mechanised construction

MECHANIZED CONSTRUCTIONBy

Manuj SinhM.Tech (Structures)

MECHANIZATION

Its the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that

work with machinery.

PHASES : MECHANIZATION

• Part 1. Introduction.• Part 2. General Consideration.• Part 3. Fundamental of Mechanization.• Part 4. Earth Moving Eqpt.• Part 5. Construction Vehs.• Part 6. Material Handling Eqpt.• Part 7. Construction Eqpt.• Part 8. Scaffoldings.• Conclusion.

PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

• Project : comprises of various activities of diverse nature.• Execution of each activity be planned meticulously to

ensure sequential execution in time.• No alternative to adopting mechanized construction

methods to achieve more in less time.• Once the decision of deployment of construction

equipment is taken , required construction equipment need to be identified.

• Example. • Earthmoving construction equipment.• Handling and lifting equipment's,• Aggregate and concrete production equipment.

PART 2: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Construction Projects. • Two types:-• Linear project. Traditional approach (involving concept, design, procurement, and constr)

• Fast-Tracked Project. (Design and build)• In Fast-Tracked job, design and constr being carried out

almost simultaneously. • Constr work is started even when the design engineers are

working on the fdns happens when competitive bidding is not essential.

• Design and construction work are set on parallel tracks.

• Input for designing may not be available in time as a result of which reconstruction may be necessary to comply with the input when received.

• Less control over costs• In both cases, intent of planning and implementation

should be:• Constr cost should not exceed the budget.• Quality of executed work has to conform to the

specifications, drawings, codes, etc.• Time of execution as per agreed time schedule.

DISADVANTAGE OF FAST-TRACKED PROJECT


• Constr cost is a major factor in all projects.• Factors influencing the constr cost such as:-• Labour. • Material.• Construction Equipment. (Costs of constr eqpt ranges from 25-40% of total Project cost)• Profit etc.

DEPLOYMENT OF CONSTR EQUIPMENT

.


• Larger output.• Cost-effective implementation• For execution of work not feasible by manual efforts.• Reduce the amount of heavy manual work.• Reduces fatigue and manual efforts are more

productive.• Large output even in shortage of skilled and semi skilled

manpower.• Precision using modern eqpt with software controls.• Time saving.

DEPLOYMENT OF CONSTR EQUIPMENT: ADVANTAGES


EQUIPMENT ON LEASE• Mechanization based on rented constr eqpt is cost effective. • Constr eqpt rented exactly to match the requirement.• For rented equipment, time to make the equipment ready for

operation is important.• For Example. Selection among Truck Mounted Telescopic Jib

Crane, Tower Crane, Truck Mounted Strut-boom Crane.• Truck mounted strut boom crane needs time for assembling jib for heavy

duty work.• Telescopic jib cranes are better in this respect as very short period of time

is required to prepare for the deployment on arrival at the construction site.

• The main advantage of a tower crane is that its jib is supported at the top of a tall tower, which may be set at a sufficient height to clear all possible obstruct ion


EQUIPMENT SELECTION

.

Truck Mounted Telescopic Jib Crane

Truck Mounted Strut Boom Crane

Tower Crane

EQUIPMENT SELECTION

.

• Selecting the appropriate equipment for the job.• Chosen only after analysis of many interrelated factors.• The important points for consideration are:-• Function to be performed.• Capacity of the equipment.• Method of operation.• Limitations of the method.• Costs of the method.• Cost comparison with other methods.• Possible modification.

Sir,Shall we go for

Rent or purchase

RENT OR PURCHASE

.• Once the construction equipment , machineries are selected. • Option of purchasing or renting or a combination.Purchasing• Purchasing of construction equipment and machineries would

be advantageous for the reasons as follows:-• Available at all times for deployment.• Resources could be used in other projects as per conceived

programme.• Cost of resources could be apportioned among different

contracts.

EQUIPMENT SELECTION

Renting• Rented as required for a calculated period of time.• Hiring agencies are responsible for repair, replacement, and even

operation.• Post hiring period, the executing agency would be liability free of

the rented items.

Renting construction equipment and machineries would be advantageous in some other way for the reasons as

mentioned below:-

NEED FOR MECHANIZATION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

• The work can be done speedily.• The work can be done in time.• Large quantity of materials can be handled , so the size

of the project can be increased• The complex projects involving high grade material.• High quality standards can be maintained.• Time schedule can be kept.• Optimum use of material ,man power and finance.• Due to shortage of skilled and efficient man power.

FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANISATION

• Levers• Springs• Gears• Shafts• Couplings• Fluid couplings• Fluid Torque Converter• Bushings and bearings• Lubricants• Chain Drives.

• Belt Drives• Inclined Planes• Clutches• Brakes• Pneumatic Motors.• Electric Drive.• Hydraulics• Hydraulic Motors• Power Sources.

Earth Moving Eqpt.

• Dumpers.

• Tankers.

• Tippers.

• Trailers.

Construction Vehicles

• Power Tools.

• Compressors.

• Pumps.

• Sprayers.

• Crushers.

• Road rollers.

• Concrete

mixers.

• TBMs.

Construction Eqpt

• Ropes. • Winches.• Shear legs.• Derrick.• Cranes.• Belt Conveyers.• Forklifts.• Hoists.• Monorail.

Material Handling Eqpt

COMMONLY USED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

• Excavators. • Loaders.• Skid Steer.

Loaders.• Motor Graders.• Crawler Loaders.• Backhoe.• Bull Dozers.• Trenchers.• Motor Scrappers.• Wheel Loading.

Showels.• Face Showels.• Dragline.• Clamshell.

PART 3 : EARTH MOVING EQPT

Earth Moving Eqpt.• Introduction• Excavators. • Loaders.• Skid Steer Loaders.• Motor Graders.• Crawler Loaders.• Backhoe.• Bull Dozers.• Trenchers.• Motor Scrapers.• Wheel Loading Showels• Face Showels.• Dragline.• Clamshell.

.

Introduction• Earth Moving Ops involves :-• Loosening .• Digging.• Moving.• Dumping.• Working.

• Condition• Fixed. • Moving .

• Classes.• Wheeled.• Tracked.


ADVANTAGES

Criteria Track Mtd Tractor Wheel Mtd TractorWorking Condition.

• Variety of soils.• Sharp edges in soil not damaging.• Any terrain incl uphill work.• All wx.

• Firm clay/soil• Abrasive soil but no sharp

edges.• Level or downhill work• Suits fair and dry wx.

Effect on Grnd.

• Good floatation.• Low grnd pressure.

• Good Compaction• Variable with counter wt

and ballast.Applications.

• Short Dist.• Tight Soil• Slow speed• Large blade lds• Restd mobility.

• Long Dist.• Loose Soil• Faster speed• Moderate blade lds• High mobility.

.

• Rolling Resistance. • Rolling resistance is the resistance encountered by the tractor

or eqpt while moving over the grnd sf or rd. • Traction between the grnd and wheel should be adequate to

prevent slippage.Rolling Resistance. = R = P/W

• R = Rolling resistance lb/ton• P= Total tension in tow cable. • W= gross wt of truck in tons.


• Output of Constr Eqpt = (Q x K x E x 60 x f)/Cm • K= Efficiency factor of bucket• E= Efficiency of constr eqpt• f = Soil conversion factor • Cm = cycle in minutes• 60= no of mins per hr

• Rimpull. • A tractor is used as the prime mover by applying its power at the rim of its drive wheel as a tangential force known as rimpull.• It’s the tractive effort available between tyres of the drive wheel and the grnd sf to propel the veh or constr eqpt w/o slipping.

Rimpull. =(375 x HP x Efficiency)/ Speed (mph)

Expressed in pounds(0.2248 lb=1Newton.)


Excavators(Hydraulic)Used in many ways:•Material handling.•Forestry work.•Demolition.•General grading.•River dredging.•Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes.•Digging of trenches, holes, foundations•Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining.•Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments.•Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver.


Excavators(Hydraulic)• Available in 180 deg and 360 deg rotation.• Bucket capacity 0.25 -30m3 for tr.• Bucket capacity 0.135 -2m3 for Wh.• Largest eqpt can dig upto 12m.


• A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction.

• Primarily used to Load material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

Loaders


Skid Steer Loader• A skid loader or skid-steer loader is a small rigid frame,

engine-powered machine with lift arms used to attach a wide variety of labour-saving tools or attachments.

• Rated op Cap =upto 1.25 tons


Grader


Grader Used for:-• Shaping /profiling.• Finishing.• Shallow Ditching.• Smoothing Slopes.• Grading embankments.• Spreading and mixing earth. • Snow /debris clearance.Dply for:-• Rd constr.• Earthfill dam constr.• Maint Haul rds.


GraderTime reqd to complete grading ops=T

T= [ (df/Vf) + (dr/Vr)] N/E

df= Dist in linear feet for the grader to travel fwd in one direction per cycleVf= Avg speed of fwd travel in feet per minutedr= Dist travelled returning to begin the next grading cycleVr= Avg speed of the return travel in feet per minute

N= Nos of fwd passes the grader must make past a given point in the length of grading ops .E= Efficiency of ops of the motor grader (70-90%).


• The crawler loader combines the stability of the crawler tractor with the abilities of a wheel loader.

• However, to construct a reliable crawler loader it requires more than simply attaching a loader bucket onto a crawler tractor. It must be designed with its specific purpose in mind to ensure it has the strength to withstand heavy excavating.

Crawler Loaders


BACKHOE • A backhoe, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting

of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a 'backhoe loader'

• The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper .

• The boom is generally attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm to pivot left and right, usually through a total of around 180–200 degrees.

.

• A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade).

• Used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

Bull dozer.


Bull dozer.• Short rg tractor• Front dozing blade• Raised or lowered.• Dozing speed 3km/hr• Max speed 8km/hrUsed for.• Surface stripping• Excavating• Road opening • Grading• Spreading• Backfilling/levelling• Pushing scrapers to assist.• Ripping if fitted with a ripper.

Dply for• Constr of rd ,bank & dams.• Excav and backfilling of chs.• Backfilling of trenches• Piling bulk products• Devp of sand and gravel

quarries


• Trenchers, or ditchers penetrate the earth, breaking soil and rock, and remove it from the ground.

• They differ from excavators in that the soil is removed in one continuous movement.

• Trenchers are specifically used for digging trenches for pipes.

Trenchers

Trencher Wheel Type Tracked Ladder TypeDepth of Excav Upto 2.5 Upto 9 1.2-2.5Width of Excav 0.3-1.5m Upto 3.5m 0.355-0.61mDigging Speed 25Settings 30Settings 25Settings


• Production Rate Depends on •Soil Class•Depth and Width of trench•Extent of shoring reqd•Topography•Vegetation enroute•Obstructions

• Selection Criteria• Site conditions• Depth and width of trench• Soil Class• Grnd water state• Disposal of excav mtrl• Available constr eqpt at site.

Trenchers


.

• Scraper.• In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy

equipment used for earthmoving.• The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl)

with a sharp horizontal front edge. • The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. • When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like

a plane and fills the hopper.


Scraper. Used for• Surface stripping• Excavating• Loading with pushers• Hauling• Dumping• Spreading/contouring/

levellingDply for• Cutting of channels• Fmn of Dams and

embkments with smooth and accurate levels

• Stripping overburden in pit ops.


• A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction.

Wheeled Loading Showels


.

Face Showel• Considerable digging force .• Genr by its momentum.• Full revolving type 360deg• 270 degree type• Showel swing angle 90 deg.• Bucket cap rg 25-50 m3


.

Face Showel• Used for• Stripping• Cutting/scooping• Moving/ Manoeuvring• Loading /dumping• Tree clearing /stump

uprooting• Dply for• Industrial projs• Rd constr• Land reclaimation• Mining


Face Showel• Output of Showel Eqpt.

qs = (3600 x Bc x E x (A:D))/CTs

qs = max prodn yard3/hr or 0.765m3/hr

Bc = bucket capacity in yard3

E= Bucket Efficiency in %age of capacity

A:D = Combined factor for showels angle swing and depth

of cut

CTs = cycle time in seconds


Dragline• Crane fitted with long jib and drag bucket.• Output 30-80 bucket ld/hrUsed for• Cutting• Grading embkments• Dumping • Dredging Dply for• Cutting ditches with slope sidings• Excav drainage and irrigation canals• Dredging of silted canals• Sand and gravel pit production • Strip mining.


Dragline• Output of Eqpt.

qd= (3600 x Vb x (A:D))/CTd

qd = max prodn yard3/hr or 0.765m3/hr

Vb = Bank measure volume in bucket yard3

E= Bucket Efficiency in %age of capacity

A:D = Combined factor for dragline angle swing and depth of cut

CTd = cycle time in seconds for 90 deg swing and optimum cut

Vb =V1/Sw

Sw = Swell factor=(1+ (% swell/100))

V1 = Nominal cap of drag bucket.


Clamshell• Crane fitted with long jib and Clamshell bucket.• Two jaws• Boom angle 40-70 deg• Cut trenches upto 30m deep o.6 m width.Used for• Loose mtrl handling• Removing mtrls.• Lifting • Dredging


PART 4 : CONSTR VEHICLES

Construction Vehicles

• Dumpers.

• Tankers.

• Dump Truck/Tippers.

• Trailers.

• Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles.

• Specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

PART 4 : CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES

Dumpers• A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk

material, often on building sites. • A dumper is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with

the load skip in front of the driver.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_(container)

Tankers• Based on truck / towed.• Typical Indian Tankers • Upto 10KL-12KL Capacity• Compartment based 3-4 Nos


Tippers/Dump Trucks

• Typical Indian truck• Upto 30 Tons• Upto 15cum capacity


• A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose mtrl for constr.• Truck is equipped with an open-box bed, hinged at the rear and

with hydraulic pistons to lift the front.• In the UK, Australia and India the term applies to off-road constr

plant only, and the road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry or tip truck. Load to be discharged by gravity also called tip truck.

Trailers• A trailer is generally an

unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle.

• Commonly, the term trailer refers to such vehicles used for transport of goods and materials.

• Upto 50 Tons payload towing capb


PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPT

Material Handling Eqpt• Ropes. • Winches.• Shear legs.• Derrick.• Cranes.• Belt Conveyers.• Forklifts.• Hoists.• Monorail.

PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPT: ROPES

Wire Ropes/Cables.• Simplest device• Used for lifting.• Used in conjn with pulley/block/winch.• Rope carrying cap depends on dia, nos of wire and mtrl.• Mfr with a safety factor of 5.

PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPT: ATT

.

Lifting Attachments.• Slings are used for moving mtrl in bundles.• Lifting capacity of sling depends on angle

formed on top of hook.

Sling Dia

Sling Angle On Top Of Hook

19mm 60 Deg 90deg 120 deg

Load Capb

5.3T 4.3 T 3T

PART 5 : MHE- WINCHES AND SHEAR LEGS

.

Winches.• Winch and a drum with wire rope

wound around it for most of hoisting and lifting operations

• Powered by electric, hydraulic or diesel engine.

• Speed of lifting 20m/min to 100m/min.Shear Legs• The eqpt comprises of pin jointed frame

fabric ated using steel tubes or sections, a winch and a pulleyblock plus tackle

• Used for vertical lifting or lowering • Used extensively at constr site.

PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPT: DERRICK

.

Guyed Derrick• Simple inexpensive non

mobile eqpt.• Single lattice mast and jib.• Mast stands vertical solid Bearing.• At least five anchor ropes for Stability.• Length is such to allow 360

deg swing w/o fouling with anchor ropes.

PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPT: DERRICK

.

Scotch Derrick• Stiff leg derrick• Preferred over guyed or

shear leg.• Comprise of a vertical

slewing mast, a luffing jib, and two rope drums.

• Two stays are fixed on top 45 deg

• Mast slewing capb 270 deg

PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPT: CRANE

• Track Mounted.• Wheel Mounted.• Strut boom.• Cantilever boom.• Telescopic boom self propelled.• Truck mtd telescopic boom.• Truck mtd strut boom.

• Gantry Crane.

Cranes • Type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire

ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally.

• Used for lifting and transporting heavy things.• Creates mechanical advantage.

Tower Crane.• Luffing boom tower crane.• Horizontal boom tower crane.• Freestand tower tower crane.• Supported static tower crane.• Rail mounted crane.• Track mtd tower crane.• Truck mtd tower crane.• Climbing Tower crane.

PART 5 : MHE- TRACK MTD CRANE

Track Mtd Crane.• Self propelled.• Crawler crane has three

sections:- • Base frame. • Superstructure.• Jib.

• Track allows easy load spreading with mobility.

• Turntable slewing capb 360 deg.• Mov from one site to other

require a prime mover with tlr.

Wheel Mtd Crane.• Self propelled.• Wh crane has three sections Base frame, Superstructure & Boom.• Comparitively less loads capb with mobility.• Turntable slewing capb 360 deg.• Can mov short dist site under own steam.• All wheels are lifted for hauling loads on hydraulic legs.

PART 5 : MHE- WHEEL MTD CRANE

Wheel Mtd Strut Boom Crane.

• Self propelled.• Crane has three sections • Base frame. • Superstructure.• Jib.

• Turntable slewing capb 360 deg.

• Mov from one site to other require a prime mover with tlr.

• Diesel engine powered.


Wheel Mtd Cantilever Boom


• A cantilever boom is pivoted on a specially designed truck.• Its placed at much higher posn as compared to wh mtd strut boom.• Cantilever jib provides greater clearance for handling loads.• Slewing cabin turntable.• Diesel engine powered.• Top of boom under tension and bottom is under compression.

Truck Mtd Telescopic Boom.PART 5 : MHE- WHEEL MTD CRANE

• Moves at relatively high speeds.• 360 deg Slewing capb.• Diesel engine powered• Telescopic boom.• 1.5 to 40 ton capacity.

Telescopic Boom Self Propelled.• Moves at 20-30 kmph speeds.• Versatile cap upto 14.5 tons.• Flexible telescopic boom action.• Veh diesel engine powered.• Telescopic boom.


Truck Mtd Strut Boom.• Hy duty.• Stiff chassis truck mtd on 2-3 chassis.• Engine powered Hydraulic motors are used .• 360 deg slewing turntable.• Extra kentledge/wts for handling hy loads


PART 5 : MHE-TOWER CRANE

.

Tower Cranes• Balance crane, gen fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and

sometimes attached to the sides of structures/platforms).• Height and lifting capb are used in the constr of tall buildings. • Three main parts long horizontal jib, shorter counter-jib, and the

operator's cab.


• Tower crane is a mirror name of construction crane. • Occupies less space with maximum output.• Popular because of its power and efficiency. • Fixed Tower Crane of up to 230 m height are available in India. • Self Erecting Tower Crane of 24 m and 30 m heights.• Fastest cycle times improved efficiency and productivity.

• Tower Crane Types• Luffing boom tower crane.• Horizontal boom tower crane.• Freestand tower tower crane.• Supported static tower crane.• Rail mounted crane.• Track mtd tower crane.• Truck mtd tower crane.• Climbing Tower crane.


• Vertical lattice mast and a luffing boom.• Raising and lowering slewing mast when obstruction encountered.• Luffing wire ropes are connected to Kentledge at base or top to

counter overturning.• Appropriate fdn and anchorage for the mast.• Electrical motors for hoisting and luffing.

Luffing Boom Tower Crane

Horizontal Boom Tower Crane• Vertical lattice mast that sps a horizontal boom in two parts.• Larger part carries a trolley or saddle, Shorter part sps Kentledge

and counter wts, main counter wt is loc at the base• Luffing is not possible in horizontal boom. 360 deg slewing • The horizontal jib is faster than the luffing jib, especially when the

lifting operation requires frequent radius alterations.


Freestand TowerCrane• Self sp crane held on a solid fdn, Mast is bolted to steel cruciform

base ,Kentledge is placed at the base to counter overturning.• Upto 100 m clearance from grnd level.• Speeds of trolleying and slewing mechanisms are high.• Light structure, good stability, convenient transportation.


Supported Static Tower Crane• Self Supporting Static

Tower Cranes high lifting capacity with the mast or tower fixed to a foundation base.

• Suitable for confined and open sites.

• Supported Static Tower Cranes are used where high lifts are required.

• Mast or tower being tied at suitable intervals to the structure to give extra stability.


Rail Mounted Tower Crane


• Carries a load of one ton up to 16 ton.• Radii varying from 45 m up to 71 m (jib lengths).• Heights up to 250 m. • Optimum utilisation of power.


Track Mounted Tower Crane• Small capacity 1500kg.• Radius 40m .• Low loader is reqd to move

the crane.• Used for placing concrete in

fdns/floors.• Lifting and shifting waste

mtrl.

Truck Mounted Tower Crane


• Strut boom crane .• Mounted on wheels.• Lifting capb of 100 tons or more.• A longer boom is provided as fly jib is not used.

Climbing Tower Crane.PART 5 : MHE-TOWER CRANE

• Space not available.• Tower crane is loc inside.• Sps on floor by steel collars, frames & wedges.• Mast loc in lift shaft.• Hydraulically jacked.

.

• A traveling cable winch attached to a wide beam stretching between rails/ wheels supported at high level.

• Supports can be static with the crane beam traveling along them overhead in a factory building.

• Support can be in the form of legs that move on ground rails, a type often used in shipyards.

Gantry Crane



Gantry Crane

• Conveyor system is a mechanical handling equipment.• Moves materials from one location to another.• Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation.• Wide variety of materials.• Consists of :-• Endless flexible moving belt• Idle rollers.• Two Pulleys : A head pulley and a tail pulley.• A drive motor.• Tensioning device.• Steel frame sp sys .

Belt Conveyors


.


• Belt mtrl : Vulcanised or synthetic rubber mtrl+ PVC coats • Trough angle 20 -55 deg• Belt width 0.4 tp 3 m• Inclination 15-25 deg• Roller spacing 300 mm to 3.5 m based on loading and

impact criteria.

Belt Conveyors

Belt Conveyors


PART 5 : MATERIAL HANDLING EQPTForklift Trucks• A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a

forklift, or a tow-motor) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials.

• 1.25 t Capb.


• Hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps.

• Types Static,Mobile,Passanger and Concrete hoist

• Manual, electrically or pneumatically driven. • Large scale construction projects eg high-rise buildings or major

hospitals. Purpose • Purpose is to carry personnel, materials, and equipment quickly

between the ground and higher floors, or between floors in the middle of a structure.

Hoist

.

Monorails• Simple lifting from one beam. • Monorail system is a simple lifting device with one stationary

beam that has a hoist and trolley. • Lightweight design, Speedy handling materials to specific locs.• Upto 2 ton capb


PART 6: CONSTRUCTION EQPT.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT

Construction Eqpt

• Power/Pneumatic Tools.

• Compressors.

• Pumps.

• Sprayers.

• Crushers.

• Concrete mixers.

• Road rollers.

• Tunnelling.


• Power Tools.• Drills & Hammers.

• Screw Drivers.

• Saws


• Cartridge Hammers.Cartridges are fired by guns to penetrate into sf like concrete , rocks etc for fixing purposes.


• Pneumatic Tools.Compressed air is reqd by pneumatic tools as a driving force can be created by electrical or mechanical means.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT• Compressors.• Reciprocating type.

• Rotary vane type.

• Rotary screw type.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT• Pumps.• Centrifugal.

• Displacement.

• Submersible.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPTConcrete Pumps.

Boom Pumps.

Trailer or Statinary Pumps.

Specialize Usage Pumps.



• Plaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall more than five times faster than using a hand float to apply it.

Plastering Machines

• Worm-drive Pump.Most commonly, sprayers have a worm-drive pump that pumps the plaster up to a spray gun that has a large nozzle, usually 4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the plaster into a chamber on the end of the gun

• Piston Pump.Newer types of plaster sprayer have a piston pump, which has sufficient pressure to spray smooth (untextured) plaster without compressed air.


CRUSHERSCrushing Plant• A crusher is a machine deigned to reduce large rocks into a

smaller rocks, gravels, or rock dust.• Crusher may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of

waste material so they can more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduced the size of a solid mix of raw material .



Crusher

TYPES OF CRUSHER

IMPACT CRUSHER

CONE CRUSHER

JAW CRUSHER

GYRATORY CRUSHER

CRUSHER

Jaw Crusher

• A Crusher uses compressive force for braking the particle.

• This mechanical pressure is achieved by the two jaws of crusher of which one is fixed while other reciprocate.

• It has three types : • Blake crusher. The sawing jaw

fixed at upper portion.• Dodge crusher. The sawing jaw

fixed at lower portion.• Universal crusher. The sawing jaw

fixed at intermediate position.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT -CRUSHERS

Gyratory Crusher

• It consist of a concave surface & a conical head; both surface are typically lined with manganese steel surface.

• It is mainly used in mine or ore processing plant.

CRUSHERS

Cone Crusher.• Used for crushing a variety of mid-

hard & rocks.• Advantage of high productivity,

easy adjustment & lower operational cost.

• Four types :- • Compound Cone Crusher • Symons Cone Crusher • Single Cylinder Hydraulic Cone

Crusher : • Multi Cylinder Hydraulic Cone

Crusher


Impact Crusher• Uses impact rather than pressure of crush material.• Two types : •Horizontal Shaft Impactor. It breaks rock by impacting rock with hammers that are fixed upon the outer edge of a spinning rotor.•Vertical Shaft Impactor. It use a different approach involving a high speed rotor with wear resistance tips & a crushing chamber designed to throw the rock against.


PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT - CONCRETE MIXERS

• A device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.

• A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components and prepare uniform concrete.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT: MIXERS

Concrete Mixers

Continuous Mixer Batch Mixer

DrumMixers

Pan Mixers

Tilting Type Non Tilting Type Reversing Type

Transit Mixer

• Continuous Mixers. • Continuous mixers produce concrete continuously without

stoppage till such time the plant is working.• In this, materials are fed continuously by screw feeders,

continuously mixed and discharged.• Continuous mixers are generally used in large works such as

Dams.

• Batch Mixers.• Batch mixers Produce Concrete batch by batch with time

interval. • They are used in normal concrete works.• Batch mixers are of two types – Pan mixers and Drum mixers• Drum mixer is further classified into – Tilting mixer, Non Tilting

mixer and Reversing mixer

Classification Of Mixers


Pan Type Mixer• Pan Mixers with revolving star of blades

are more efficient. • They are suitable for stiff and lean mixes,

which present difficulties with most other type of mixers, mainly due to sticking of mortar in the drum.


Type of Drum Mixer CharacteristicsNon-tilting mixer Single drum rotating about a horizontal axis. Fixed blades

work the concrete towards the discharge end of the mixer, in order to provide a rapid rate of discharge.

Tilting drum mixer They are most suitable for concrete with large sized aggregate and, since they have a rapid discharge rate, are suitable for low workability concrete. Internal blades lift

and tumble the ingredients onto itself.

Reversing mixer Rotate in one direction for mixing and in the reverse direction for discharge. One set of blades exists for each operation. Provide efficient mixing with very little build

up within the mixer. Are suitable with dry concrete mixes.

Drum Mixer


TRANSIT MIXER

• Special concrete transport trucks .• Transports and mix concrete up to the construction site. • Charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during

transport. They can also be loaded from a "central mix" plant, with this process the material has already been mixed prior to loading.

• Maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.

• Carriage Cap = 4m3

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT: MIXERSTransit Mixers

• Rollers are the construction equipment used for the compaction of soil, gravel, sand, crushed stone layers, etc. Roller working principle is based on vibration, impact loading, kneading and by applying direct pressure on the respective layer.

• The four most commonly used rollers are;•Vibratory Roller•Tamping roller/ sheep foot roller•Smooth wheel rollers•Pneumatic tired roller

Rollers/ Compactors

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT - COMPACTORS

Sheep Foot Roller.• Front steel drum consists of many rectangular

shaped boots in hexagonal pattern. • Coverage area = 8- 12% • Compaction by static wt and kneading of resp

layer. • Better suited for clay soils. • Contact pressure varies from 1200- 7000 Kpa.

Sheep Foot Roller

Vibratory Type Rollers .• Consists of two smooth wh/ drums plus the

vibrators.• Vibratory roller covers the full area under wh.• Vibrators are turned off during the reversed

motion of roller. • Vibration is to reduce the air voids and to cause

densification of granular soils.

Vibratory Type Rollers

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT -COMPACTORS

Tamping Foot Roller• Consists of four wheels with kneading boots. • Tamping roller has more coverage area i.e.,

about 40- 50%. • Contact pressure varies from 1400 – 8500KPa. • Best dedicated for fine grained soils.

Smooth Wheel Roller • Smooth wheel roller has no vibrator

attached with the drum.• Best suited for rolling of weaker

aggregates, proof rolling of subgrades and in compacting asphalt pavements.

• Compaction of clay or sand is not a good choice to done with smooth wheel roller.

Tamping Foot Roller


Smooth Wheel Roller

Pneumatic Tired Roller • Pneumatic tired roller has a number of rubber tires at the Front and

at the rear end. • 80% coverage area under the wheels. • Contact pressure ranges from 500 – 700kpa.• Also used for smoothening of finishing bitumen layer.

Pneumatic Tired Roller


PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT- TUNNEL BORING MACHINE

.

Tunnel Boring Machine• Also known as a "mole“.• Used to excavate tunnels with a

circular cross section.• Variety of soil and rock strata.• Tunnel diameters rg 1-19.25m• Horizontal directional drilling.Parts • Cutter head.• Tubular Casing/shield.• Propelling mech.• Muck disposal .• Power units for thrust and torque.

PART 6 : CONSTRUCTION EQPT- TUNNEL BORING MACHINE

PART 7 : SCAFFOLDING

.

Scaffoldings• Scaffolding is a temp erection of timber or steel structure to

facilitate constr alteration or demolition of structures to allow hoisting lowering or standing / supporting of mtrls , men at heights.

• Types:-• Supported • Suspended • Rolling • Mobile • Aerial Lift


• Most commonly used type of scaffolding and can be used wherever possible.

• It is built from the base towards the top. This makes the scaffolding to be the easiest and the most convenient to be used for construction.

Supported Scaffolding

PART 7 :SCAFFOLDING

• These scaffoldings are suspended from a roof when support to the ground is not at all possible.

• This is used mainly by window cleaners of high buildings.

Suspended Scaffolding


• When a set of wheels is fitted to the scaffolding structure it becomes a rolling scaffolding.

• This makes the scaffolding to be able to be shifted back and forth to adjust the scaffolding structure.

Rolling Scaffolding


• Like rolling scaffolding, these are also fitted with wheels to take them anywhere.

• It provides easy access to places where one cannot reach to do some adjustments.

Mobile Scaffolding


Aerial Lift Scaffolders• Aerial lifts are wonderful

scaffoldings that are quite flexible in nature.

• They can take a person and materials to various levels of a building.

• They are easy to operate and maintain.


CONCLUSION