MECHANICS AND TYPES OF WINGS OF AIR PLANES

EFFORTS BY :- DAVE MAADHAV UC1416 JIGNESH CHANDERA UC1016 ALOK PRAJAPATI UC4916 MANISH SUTHAR UC3216

GUIDED BY :- PROF MUMUKSHU TRIVEDI

In most modern airplanes, the fuel tanks either are an integral part

of the wing structure, or consist of flexible containers mounted

inside of the wing. Attached to the rear, or trailing, edges of the

wings are two types of control surfaces referred to as ailerons

and flaps. Ailerons extend from about the midpoint of each

wing outward toward the tip and move in opposite directions to

create aerodynamic forces that cause the airplane to roll. Flaps

extend outward from the fuselage to near the midpoint of each

wing. The flaps are normally flush with the wing´s surface during

cruising flight. When extended, the flaps move simultaneously

downward to increase the lifting force of the wing for takeoffs and

landings.

Wing Structure

Wing Structure of an airplane

How Lift is Generated ?• The basic principle behind an lift is described by Bernoulli's

theorem. • “Air that travels over the top surface of the airfoil has to travel

faster and thus gains dynamic pressure. The subsequent loss of static pressure creates a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces that is called lift and opposes the weight of an aircraft (or thrust that opposes drag)”.

• As the angle of attack (the angle between the chord line and relative air flow) is increased, more lift is created. Once the critical angle of attack is reached (generally around 14 degrees) the airfoil will stall.

http://www.grc/nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/shape.html

A wing creates lift due to a combination of Bernoulli’s Principal & Newton’s Third Law

Bernoulli’s Principal: pressure variation around the wing results in a net aerodynamic pushing up.

• Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage• Main lifting surfaces• Various design size and shape• May be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the

fuselage

- High-wing, mid-wing, and low-wing• The number of wings can also vary

- Monoplanes, biplanes

WING

Bernoulli's Principle: slower moving air below the wing creates greater pressure and pushes up.

• Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the wing’s length to its chord line. • Camber: The name given to the curvature of the upper or lower

surfaces of the wing. • Chord Line: The theoretical line running from the leading edge of

the wing to the trailing edge. • Leading Edge: The front edge of an aircraft’s wing. • Trailing Edge: The rear edge of an aircraft’s wing.

Wing Construction & Mathematics

Types of WinG

• Aircraft designers have designed several wing types that have different aerodynamic properties. These have different shapes and attach to the aircraft body at different angles at different points along the fuselage. Not all of these planes have a practical use – some have just been use for research.

Based on Structure

Ford TrimotorStraight wings

The conventional straight wing extends out from the fuselage at approximately right angles. On early biplanes, one wing often was suspended above the fuselage by some sort of bracing supports while the second crossed directly under the fuselage. On monoplanes, designers positioned the wings at different heights depending on the design-some crossed above the fuselage while others were attached at the lower part of the fuselage. Mainly It’s a Long wing of consistent width and perpendicular to the fuselage; it is found on low-speed planes such as cargo and light planes.

B-47Swept-back wings

The swept-back wing extends backward from the fuselage at an angle. Mainly it’s a Arrow-shaped wing that is found on jet planes.

Delta DaggerDelta wings The delta wing looks much like a triangle when viewed from above (or the Greek letter "delta" Δ.) It sweeps sharply back from the fuselage with the angle between the front of the wing (the leading edge) often as high as 60° and the angle between the fuselage and the trailing edge (the back edge of the wing) at around 90°. The tip of a delta wing is often, but not always, cut off. It’s a type of Thin triangular wing that is especially aerodynamic.

X-29Forward-swept wings

The forward-swept wing gives an airplane the appearance of flying backward. The wing is angled toward the front of the aircraft and is usually attached to the airplane far back on the fuselage. A small wing called a canard is often attached to the fuselage near the front on this type of aircraft.

MiG-23Variable-sweep wings

A variable-sweep wing can be moved during flight-usually between a swept-back position and a straight position.

B-35Flying wing

The flying wing is an aircraft design where the wing forms virtually the entire airplane and it sweeps back from the center of the aircraft. The fuselage is a very narrow section in the center that joins the wings without any seams.

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