Internal and External Combustion

Engines developed by Different

Manufacturers

Hasan al Noman

131-23-3461

Early automobiles

• Steam-powered1. Thomas Savery: in 1698, patented the first practical,

atmospheric pressure, steam engine of 1 horsepower (750 W).2. Thomas Newcomen: in 1712, developed the first

commercially successful piston steam engine of 5 horsepower (3,700 W)

3. James Watt: in 1781, patented a steam engine that produced continued rotary motion with a power of about 10 horsepower (7,500 W).

Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version

• 17th and 18th centuriesSteam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his ("steam dray"), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor

• 19th centuries: The first carriage-sized automobile in the United States was a steam powered vehicle invented in 1871, by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church

• 1862: The German Nikolaus Otto begins to manufacture a no compression gas Lenoir engine with a free piston.

• 1863: Nikolaus Otto, patented in England and other countries his first atmospheric gas engine. Otto was the first to build and sell this type of compression less engine designed with an indirect-acting free-piston

Internal Combustion Engines:

• Internal combustion engines are combustion engines which burn their fuel internally in a combustion chamber.

Two-stroke engine:

• Two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.

Fig: 2-stroke engine

Four-stroke engine

• A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycle) is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.

Fig: 4-stroke petrol engine

THE SIX-STROKE ENGINE

• the automotive industry may soon be revolutionized by a new six-stroke design which adds a second power stroke, resulting in a much more efficient and less polluting alternative.

• The new six-stroke design was developed by 75-year-old mechanic and tinkerer Bruce Crower, a veteran of the racing industry. He modified a single-cylinder engine on his workbench to use the new design, and after fabricating the parts and assembling the power plant, he poured in some gas and yanked the starter rope. His prototype worked.

Engine development by FORD

• 4 cylinder– 1951–1966 Consul 4—(United

Kingdom)– 1908–1927 Ford Model T engine

• 6 Cylinder– 1951–1966 Zephyr 6—(United

Kingdom) – 2006–present SI6—3.0/3.2 L I6 

designed by Volvo

• 8 Cylinder– 2005–present: Volvo V8—4.4 L DOHC

60° V8 produced by Yamaha Motor Company in Japan in connection with Volvo Engine plant Sweden

• 10 Cylinder– 1997–present: Triton V10—6.8L SOHC

90° Modular V10 truck engine

• 12 Cylinder– 1999 – Current: Aston Martin 6.0L V12

Engine developed by TOYOTA•  2M:

– In March 1967 the 2M with its capacity increased to 2.3 litres

was released in the MS-45 Crown

• 4M:– From 1972 the 2.6 litre 4M was powering

the all new MS-60 series Crowns, spouting more displacement and more load pulling torque

• 5M:– Once again in 1980 the M engine gained a

capacity increase to create the 2.8 litre 5M engine

• 5M-GE:– In 1982 the M engine had a radical change

for the better, gone was the chain driven single overhead camshaft, the rocker style valve system, the carburettor, and the analogue electronic fuel injection system

• 6M-GE:– Not much information is known on the 6M-

GE as it was never released out of Japan.  Identical to the 5M-GE but 3 litres, this engine went to power Crowns, Soarers and other JDM vehicles.

• 7M-GE– Making its debut in the middle of 1986 in

the new generation MA-70 Supra is the 7M-GE.  This 3 litre is the First and only M series engine to use a 4 valve per cylinder head.  With an awesome 200 horsepower made this one of the best Japanese inline production engines of its time

Jet engine development• Pre World War II

– In 1928, RAF College Carnwell cadet Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbo-jet to his superiors. In October 1929, he developed his ideas further. On 16 January 1930 in England, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932).The patent showed a two-stage axial compressor feeding a single-sided centrifugal compressor.

• Post World War II– Austrian Anselm Franz of Junkers' engine division

(Junkers Motoren or Jumo) addressed these problems with the introduction of theaxial-flow compressor. Essentially, this is a turbine in reverse. Air coming in the front of the engine is blown towards the rear of the engine by a fan stage (convergent ducts), where it is crushed against a set of non-rotating blades called stators (divergent ducts).

Jet engine developed by BOEING• The Boeing Company : is an

American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets and satellites.

• The Pratt & Whitney JT8D is a low-bypass (0.96 to 1) turbofan engine, introduced by Pratt & Whitney in February 1963 with the inaugural flight of Boeing's 727

• jet engine powered by lasers and nuclear explosions Recently, the US Patent and Trademark Office approved an application from Boeing's Robert Budica, James Herzberg, and Frank Chandler for a laser- and nuclear-driven airplane engine.

Engine developed by

• Caterpillar Inc. is an American corporation which designs, manufactures, markets and sells machinery, engines etc. Founded in 1925; 90 years ago.

• Caterpillar D9: The Caterpillar D9 is a large track-type tractor designed and manufactured by Caterpillar Inc. The D9, with 354 kW (474 hp) of gross power and an operating weight of 49 tons.

• Caterpillar D10 : The Caterpillar D10 is a track-type tractor manufactured by Caterpillar Inc. It was the first modern tractor to use the elevated drive sprocket to improve durability, operator comfort, and ease of maintenance.

Engine model •CAT C18 ACERT Gross power •474 hp (353 kW) Flywheel power •460 hp (340 kW) Drawbar pull 71.6 tonsSpeed •7.3 mph (11.7 km/h) Forward

•9.1 mph (14.6 km/h) Reverse

• Caterpillar D11: Engine model CAT C32 ACERTGross power 936 hp (698 kW)Flywheel power 850 hp (634 kW)

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