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(, 1996, 58). 94 :, ,., , ,. .-: , , , , . 1944. , , 39,1946-194740,. ,.- , , , :-, , , 41. , , . -. , , . 39 : . , 1996, 125-138 40 . , 1996, 89-124 41 : . , 2006 ( ). 95 , , , . , ,. . ,, ,, . . .1938. ,40-50-20 ., , - . , . ,,:, ., , , , - . , 42. , 42,() . . , ,,(),. . 96 90-2021 . :, 43. , ,. 60-20, .:, .( , ), , . ., ,,. 44. ,,, . . . , .,, 60, . - ,. 40 . ,,. 43 . , 2004, 94. 44.-, . , , , : , . 97 , . (,,,, ). , : -, . . ,-,15 . ., ,., (), , . , , . - . 98 ,.., ,,.. 1939. ,..,- , . 27, 1,1931, 64-68. , , . . 2001 A,..:. (.,. ..2004, 173-188. , . . : . . 1996, . 169-183. , . . : 70 . , .2006 ( ). , . . .-. . - . Studia Balkanicaq 23, v. 2, 761-783. ,., , . XXX, 2004, 4, 79-97. . . 4, . . 1982. , . . . 1966. ,.: .,.1940.., . ., 1976. 99 , . . : . . 1996, 89-124 , . . : .. 1996, 125-130. ,..iii(, i) , .29, 1914. , . .2.. 1978. ,.,.: . .1996, 56-71. ,.,, , , .3, 1890, 179-200; . 4, 1891, 231- 256. , . . . 1982. , . . . . 1975. , . . . 1982,..: .. 1998, 23-43. ,.. .1948 -, . . . 1999. - , . (1700- 1850).. 2004., . 14 , . 1986. ,..- (1801-1956) . 1965. 100 , .. . . 1966. ,..,. , 1980. ,....,. , 1995.,..:.(). . . , .1997, . 1997, 233-237. ,.. , . 11, .3, 1941, 1-97.,. : (.: .-. , . ). . 1996, 29-55. ,.., . 1938. , . . 1939. , . . , . . 1994. ,. . : . . , . 1970, 377-390. , . . , .11, 5-46. ,...180. , 1990. , . ..2, . 1924. , . . , , . . 1981 101 , . . . 2000. , . . . 1996. 102 4476.1 23 4. 12- .5 6 ,, , 7. cives civilis virtus8, , , 1,,(.rugii)- . VI . X-XII . . 2(Skiren,Sciren,Skiren,Scirii,Skiri)-, . , . 3 Odoacer, Odovacer, Odoacar, Odovacar, Odovacrius (. 433 ., . 15 493 . ) - rex Italiae Romulus Augustus 476 . 4(FlaviusRomulusAugustus), (Romulus Augustulus), . 31 475 . - 4 476 . 5DavidPotter,ACompanionToTheRomanEmpire(Malden,Mass.:Blackwell Pub., 2006), p. 100. 6TheHistoryoftheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire,Strahan&Cadell, London. 1776 1789 . 7Pocock,J.G.A.BetweenMachiavelliandHume:GibbonasCivicHumanistand PhilosophicalHistorian,Daedulus105,3(1976),153-169.Pocock,J.G.A.Barbarismand Religion,4vols.allCambridgeUniv.Press.vol.1,TheEnlightenmentsofEdwardGibbon, 17371764,1999[hb:ISBN0-521-63345-1],303-304;Pocock,J.G.A.Barbarismand Religion,4vols.allCambridgeUniv.Press.vol.3,TheFirstDeclineandFall,2003[pb: ISBN 0-521-82445-1] FDF, 304-306. 8 . 103 fortitudo9ethonor10.,,, . ,, ,- . 1764 ., 11. , .? ,,,, ?,, ? V . 12 - : !....- , .1984. 210, . , . 9Fortitudo,inis,f1.;2.,,.,., ,..,,1990., . 271. 10 Honor, oris, m . , ., , . . ., . 301. 11dwardGibbon,AutobiographyofEdwardGibbonasOriginallyEditedbyLord Sheffield (Oxford, 1907), p.160. 12Bowersock,Glen,"TheVanishingParadigmoftheFallofRome".Bulletinofthe American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 49.8 (May 1996: 29-43), p. 31. 104 , ,, , ... ,aequitas13,virtus14iustitia15, ,luxuria16,ambitus17avaritia18,, ,,,. , , , . . , . 13 Aequitas, atis, f- , , . , ., , . . ., . 31. 14Virtus,utis,f1.,,;2.;3., . , ., , . . ., . 774. 15 Iustitia, ae, f - , . , ., , . . ., . 368. (Dig. 1.1.0. De iustitia et iure). Dig. 1.1.1pr. Ulpianus 1 inst.Iuri operam daturum priusnosseoportet,undenomeniurisdescendat.estautemaiustitiaappellatum:nam,ut elegantercelsusdefinit,iusestarsbonietaequi., ius.Ius iustitia: : e!. 16Luxuria,ae,f),,;), , . , ., , . . ., . 397. 17Ambitus,us,m-1.a);b);c),.2. ,.3.,;4. , . , ., , . . ., . 44. 18 Avaritia, ae, f - , , . , ., , . . ., . 77. 105 ...-- 19- . ,. ,,20, , ., , 21 22. ,, , virtushonestas23.: populusRomanus24- . , , 19 M. Tulli Ciceronis De oficiis liber secundus. [77] Nullum igitur vitium taetrius est, uteo,undedigressaest,referatseoratio,quamavaritia,praesertiminprincipibusetrem publicamgubernantibus.Habereenimquaestuirempublicamnonmodoturpeest,sed sceleratumetiametnefarium.Itaque,quodApolloPythiusoraclumedidit,Spartamnullare alianisiavaritiaesseperituram,idvideturnonsolumLacedaemoniis,sedetiamomnibus opulentispopulispraedixisse.Nullaautemreconciliarefaciliusbenivolentiammultitudinis possunt ii, qui rei publicae praesunt, quam abstinentia et continentia. 20 . , , IX; , VII, 14, 5. 21Abstinentia,ae,f,.,.,,.. ., . 16. 22Continentia,ae,f,.,.,,..., . 153.23Honestas,atis,f,,, . , ., , . . ., . 301. 24 . 106 !- 25 , ...26 110 27, . 28 - , ,, ,, , , . 25.,41;,III,40.(GaiusPontius;+ 292 . ...) , 321 . ... , (Titus Veturius Calvinus) (SpuriusPostumiusAlbinus), FurculaeCaudinae(). 292 . ... (Quintus Fabius Maximus) . 26 M. Tulli Ciceronis De oficiis liber secundus, 75. 'Utinam', inquit C. Pontius Samnis, 'adillatemporamefortunareservavissetettumessemnatus,quandoRomanidonaaccipere coepissent. Non essem passus diutius eos imperare.' Ne illi multa saecula expectanda fuerunt: modoenimhocmaluminhancrempublicaminvasit...Nondumcentumetdecemannisunt, cum de pecuniis repetundis a L. Pisone lata lex est nulla antea cum fuisset. At vero postea tot legesetproxumaequaequeduriores,totrei,totdamnati,tantum[Italicum]bellumpropter iudiciorum metum excitatum, tanta sublatis legibus et iudiciis expilatio direptioque sociorum, ut inbecillitate aliorum, non nostra virtute valeamus. 27(quaestioperpetuade repetundis),149. (LuciusCalpurniusPiso) . . , , 106. 28123.(LexAciliarepetundarum), 100 . (Lex Servilia Glauca), 81 . (Lex Cornelia), 59 . (Lex Iulia) . 107 . , , , : , , , . ... , , ,29, , 30 - 31. aequitas iustitia,-modestia32, - virtus, - decor33 - honestas, -ambitio34, 29Invalidus,3,,.,.,,...,. 359. 30mbitus,us,m1.;2. ,;3.;..,., , . . ., . 44. 31 P. Corneli Taciti Annalum liber primus [2]. ...neque provinciae illum rerum statum abnuebant,suspectosenatuspopuliqueimperioobcertaminapotentiumetavaritiam magistratuum,invalidolegumauxilioquaeviambitupostremopecuniaturbabantur.The Latin Library (http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.ann1.shtml). 32 Modestia, ae, f 1. , ; 2. , . , ., , . . ., . 422. 33Dcor,oris,m,.,.,,..., . 176.34Ambitio,onis,f1.,(,);2. ;,.3.,, .ambio,41.,, ; 2. ~ populum, magistratum. , ., , . . ., . 44.108 -avaritia35,-corruptio - luxuria36. ,., , ,, . ?? ?!.. -,,,, , , , , - , , ,.ee ; , 37.,38, 35 Avaritia, ae, f 1. , ; 2. . . , ., , . . , . 77. 36Luxuria,ae,f,,,, , . , ., , . . ., . 397. 37 , (Publius Clodius) . 38(PubliusCorneliusLentulusSpinther). ,, ,. (tunicalaticlava), 109 39,40, , , , ; , ,, ,, -, 41. , (honestas)(iustitia). 42, -aequitasiustitia43., , (tunica angusticlava), . . 39(TitusAnniusMilo)(Sestius), . 40 (deminutiocapitis),, (patriapotestas),(infamis) . 41M.TulliCiceronisProP.SestiooratioI,1.[1]Siquisantea,iudices,mirabatur quidessetquod,protantisopibusreipublicaetantaquedignitateimperi,nequaquamsatis multicivesfortietmagnoanimoinvenirenturquiauderentseetsalutemsuamindiscrimen offerreprostatucivitatisetprocommunilibertate,exhoctemporemireturpotiussiquem bonumetfortemcivemviderit,quamsiquemauttimidumautsibipotiusquamreipublicae consulentem. nam ut omittatis de unius cuiusque casu cogitando recordari, uno aspectu intueri potestiseosquicumsenatu,cumbonisomnibus,rempublicamadflictamexcitarintet latrociniodomesticoliberarint,maestossordidatosreos,decapite,defama,decivitate,de fortunis,deliberisdimicantis;eosautemquiomniadivinaethumanaviolarintvexarint perturbarinteverterint,nonsolumalacrislaetosquevolitare,sedetiamfortissimisatque optimiscivibuspericulummoliri,desenihiltimere.TheLatinLibrary:http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/sestio.shtml#64. 42 Lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit. Gaius, Inst. 1, 3. 43Iurisprudentiaestdivinarumatquehumanarumrerumnotitia,iustiatqueiniusti scientia.ImperatorisIustinianiinstitutionum.lib.I,tit.I,Deiustitiaetiure,2.Nosad iustitiam esse natos, neque opinione sed natura constitutum esse ius, Cicero, De re publica, I, 10, 28. 110 ,aequitasiustitia, bonumcommunecommunisutilitas44. res publica45. Res publica est res populi46... res : Rei appellatione et causae, et iura continentur47 Quid est enim civitas nisi iuris societas civium?!48. ,, - ,,- 44 . 45Fischer,MarkusWell-OrderedLicense.OntheUnityof Machiavelli's Thought, Lexington Books, USA (2000), . 96. 46 Cicero, De re publica. I. 25. , (res) , , . -,, ,( genetivuspossessivusrespopuli,genetivussubiectivus, ). . ,, Respublica, , 2000 ., . 20 . 47 CorpusIuris Civilis, D. 50, 16, 23(De verborum significatione). res , . 48Cicero,Derepublica,I,32,49., ?.Quarecumlexsitcivilissocietatisvinculum,iusautemlegis aequale,quoiuresocietasciviumteneripotest,cumparnonsitcondiciocivium?sienim pecunias aequari non placet, si ingenia omnium paria esse non possunt, iura certe paria debent esse eorum inter se qui sunt cives in eadem re publica.quid est enim civitas nisi iuris societas civium?.,, , , , ,?, , ,, . , ?. 111 ,-49 -50. - (virtus); , ,51, , , , , ?52. , ,, : (leges sumptuariae), 53- leges de(pecuniis)repetundis leges de ambitu. , , Lex Cornelia 81 . . . . Lex 49 Opulens, gen.- entis . , ., , . . ., . 473. 50optimus,3(superl.bonus,3, , , , ). . , ., , . . ., . 85. 51 . Cicero, De legibus, III, 28 . 52Cicero,DeRePublica,I,32,49.namdivitiae,nomen,opesvacuaeconsilioet vivendiatquealiisimperandimododedecorisplenaesuntetinsolentissuperbiae,neculla deformior species est civitatis quam illa in qua opulentissimi optimi putantur. (52) virtute vero gubernanterempublicam,quidpotestessepraeclarius?cumisquiinperataliisservitipse nulli cupiditati, cum quas ad res civis instituit et vocat, eas omnis conplexus est ipse, nec leges inponit populo quibus ipse non pareat, sed suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus. 53 Corruptio, onis, f - , , , ; orrumpo, rupi,ruptus3-1.,;,,; ,-tabulaspublicas.,.,,.., .160.corruptiomores, corruptio morrum - . corrumpo , . 112 Fannia54LexLicinia.LexIulia, sumptuariaeleges, desuetudo55.LexIulia 54Lex Fannia 161 . . . ., (GaiusFanniusStrabo).54CorpusIurisCivilis,D.50,16,23(De verborum significatione). res , .54Cicero,Derepublica,I,32,49., ?.Quarecumlexsitcivilissocietatisvinculum,iusautemlegis aequale,quoiuresocietasciviumteneripotest,cumparnonsitcondiciocivium?sienim pecunias aequari non placet, si ingenia omnium paria esse non possunt, iura certe paria debent esse eorum inter se qui sunt cives in eadem re publica.quid est enim civitas nisi iuris societas civium?.,, , , , ,?, , ,, . , ?. 54 Opulens, gen.- entis . , ., , . . ., . 473. 54optimus,3(superl.bonus,3, , , , ). . , ., , . . ., . 85. 54 . Cicero, De legibus, III, 28 . 54Cicero,DeRePublica,I,32,49.namdivitiae,nomen,opesvacuaeconsilioet vivendiatquealiisimperandimododedecorisplenaesuntetinsolentissuperbiae,neculla deformior species est civitatis quam illa in qua opulentissimi optimi putantur. (52) virtute vero gubernanterempublicam,quidpotestessepraeclarius?cumisquiinperataliisservitipse nulli cupiditati, cum quas ad res civis instituit et vocat, eas omnis conplexus est ipse, nec leges inponit populo quibus ipse non pareat, sed suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus. 54 Corruptio, onis, f - , , , ; orrumpo, 100 10 , 3 5 (Macrobius. Sat. 3. 17. 4). , (Marcus Valerius Messalla),,senatusconsultum, principescivitatis ,ludi Megalenses,. 120,,, , (Gell. 2. 24. 2). luxus. . (Gell. 2. 24. 4-6). 55 Lucius Claudius Cassius Dio, xliii.25. Desuetudo, inis, f . , ., ,...,.189.-, , , 113 56..lexde repetundis ,LexClaudiadenavesenatorum /Plebescitum Claudianum/ 218 . . . . sumptuariaeleges , ambitio, corruptio avaritia . ... , - 300 57., ;, , ., ,,, ,, 58. ., . desuetudo ,,- . 56Cic.adAtt.xiii.7;GaiusSuetoniusTranquillusDeVitaCaesarum,Divus Augustus, 43. 577-8( - 26 ). 58Livius,Titus.AbUrbeCondita,21.63.3-4:Hicinprovinciaconsulatuminire consilium erat memori veterum certaminum cum patribus, quae tribunus plebis et quae postea consulpriusdeconsulatuquiabrogabatur,deindetriumphohabuerat,invisusetiampatribus obnovamlegem,quamQ.Claudiustribunusplebisadversussenatumatqueunopatrum adiuvanteC.Flaminiotulerat,nequissenatorcuiuesenatorpaterfuissetmaritimamnavem, quaeplusquamtrecentarumamphorarumesset,haberet.Idsatishabitumadfructusexagris vectandos;quaestusomnispatribusindecorusvisus.Respersummamcontentionemacta 114 . sumptuariae leges59 -Lex Metilia de fullonibus (217 . . . .), Lex Oppia (215 . . . e.), Lex Cincia de donis60 et muneribus61 (204 . . . .), Lex Orchia sumptuaria (181 . . . .), Lex Fannia (161 . . . .), Lex Didia (143 . . . .), Lex Sempronia Agraria (133 . ...), Lex Licinia de sumptu minuendo(131....)LexAemilia(78....), LexIulia(59....),, . , - . , , , . : Lex est, quod populus iubet atque constituit62. invidiamapudnobilitatemsuasorilegisFlaminio,favoremapudplebemalterumqueinde consulatum peperit. 59 Cic. in Verr. V.18. 60 Donum, i, n , . , ., , . ,, . 209. 61Munus,eris,n1.,;2.;3.,.,., ,..,,.431.: . 62 Gaius, I, 3. 115 , :, 63 (quod omnes tangit, debet ad omnibus adprobari). ,- aequitas iustitia, 64. leges sumptuariae65,legesdepecuniisrepetundislegesdeambitu, , . , , ,,,. , !..66. ,, () . . 63 D. 47, 10, 15, 22. 64Iustitiaestconstansetperpetuavoluntasiussuumcuiquetribuere.Iurispraecepta sunt haec: honeste vivere, alterum non laedere, suum cuique tribuere. Dig. 1.1.1pr. Ulpianus 1 inst.. : , , . , , (Corpus iuris civilis) - D. I, 1, 10, 1 I, 1, 1, 3. 65 Sumptuariae leges - sumptuarius - , , ; ~ lex - , , . 66 Etienne Giraudias, Etude historique sur les lois somptuaires (Poitiers, 1910). pp. 103 4. 116 , . , , , , . ,,, ,. , - . - , . De officiis (iustitia) -67, , . --, . Iustitia enim una virtus omnium est domina et regina virtutum68. , . ,, , , consensus, - . 67Atkins,E.M.'DominaetReginaVirtutum':JusticeandSocietasin"DeOfficiis". Phronesis, Vol. 35, No. 3 (1990), BRILL, pp. 258-289. 68 De offic., III, 28. 117 ,, ,,,69 , , , - , ,, ,(), ,-;, , ,--, 70. , bonumcommune, civitas,respublica., , , , . (illam)rempopuli,.. , ?71. 69 Concentus, us, m 1. , ; 2. , . , ., , . . ., . 134. 70 Cicero, De re publica, II, XLII. (, , II, 21). Ut in fidibus ac tibiis, atque cantu ipso, a vocibus concentus est quidam tenendus ex distinctis sonis, quem immutatumacdiscrepantematreseruditferrenonpossunt;isqueconcentus,ex dissimillimarum vocum moderatione, concors tamen essicitur et congruens: sic ex summis et infinisetmediisinterjectisordinibus,utsonis,moderataratione,civitasconsensu dissimillimorumconcinit;etquaeharmoniaamusicisdiciturincantu,eaestincivitate concordia,arctissimumatqueoptimumomniinrepublicavinculumincolumitatis;qusine iustitia nullo pacto esse potest. 71 Cicero, De re publica, III, 43. The Latin Library. M. Tullius Cicero. De Re Publica. rgo illam rem populi, id est rem publicam, quis diceret tum, cum crudelitate unius oppressi essent universi, neque esset unum vinculum iuris?. 118 : (civitas), 72, , - ? 73. , , ,, ...74. - . , -iustitia,, vera;-respublica,, - populum iuris consensu et utilitatis communione sociatum: , , ,, ; , res populi , , .,respopuli 72Factio,onis,f1.,,.,., , . . ., . 253. 73Cicero,Derepublica,III,44.(civitas), (factio,onis,f-), , -?.TheLatinLibrary. M. Tullius Cicero. De Re Publica. Igitur ne illam quidem quae tota sit in factionis potestate, posse vere dici rem publicam quae enim fuit tum Atheniensium res, dum post magnum illud Peloponnesiacum bellum triginta viri illi urbi iniustissime praefuerunt?. 74TheLatinLibrary.M.TulliusCicero,Derepublica,Liber1,XXV,39.Est igitur res publica res [est] populi, populus autem non omnis hominum coetus quoquo modo congregatus, sed coetus multitudinis iuris consensu et utilitatis communione sociatus. 119 ,,, :,. , 75. ,..., ,...,, iustitia, 76 . 77, , , : - - - ,., - , -., -,. , , 75AureliusAugustinus,Decivitatedei,LiberXIX,21.Quocircaubinonestuera iustitia,iurisconsensusociatuscoetushominumnonpotestesseetideonecpopulusiuxta illamScipionisuelCiceronisdefinitionem;etsinonpopulus,necrespopuli,sed qualiscumquemultitudinis,quaepopulinominedignanonest.Acperhoc,sirespublicares est populi et populus non est, qui consensu non sociatus est iuris, non est autem ius, ubi nulla iustitia est: procul dubio colligitur, ubi iustitia non est, non esse rem publicam. 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