18 mar 16 – 17 Neutral 32.26 4.8

2 18 mar 16 – 18 Neutral 30.78 4.2

3 18 mar 16 – 19 Neutral 30.56 4.1

4 18 mar 16 – 20 Neutral 31.92 4.6

5 18 mar 16 – 21 Neutral 32.67 4.2

6 18 mar 16 – 22 Neutral 31.74 4.6

7 18 mar 16 – 23 Neutral 30.12 4.3

8 18 mar 16 – 24 Neutral 29.98 4.2

STATUS OF TRIAL:

All trials are selected.

7. PRELIMINARY PROCESS PLAN

7.1 DESCRIPTION:

Since this form of bio plastic product does not have a fixed, defined market,

the production has to be done in a batch process. The location of the plant should be

next to a banana processing facility which makes any value added product like

banana chips, flour, puree etc. The large amount of banana peel waste generated can

be used to make bioplastics in situ. The process for manufacturing the banana based

bioplastic is as shown in the flowchart. The banana peels are gathered in a

temporary storage vessel for processing. The peels are then moved via a screw

conveyor to the washing section where the samples are sprayed with water mixed

with mild surfactant to remove the dirt and grit. The samples are then rinsed again to

remove the residual surfactants. The peels are then transferred to an agitated vessel

with a jacket for heating where the banana peels are boiled. Peels are then filtered to

remove excess water and are transferred to stacks of trays to dry on for half an hour.

The drying is done at ambient temperature at atmospheric conditions. The dried,

boiled peels are then sent to an industrial grinder where they are ground to a

paste.This paste is then sent to a reaction chamber. In it the paste is mixed with

dilute 1 N HCl and a suitable plasticizer (here Glycerol) for a residence time of 15

minutes. The reaction taking place here involves acidic hydrolysis of starch. The

addition of the plasticizer aids in plastic formation. A tank with paddle type agitator

is selected. Paddle agitator will scrape from the sides and not allow for formation of

pockets. The reaction mixture is transferred into the neutralization tank to stop the

reaction. Here calculated amounts of 1 N NaOH are added to the reaction mixture to

neutralize the acid and stop the reaction. Finally the paste is spread into a thin film

and baked in an oven at about 393K. The thin film is peeled off the base and is now

ready to use. If thick plastic is needed it was made by using slow baking.

7.2 PROCESS LAY-OUT OF BIO PLASTICS PRODUCTION:

FIGURE 7.2 PROCESSES LAY OUT OF BIO PLASTICS PRODUCTION

8. TEST OF BIO PLASTICS

8.1 MECHANICAL & CHEMICAL TESTS:

1. Shore Hardness Test

2. Tensile Test

3. Acid & Alkaline Test

4. Solubility Test

5. Flame Test

6. Fourier transforms infra ray spectroscopy

8.1.1 SHORE HARDNESS TEST:

Hardness is a characteristic of a material, not a fundamental physical

property. It is defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is determined by

measuring the permanent depth of the indentation

Durometer is one of several measures of the hardness of a material.D2240 is a

ASTM standard. The durometer scale was defined by Albert Ferdinand Shore, who

developed a device to measure Shore hardness in the 1920s. The term durometer is

often used to refer to the measurement as well as the instrument itself. Durometer is

typically used as a measure of hardness in polymers, elastomers, and rubbers.

8.1.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE SHORE HARDNESS TEST METHOD:

This indentation test method allows for hardness measurement on rubber

specimen using a specified standard indenter. ASTM D2240-00 refers several

rubber hardness measurement scales (A, B, C, D, DO,O, OO, and M). It is used to

evaluate the indentation hardness of materials such as elastomers, thermoplastic

elastomers, vulcanized rubber, cellular, gel-like, and plastics. The method consists

of indenting the specimen using a hardened steel indenter with specific geometry

and force, based on the chosen scale of measurements. The indenter tip

displacement is measured for calculating the hardness of the material. A

mathematical relation is used to convert the displacement data into hardness

number, limited within range of 0 to 100. A and D are the two most commonly used

scales. The sample thickness should be at least 6.0 mm.

FIGURE 8.1.1 SCHEMATIC TEST SETUP

8.1.1.2 SHORE HARDNESS TEST REPORT:

TABLE NO: 8.1.1.2 SHORE HARDNESS TEST REPORT

S.NO SAMPLE

DETAILS

PROPERTY STANDARD RESULTS

OBTAINED

1 Starch Hardness shore-

D

ASTM

D 2240

39 DM

2 Starch+5%Shell

Powder+ Gelatin

Hardness shore-

D

ASTM

D 2240

49.8 DM

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+ Gelatin

Hardness shore-

D

ASTM

D 2240

58.8 DM

8.1.2 TENSILE TEST:

A tensile test, also known as tension test, is probably the most fundamental

type of mechanical test you can perform on material. Tensile tests are simple,

relatively inexpensive, and fully standardized. It was opposed to compressive test.

The test‟s ASTM standard is D882.

Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as

rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength of a

material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for

example breaking.

8.1.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE TENSILE TEST METHOD:

A 2cm by 4cm rectangular slice is cut out of the sample for testing. The slice

dimensions are kept constant for all samples to ensure uniformity in the

testing procedure.

The slice of sample obtained is the clamped between 2 clips. One end of the

clip is attached to a support and the other end has a suspended pan for placing

weights in them.

The clamping positions are also kept constant. The figure below shows the

sample with the clamping locations. Applying the thumb rule for tensile

strength testing, the samples are clamped such that 60% of the sample is

between the clamps and is our testing region.

Once the sample has been clamped, weights are added in steps of 10 grams

each. A gap of 20 seconds is provided between the addition of weights to

allow the sample to stretch and tear.

The final weight at which the sample tears is noted using an electronic

balance.

For tensile strength calculations, we use the following formula: The weight is

calculated from the electronic balance readings.

Now for the cross-sectional area we use a Vernier calliper Least Count =

0.02 mm to measure the thickness. The product of the sample width and the

average thickness gives us the cross-sectional area of the sample. Thus using

the above equation we calculate the tensile strength for all samples.

FIGURE 8.1.2 TENSILE STRENGTH SCHEMATIC SET UP

8.1.2.2 CONVERSION OF WEIGHT INTO FORCE:

Force (N) = Weight (gram) * 0.001*9.81

TABLE NO 8.1.2.2 WEIGHT TO FORCE CONVERSION

S.NO pH Weight(g) Force(N)

1 Neutral 400 3.924

2 Neutral 350 3.433

3 Neutral 300 2.943

8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH

Tensile strength (MPa) = Force /Thickness*Length = Force/Cross sectional Area

TABLE NO 8.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH

S.NO Ph Force(N) Thickness

of sample

(mm)

Area(mm) Tensile

strength(MPa)

1 Neutral 3.924 6 300 0.01308

2 Neutral 3.433 6 300 0.01144

3 Neutral 2.943 6 300 0.00981

8.1.2.4 TENSILE TEST REPORT

TABLE NO 8.1.2.4 TEST REPORT OF TENSILE STRENGTH

S NO SAMPLE DETAILS PROPERTY RESULTS

OBTAINED

1 Starch Tensile strength 0.01308 MPa

2 Starch +5%Shell

Powder +Gelatin

Tensile strength 0.01144 MPa

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+ Gelatin

Tensile strength 0.00981MPa

8.1.3 ACID AND ALKALINE TEST:

Acid and alkaline test was identifying the bio plastics durability in strong and

weak acid and alkaline.

8.1.3.1 ACID TEST:

The test was to identify the Time duration of the bio plastic is fully soluble in

acid.

8.1.3.1.1 SUMMARY OF THE ACID TEST METHOD:

The acid test solvent is sulphuric acid and acetic acid, the sulphuric acid was

strong acid, the acetic acid was weak acid. Now take 0.5 M of both acids of 400ml,

Than the bio plastic was placed in the beaker. The bio plastic is start soluble in acids

now check the time duration of bio plastics is fully soluble in strong and weak acid.

FIG 8.1.3.1.1 BIO PLASTICS IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN SULPHURIC ACID.

8.1.3.1.2 ACID TEST REPORT:

TABLE NO 8.1.3.1.2 STRONG ACID TEST RESULTS

S.NO SAMPLE DETAILS PROPERTY SOLVENT TIME

DURATION

1 Starch Acid Test Sulphuric

Acid

70 Minutes

2 Starch+5%Shell Powder+

Gelatine

Acid Test Sulphuric

Acid

75 Minutes

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+Gelatine

Acid Test Sulphuric

Acid

75 Minutes

8.1.3.1.3 WEAK ACID TEST:

This test was conduct with use of acetic acid.

FIGURE 8.1.3.1.3 BIO PLASTIC IS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WEAK ACID

8.1.3.1.4 WEAK ACID TEST REPORT:

TABLE NO 8.1.3.1.4 TEST RESULTS OF WEAK ACID


DURATION

1 Starch Acid Test Acetic Acid 176 Minutes


Gelatine

Acid Test Acetic Acid 169 Minutes

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+Gelatine

Acid Test Acetic Acid 187 Minutes

8.1.3.2 ALKALINE TEST:

The test was to identify the Time duration of the bio plastic is fully soluble in

alkaline.

8.1.3.2.1 SUMMARY OF THE ALKALINE TEST METHOD:

The alkaline test solvent is sodium hydroxide, the NaOH was strong alkaline,.

Now take 0.5 M of NaOH of 400ml,

Than the bio plastic was placed in the beaker. The bio plastic is start soluble in

alkaline now check the time duration of bio plastics is fully soluble in NaOH.

FIGURE 8.1.3.2.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN NaOH

8.1.3.2.2 ALKALINE TEST REPORT:

TABLE NO 8.1.3.2.2 TEST RESULTS OF ALKALINE


DURATION

1 Starch Alkaline Test Sodium

Hydroxide

89 Minutes


Gelatine

Alkaline Test Sodium

Hydroxide

96 Minutes

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+Gelatine

Alkaline Test Sodium

Hydroxide

91 Minutes

8.1.4 SOLUBILITY TEST:

The test was to identify the Time duration of The bio plastic is fully soluble in

water.

8.1.4.1 SUMMARY OF THE SOLUBILITY TEST METHOD:

The solubility test solvent is water. We take 400 ml of de ionized water. And

place the bio plastics in beaker now the bio plastics was start the soluble now check

the time duration of bio plastic fully soluble in water.

FIGURE 8.1.4.1 BIO PLASTICS FULLY SOLUBLE IN WATER

8.1.4.2 SOLUBILITY TEST REPORT:

TABLE NO 8.1.4.2 TEST RESULT OF SOLUBILITY


DURATION

1 Starch Solubility Test Water 498 Minutes


Gelatine

Solubility Test Water 496 Minutes

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+Gelatine

Solubility Test Water 478 Minutes

8.1.5 FLAME TEST:

The test was to identify the Time duration of the bio plastic is fully Fired &

Asher. This test was conduct only for check the bio degradability of bio plastics.

Bio plastics is become ashes it is bio degradable. It was easiest and quickest test to

find bio degradability of bio plastics.

8.1.5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FLAME TEST METHOD:

The flame test is conduct in front of water. The bio plastics are fired use of

pun son burner. Now bio plastics was start burning, now note the time duration of

bio plastics fully burned.

FIGURE 8.1.5.1 ASH OF BIO PLASTIC POLY LACTIC ACID

8.1.5.2 FLAME TEST REPORT:

TABLE NO 8.1.5.2 RESULT OF FLAME TEST

S.NO SAMPLE DETAILS PROPERTY TIME DURATION

1 Starch Flame Test 24 Minutes


Gelatine

Flame Test 24 Minutes

3 Starch+10%Shell

Powder+Gelatine

Flame Test 24 Minutes

8.1.6 FOURIER TRANSFORMS INFRA RAY SPECTROSCOPY:

FTIR spectra reveal the composition of solids, liquids, and gases. The most

common use is in the identification of unknown materials and confirmation of

production materials (incoming or outgoing). The information content is very

specific in most cases, permitting fine discrimination between like materials. The

speed of FTIR analysis makes it particularly useful in screening applications, while

the sensitivity empowers many advanced research applications.

The total scope of FTIR applications is extensive.

FIGURE 8.1.6 FTIR SET UP

8.1.6.1 TEST RESULTS OF FTIR:

FIGURE 8.1.6.1 FTIR OF PLA WITH OUT FILLER

FTIR analyses were made to determine the functional groups of the products

obtained in order to understand more deeply what happens in the polymerization of

Poly (lactic acid). A qualitative analysis of absorption bands with reaction time

shows a decrease in the intensity of some bands and, the formation of new ones,

indicating the end groups which decrease and those formed due to the

polymerization reaction progress. Analysis of FTIR spectrum of the sample from

step obtaining lactide allows us to confirm that there was formation of the product,

verifying the characteristic bands of the material. Figure shows the spectrum

obtained compared to lactide of lactic acid. It can be seen the band around 3667 cm-

1, which decreases the ring lactic acid, as well as the characteristic bands of the ring

indicating that there was formation of lactide, a dime of structure cyclic.

Figure shows the FTIR spectrums of the monomer and the poly (lactic acid) which

was obtained from 2 of reaction. The PLA spectrum shows the bands at 3046.98 cm-

1 and 2,821.35 cm

-1 from symmetric and asymmetric valence vibrations of C-H from

CH3, respectively. It is possible to observe a band shift related to the C=O stretch in

the monomer in 1,644.02 cm-1

to 1,412.60 cm-1

in the polymer.

These bands that show shifts of monomer to polymer also show a difference in the

peak intensity which suggests the arrangement of molecules in the polymer chain.

Bands corresponding to bending vibrations of CH3 (asymmetric and symmetric)

were found in 1,412.60 cm-1

and 1,005,70 cm-1

in the polymer spectrum as greater

intensity peaks compared with those from monomer found in 1,412.60 cm-1

and

1,644.02 cm-1

. C-O-C asymmetrical and symmetrical valence vibrations were found

at 1,250.73 cm-1

and 1,200.59 cm-1

respectively; at 1,333.68 cm-1

is detected the C-

O-C stretching vibration. The band around 3046.98 cm-1

is related to the stretching

of OH group and this decreases from the monomer to the polymer due to reaction

poly esterification that consumes the OH groups when they react with the acid

groups to form the ester bond.

FIGURE 8.1.6.1 (B) FTIR TEST OF PLA WITH FILLER

The analyses of FTIR spectrum of the sample of PLA were confirmed checking the

characteristic bands of the material. The spectrum compared lactic acid and this

material indicated that was formation of PLA, a cyclic dimer structure.

9. ANALYSIS OF BIO PLASTICS

9.1 ANLYSIS OF HARDNESS VALUE:

X-Axis = Volume of fillers (%)

Y-Axis = Shore hardness (durometer)

FIGURE 9.1 PLOT OF SHORE HARDNESS vs VOLUME OF FILLERS

The hardness value is directly proportional to volume of filler. When volume

of filler amount is increased also hardness of the bio plastic is increased.

9.2 ANALYSIS OF TENSILE STRENGTH:

X-Axis = Volume of fillers (%)

Y-Axis = Tensile strength (MPa)

FIGURE 9.2 PLOT OF TENSILE STRENGTH vs VOLUME OF FILLERS

The tensile strength value is inversely proportional to the volume of fillers.

When volume of filler amount is increased but tensile strength of the bio plastics is

decreased.

9.3 ANALYSIS OF ACID AND ALKALINE TEST:

The acid and alkaline test result shows the volume of filler amount is never

change in durability of bio plastics as well as nature of solubility is never changed.

9.4 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBILITY TEST:

The bio plastics solubility test is identifies osmosis nature of bio plastics. Also

the volume of fillers is never change in solubility of bio plastics.

9.5 ANALYSIS OF FLAME TEST:

The bio plastics flame test is identifies compostable or biodegradability. The

results shows the bio plastic PLA is bio degradable one.

9.6 ANALYSIS OF FTIR TEST:

This test was finding the functional group of substance. The PLA formation is

check via FTIR spectroscopy. CH3, C-O-C, OH , C-H, C=O Functional group is

identifies via FTIR test.

10. APPLICATIONS OF BIO PLASTICS

10.1 FLIMS & BAGS:

Foils made from bio plastics can be used to produce bio-waste bags, compostable

bags, bags made from renewable resources, food wrapping and shrink films to pack

beverages and also for other applications. The main advantages of the use of bio

plastics are environmental aspects, higher consumer acceptance, increased shelf life

of the products and composting as an end of life treatment of compostable products.

FIGURE 10.1 FLIMS AND BAGS

10.2 FOOD PACKAGING:

Bio plastics food packaging can be used to pack different types of food, from

bread and bakery, to fruit and vegetables, sweets, different types of spices and teas

to different types of soft drinks. Different types of bio plastic packaging are already

available on the market. The main advantages of the use of bio plastics are

environmental aspects, higher consumer acceptance, increased shelf life of the

packaged food and composting as an end of life treatment of compostable products.

FIGURE 10.2 FOOD PACKAGING

10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE PRODUCTS:

Biodegradable plant pots, mulch films, expanded PLA trays for horticultural

applications Biodegradable plant pots are used to plant the seedlings together with

the pot. This way the roots of the plant do not get damages and additionally the pot

is then turned into compost and fertilizes the soil. Mulch films are used to suppress

weeds and conserve water and mostly are used for vegetables and crops. After the

crops are harvested the film can be ploughed in and used as a fertilizer. Ploughing-in

of mulching films after use instead of collecting them from the field, cleaning off

the soil and returning them for recycling, is practical and improves the economics of

the operation. The trays from expanded PLA can be used as conventional EPS trays

but are compostable.

FIGURE 10.3 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE PRODUCTS

10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS:

As we all already know we live in an electronic era. Today casings of

computers, mobile phones, data storages and all the small electronic accessories are

made from plastics to ensure that the appliances are light and mobile whilst being

tough and, where necessary, durable. First bio plastic products in the fast-moving

consumer electronics sector are keyboard elements, mobile casings, vacuum

cleaners or a mouse for your laptop, and with the time passing by bio plastics are

more and more present in electronic devices.

FIGURE 10.4 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

10.5 CLOTHING:

Bio plastics in clothing sector are replacing conventional plastics or natural

materials and are used for footwear and synthetic coated material. One can find bio

plastics as a fabric for wedding dress, a jacket or an alternative to leather. The

alternative to leather is often used to produce biodegradable footwear.

FIGURE 10.5 CLOTHING

10.6 SANITARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS:

Sanitary and cosmetic products are a source of an unthinkable amount of

plastic waste and so the demand to use more sustainable materials is very clear.

Some producers use biodegradable materials opposite to some that have replaced the

conventional fossil based plastic packaging with more sustainable materials derived

from biomass. The disposal of those materials is very simple.

FIGURE 10.6 SANITARY AND COSMETIC PRODUCTS

10.7 TEXTILES – HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE:

Bio plastics can be used in a broad range of applications as you were able to see

to this point. One of the possible uses of bio plastics is the production of textiles.

Different types of plastics can be used to produce those textiles, but the PR

messages are promoting their content of the renewable resources, although some of

them are also biodegradable. Products made from those textiles have the

performance and quality similar to traditional carpets.

FIGURE 10.7 TEXTILES – HOME AND AUTOMOTIVE

10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION:

As said above bio plastics are used for interior of cars, but bio plastics are

present also in other automotive applications. Those applications have very specific

requirements (as a fuel line made from renewable resources - nylon).

FIGURE 10.8 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

11. CONCLUSION

This project work shows synthesis of bio plastics (PLA) from musaceae family

plants and increases the hardness of the bio plastics with use of coconut shell

powder. The filler volume is increased 5% and 10% the hardness value is increased

but same time tensile strength was decreased due to porosity. Coconut shell powder

increase the hardness of the bio plastics. Than the acid and alkaline test results

shows bio plastics durability and solubility test results shows osmosis nature of bio

plastics. A flame test result shows bio degradability nature of bio plastics. The FTIR

spectroscopy results shows poly lactic acid‟s functional group the FTIR result shows

formation of PLA from starch and Hydrochloric acid with glycerol . Finally the

filler material is increase the hardness. This property is an added requirement for

automobile interior, packaging, agriculture and sports goods

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http://www.plastice.org/

http://www.youtube.com/user/plasticeproject

http://en.european-bioplastics.org/