medfly ( ceratitis capitata ) biology and control spain

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FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY

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Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) Biology and control

Spain

MODULE C16

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IndexIndex

1. Taxonomy

2. Importance as pests

3. Distribution

4. Life cycle

5. Monitoring

6. Control

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Order Diptera. Family Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata

Bactrocera oleae

Rhagoletis cerasi

TaxonomyTaxonomy

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Latin name

Common name

Distri-bution

Host species

Bactrocera oleae

Olive fruit fly Mediterra-nean region

Olive

Ceratitis capitata

Mediterranean fruit fly

Mediterra-nean region

More than 250

Rhagoletis cerasi

European cherry fruit fly

Central. Mediterra-nean region

Cherry

Most important species in Most important species in EuropeEurope

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• Attack high value crops (fruit crops)

• Direct injury to the fruits

• Fruit about to ripen

• Larvae live inside the fruit

• Introduced pests in many regions (by man)

• Quarantine species

Importance as pestsImportance as pests

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http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/muller/ (2003)

DistributionDistribution

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Life cycle 1: Life cycle 1: OverwinteringOverwintering

Polyphagous and multivoltine species, whose development is mainly driven bytemperature No evidence of diapause

Overwinters in the ground as pupa within a puparium

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Life cycle 2: Adult Life cycle 2: Adult emergenceemergence

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Life cycle 3: AdultsLife cycle 3: Adults

male seta

female ovipositor

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Life cycle 4: Adult Life cycle 4: Adult emergence and longevityemergence and longevity

• Peak adult emergence takes place in the early morning

• Adults need food: honeydew, nitrogen sources

• The post-emergence pre-maturation period of the females is short: 2 –3 days

• Adult survival in the field doest not exceed probably 2 – 3 months

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• The adults do not migrate readily after emergence

• Dispersion distances by flight depends on fruit availability

• Few hundreds meters per week when available• Long distances (both mature and immature females) when not available

Life cycle 5: Adult Life cycle 5: Adult dispersion dispersion

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Life cycle 6: OvipositionLife cycle 6: Oviposition

• Eggs continuously produced

• Under the skin of fruit which is just beginning to ripen

• Several females can lay eggs on the same fruit

• Oviposition hole difficult to detect

female ovipositor

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Life cycle 7: Egg, larva Life cycle 7: Egg, larva and damageand damage

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Monitoring 1: Summary of Monitoring 1: Summary of methodsmethods

1. Trap types () McPhail () Tephri Trap

2. Lure types () Liquid: Trimedlure () Solid: trimetilamine, putrescine & ammonium acetate () Plant volatiles

3. Economic threshold () 1 adult per trap per day

4. Fruit sampling

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Monitoring 2: Tephri trapsMonitoring 2: Tephri traps

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Monitoring 3: an exampleMonitoring 3: an example

BABY GOLD 9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CA

PT

UR

ES

/DIA

total

hembras

machos

trimetilamine, putrescine & ammonium acetate

female

male

No

. cat

ches

/ d

ay

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Control 1: chemical Control 1: chemical controlcontrol

• Chemical control• Few insecticides available (OPs, pyrethroids, spinosad), even less in Integrated Fruit Production• Safe to harvest intervals• Full cover sprays• Aerial treatments (against IFP concept)• Bait sprays

• Mass trapping

• Attract and sterilize

• Sterile Insect Technique

AREAWIDE MANAGEMENT

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Control 2: mass trappingControl 2: mass trapping

• Based on the use of the same traps and lures than for monitoring

• 50 – 80 traps / ha distributed across the orchard

• Traps placed 4 – 6 weeks before harvest

• Traps may be distributed in all the orchard, if it is small, or only in its perimeter, if it is big

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Control 3: attract and killControl 3: attract and kill

• Plant extracts + hydrolyzed protein+ insecticide

• 400 units / ha

• Units placed 4 – 6 weeks before harvest

• 4 months of duration

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Control 4: attract and Control 4: attract and sterilizesterilize

• Attractants + phagostimulants +lufenuron

• 24 units/ ha

• 1,5 m high, south side, before 1st generation

• Placed only once

medfly ( ceratitis capitata ) biology and control spain

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