mechanical engineering in ancient egypt, part xxxvi: human ... 2012 season by the joint expedition...
TRANSCRIPT
International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied
Science (IJAETMAS)
ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116
www.ijaetmas.com Page 106
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXVI:
Human Stone Statues in the 19th
and 20th
Dynasties
Galal Ali Hassaan
Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Design Production,
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
Abstract— The ancient Egyptians continued to produce human stone statues during the 19th and 20th Dynasties. The
types and design of those statues is investigated showing their characteristics and features. The stone type, statue
height and present location are all outlined if available. Colossal human statues in the 19th Dynasty are highlighted.
The dress and headdress types are outlined for each statue .
Keywords— Mechanical engineering; Ancient Egypt; Human stone statues, 19
th and 20
th Dynasties, colossal
statues .
I. INTRODUCTION
This is the 36th
paper in a scientific research aiming at presenting a deep insight into the
history of mechanical engineering during one of the greatest civilizations in the world, the
ancient Egyptians civilization. The paper handles one of important industries practiced by
ancient Egyptians during the Dynastic Periods of their history. The ancient Egyptian stone
statues are filling all the Museums in all around the world indicating the unbelieved
mechanical technology used in producing such statues.
Magdolen (2002) investigated two fragments of an ancient Egyptian statue in the City
Museum Bratislava. He compared the mouth of some 18th
Dynasty Pharaohs from their
statues and come to a conclusion that fragment VEIII indicates that perhaps it may be for
Pharaoh Thutmose III [1]. Sadikoglu (2007) in her book about ancient Egyptian art and its
influence on modern time through history presented some statues at the entrance of Karnak
Temple at Luxor, a Pharaoh bust, statues of Hatshepsut in Amun Temple, statues of Memnon
at Thebes, statue of Merytamun from the 19th
Dynasty, a colossal statue of Pinudjem, Priest
of Amun Temple at Thebes from the 21st Dynasty, a block statue of Amun-Re in Karnak,
statues of Ramses II and his wife Nefertari in Hathor Temple and Ramses II statues in his
temple at Abu-Simbel [2]. Olivier (2008) in her Master of Arts Thesis presented a number of
illustrations including stone statues for Pharaoh Ramses II of the 19th
Dynasty in his temple at
Abu-Simbel, statue of Priestess of Hathor Enehy from the 19th
Dynasty and a broken
colossal statue of Ramses II at Tanis. She presented also a statue for Queen Tuya wife of
Pharaoh Seti I of the 19th
Dynasty, a statue for Queen Nefertari wife of Ramses II, the
colossal statues of Ramses II and Nefertari in the small temple at Abu-Simbel, colossal statue
of Merytamun, daughter of Ramses II and Queen Nefertari at Akhmim [3].
Sullivan (2010) in an article about the development of the Karnak Temple presented some
stone statues in Pylon II of the temple and in Khonsu Temple of Ramses III of the 20th
Dynasty, a sphinx stattue on the road between Karnak and Luxor Temple and sphinx statues
in the way outside Pylon I of Karnak Temple [4]. Green (2012) discussed the results of
suthor's survey of representations of Queens and Goddesses of the 19th
Dynasty and
implications for the use of the double uraeus versus uraeus-vulture combination in certain
media and/or contexts [5]. Iskander (2012) presented the work undertaken during the 2011-
2012 season by the joint expedition to the Temple of Ramses II at Abydos. He included a
description of identifying, collecting and cataloguing fragments of the granite colossal statue
of Ramses II [6].
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Science (IJAETMAS)
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Dorman, Garnet and James (2016) studied the Egyptian art and architecture including
statues produced during the Dynastic Periods of the first three millennia BCE in Egypt and
Nubia. They presented some of the colossal statues of Ramses II in the entrance of Luxor
Temple, his colossal statues in his temple at Abu-Simbel and the colossi of Memnon at
Madinat Habu in Thebes [7]. Hassaan (2016) investigated the evolution of mechanical
engineering in ancient Egypt through his study of the human statues industry. He outlined
different aspects of this industry during the Predynastic to Old Kingdom [8], from the 11th
to
the 17th
Dynasties [9] and during the 18th
Dynasty [10].
II. THE 19TH
DYNASTY
The 19th
Dynasty of ancient Egypt expands over a time period from 1292 to 1189 BC rule
by eight Pharaohs starting by Ramses I and ending by Twosret [11]. The 19th
Dynasty is the
Dynasty of colossal statues as a feature of its stone statues. Here, I present examples of the
stone statues of this great dynasty:
- The first example is stone head of Pharaoh Ramses I (1292-1290 BC), the founder of
the 19th
Dynasty in display in the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston and shown in Fig.1
[12]. The Pharaoh is wearing a decorated Khat headdress.
- The second example is an alabaster statue for Seti I (1290-1279 BC), the second
Pharaoh of the 19th
Dynasty in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in
Fig.2 [13]. This is a striding statue of the Pharaoh, wearing a short Shenti with front
tail and holding an object in each hand. The headdress is missing and the nose is
broken.
Fig.1 Head of Ramses I [12]. Fig.2 Statue of Seti I [13].
- The third example is a granite statue for Queen Tuya, the wife of Pharaoh Seti I
(1290-1279 BC) in display in the Vatican Museum and shown in Fig.3 [14]. The
designer showed the Queen wearing a decorated headdress, crown, wide pectoral and
putting her left hand on her chest and holding an object. The decorations of her
headdress and crown are shown in the zoomed view in Fig.3. The carver could
generate those complex decorations using of the hardest stones, granite with an
accuracy may be possible now using CNC machines.
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- The fourth example is a 2-coloured granite upper-part of Ramses II state, the 3rd
Pharaoh of the 19th
Dynasty in display in the British Museum, weighing 7.25 ton and
shown in Fig.4 [15]. The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a Nemes headdress
with Cobra on its front and a Crown above it with a thin long beard. The details of the
face are wonderful as if it was generated by a computer showing the beauty of the
Pharaoh when he was young.
Fig.3 Statue of Queen Tuya [14]. Fig.4 Statue of Ramses II [15].
- The fifth example is a 2.44 m setting statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in display in The
University of Pennsylvania Museum and shown in Fig.5 [16]. The designer showed
the Pharaoh wearing a short Schenti, a decorated Nemes with cobra on its front,
putting his hands on his thighs and his chair is full of inscriptions. The nose is broken
as indicated in the zoomed view in Fig.5.
- The sixth example is a colossal striding statue for Pharaoh Ramses II in the Luxor
Temple and shown in Fig.6 [17]. The Pharaoh was shown wearing a short Schenti
with front tail, a Nemes headdress with Cobra on its front, holding an object in each
hand with thin long beard. Unfortunately, the stone type and height are not identified !.
Fig.5 Statue of Ramses II [16]. Fig.6 Statue of Ramses II [17].
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- The seventh example is a 1.94 m height black granite setting statue for Pharaoh
Ramses II in display in the Turin Museum of Italy and shown in Fig.7 [18]. This is
may be one of the best statues of the Great Pharaoh Ramses II of the 19th
Dynasty.
The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a long inscribed Schenti, the Blue Crown
with Cobra on its front, holding a Crook in his right hand and an object in his left
hand. The Pharaoh is shown wearing a sandal in his feet. The details of the face and
the decorations of the Blue Crown are shown in the zoomed view in Fig.7. The carver
was so professional to carve granite and produce the very high quality depicted in the
zoomed view.
Fig.7 Statue of Ramses II [18].
- The eighth example is a colossal statue for Pharaoh Ramses II standing in the Giza
Plateau and shown in Fig.8 [19]. The statue has an 11m height and an 83 ton weight.
The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a Nemes
headdress and a Double Crown over the headdress, holding an object in its vertical
straight hands and may be a double Cobra in front of the Crown as depicted in the
zoomed view of Fig.8.
- The ninth example is again a colossal statue for Ramses II in the entrance of his
Temple at Abu-Simbel and shown in Fig.9 [20]. Four colossal statues were cut in the
rocks of Pharaoh Ramses II Temple at Abu-Simbel. The estimated height is about
5.25 m and the weight is unknown. The Pharaoh was shown wearing short Schenti, a
Nemes headdress and probably a Double Crown with Cobra on its front and putting
his two hands on his thighs.
- The tenth example is a stone group statue for Scribe Ptahmai and his family (1250-
1200 BC) in display in the Neues Museum at Berlin and shown in Fig.10 [21]. The
designer showed the Scribe and his two wives setting on a sofa with his daughter
standing between him and her mother. He is shown wearing a long Schenti, pectoral
and putting his hands on his thighs. Both wives are wearing a long Tunic, decorated
headdress and putting one hand on her thigh and holding his waist with the other hand.
The wives had a headdress with elaborated decoration as shown in the zoomed view
of his wife at his right.
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Science (IJAETMAS)
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- The eleventh example is a limestone statue of one of Ramses II daughters in display
in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.11 [22]. The princess is wearing a
coloured-long Tung, well decorated headdress with two Cobra on its front and a
Crown with Cobra on all its circumference. The statue was carved and painted with
extreme sophistication and technology leading to a product sustaining for more than
3200 years.
Fig.8 Statue of Ramses II [19]. Fig.9 Statues of Ramses II [20].
Fig.10 Group statue of Ptahmai [21]. Fig.11 Statues of Ramses II daughter [22].
- The twelfth example is a sandstone statue for Khaemwaset, one of the sons of
Pharaoh Ramses II in display in the British Museum and shown in Fig.12 [23]. The
designer showed the Prince wearing a short Schenti, a decorated Khat headdress and
holding two long bars, one bar per hand.
- The thirteenth example is a granite statue for Merneptah, the fourth Pharaoh of the
19th
Dynasty (1213-1203 BC) in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown
in Fig.13[24]. The Pharaoh is shown wearing a short Schenti with front tail, a
decorated Nemes with one Cobra on its front and a Double Crown on it as clear in the
zoomed view of Fig.13.
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Fig.12 Statue of Khaemwaset [23]. Fig.13 Statue of Merneptah [24].
- The fourteenth example is a striding statue for Seti II, the 5th
Pharaoh of the 19th
Dynasty (1203-1197 BC) in display in the Egyptian Museum at Turin, Italy and
shown in Fig.14 [25]. The Pharaoh is shown wearing short Schenti with belt and front
tail, a decorated Khat headdress with Cobra on its front and holding an object in each
hand. The stone type nor the dimensions are not available.
- The fifteenth example is a replica statue of Pharaoh Seti II in display in the
Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum at California and shown in Fig.15 [26]. The designer
showed the Pharaoh kneeing, wearing a short Schenti, a Nemes headdress with Cobra
on its front and holding a shrine to be presented to Amun. Here, the designer did not
show the Pharaoh with thin long beard as in the design of Fig.14.
Fig.14 Statue of Seti II [25]. Fig.15 Statue of Merneptah [26].
- The last example from the 19th
Dynasty is painted quartzite head for Amenmesse, the
6th
Pharaoh (1201-1198 BC) in display in the Brooklyn Museum at NY and shown in
Fig.16 [27]. The Pharaoh was shown wearing the Blue Crown of ancient Egypt with a
Cobra on its front.
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Fig.16 Statue of Amenmesse [27].
III. THE 20TH
DYNASTY
The 20th
Dynasty of ancient Egypt covers a time span from1189 to 1077 BC ruled by
10 Pharaohs starting by Setnakhte and ending by Ramses XI [28]. Some of the human
stone judging the evolution of stone statues industry in the New Kingdom of Egypt are
presented below:
- Fig.17 shows a basalt statue of Ramses III, the 2nd
Pharaoh of the 20th
Dynasty (1186-
1156 BC) in display in the Rockefeller Museum at East Jerusalem [29]. The Pharaoh
was shown wearing a decorated Nemes headdress.
- The second example is a granite striding statue for Pharaoh Ramses III in display in
the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.18 [30]. The Pharaoh is shown
wearing a long Schenti, a decorated Nemes with a Cobra on its front and holding a
Royal Bar by its left hand while his right is extending downwards. Even though the
granite is one of the hardest stone, the carver could produce this wonderful piece with
too many details and build-in decorations in the Schenti, headdress and bar.
Fig.17 Statue of Ramses III [29].
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Fig.18 Striding statue of Ramses III [30].
- The third example is a kneeling mudstone statue for Ramses IV, the 3rd
Pharaoh of the
20th
Dynasty (1155-1149 BC) in display in the British Museum and shown in Fig.19
[31]. The designer showed the Pharaoh as an old man wearing a short Schenti with
front tail, decorated Nemes headdress with front Cobra and holding two ointment jars,
one per palm.
- The fourth example is a granodiorite statue of the High Priest Ramessesnakht during
the rein of Pharaoh Ramses IV (1155-1149 BC) in display in the Egyptian Museum at
Cairo and shown in Fig.20 [32]. The designer showed the Priest as a Scribe in a
writing position with a paper on his thighs and a pen in his right hand. He is wearing a
special headdress.
Fig.19 Kneeling statue of Ramses IV [31]. Fig.20 Statue of Priest Ramessesnakht [32].
- The fourth example is a statue for Ramses V, the 4th
Pharaoh of the 20th
Dynasty in
display in the Egyptian Museum and shown in Fig.21 [33]. He is wearing a short
Schenti with front tail, Nemes headdress and a Double Crown over the headdress. He
is holding an object using his both hands.
- The last example is a granite statue for Ramses VI, the 5th
Pharaoh of the 20th
Dynasty
in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.22 [34].
Fig.21 Statue of Ramses V [33]. Fig.22 Statue of Ramses VI [34].
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The designer showed the Pharaoh wearing a short decorated Schenti, a decorated
Khat, a Crown above the Khat headdress. The Pharaoh is in a striding fighting
position holding a military axe in his right palm and an enemy hair in his left palm as
clear in the zoomed view of Fig.22.
CONCLUSIONS
- The evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt through the study of the
human stone statues industry during the 19th
and 20th
Dynasties was investigated.
- The characteristics of the ancient Egyptian human stone statues were presented .
- Samples of the ancient Egypt human stone statues were presented from the collections
of national and international museums.
- The study covered ancient Egyptian historical periods during the 19th
and 20th
Dynasties.
- The Khat headdress continued to appear in both 19th
and 20th
Dynasties.
- Short Schenti with front tail was the common Royal dress during both 19th
and 20th
Dynasties.
- The Nemes headdress with or without Cobra on its front was the common Royal
headdress in both dynasties.
- Blue Crown was in use during the 19th
Dynasty.
- The Double Crown was in used during both 19th
and 20th
Dynasties.
- Singe or double Cobra were used with some headdresses and Crowns.
- Some Pharaohs appeared in their statues with thin long beard.
- Royal and Elite women appeared in both dynasties with nicely decorated headdresses.
- In a unique appearance one Pharaoh from the 20th
Dynasty appeared smiting the head
of his enemy.
- The ancient Egyptians of the 19th
and 20th
Dynasties designed and carved stone
statues is setting, striding and kneeing positions.
- They used granite, alabaster, sandstone, mudstone, basalt, quartzite and granodiorite
in producing their human stone statues during the 19th
and 20th
Dynasties
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International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied
Science (IJAETMAS)
ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116
www.ijaetmas.com Page 115
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International Journal Of Advancement In Engineering Technology, Management and Applied
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ISSN: 2349-3224 || www.ijaetmas.com || Volume 03 - Issue 12 || December - 2016 || PP. 106-116
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BIOGRAPHY
Galal Ali Hassaan:
Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics and Automatic Control.
Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo University in 1970 and 1974.
Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford University, UK under the supervision of
Late Prof. John Parnaby.
Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, EGYPT.
Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and
History of Mechanical Engineering.
Published more than 200 research papers in international journals and conferences.
Author of books on Experimental Systems Control, Experimental Vibrations and
Evolution of Mechanical Engineering.
Chief Justice of the International Journal of Computer Techniques.
Member of the Editorial Board of a number of International Journals including
IJAETMAS.
Reviewer in some International Journals.
Scholars interested in the author's publications can visit:
http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal