Medical equipment based on Medical equipment based on laws of thermal radiation by laws of thermal radiation by

objects and quantum objects and quantum mechanicsmechanics

1.1.Thermal radiationThermal radiation 2. 2. Basics of infraredBasics of infrared thermographythermography

1.Properties of thermal radiation2.Laws of thermal radiation.

3.Thermography4.Thermal (infrared) imaging devices

Monochromatic absorption coefficient

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MODEL OF AN ABSOLUTELY BLACK BODY

Sun as a model of an absolutely black body

Laws of thermal radiation

• Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation:

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21

rr

Absorption spectra

Laws of thermal radiation

• Stefan–Boltzmann law:

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Laws of thermal radiation

Laws of thermal radiation

Thermal Radiation

• Planck's law

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kT

hcT

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hcr

Detection of infrared radiation

• Medical devices which are based on detection of infrared thermal radiation by human skin are called thermographic (infrared) cameras, or thermal imaging cameras.

Detection of infrared radiation

• Thermal (infrared) imaging assists in diagnosis of skin and

vascular diseases

Thermography

Thermography

Scheme of a photon sensor

Scheme of a hybrid microchip

Block Diagram of Infrared Camera1 – Lens; 2 - Device calibration; 3 - Cold aperture; 4 - Matrix FPU; 5 - Vacuum cryostat with enlightened box; 6 - Generator of control pulse and DC voltage; 7 - Amplifier with differential output, 8 - Temperature meter and FPU automatic inclusion of substrate bias voltage InAs; 9,14 - power control and synchronization; 10 – ADC; 11 – Adder; 12 - Memory manager; 13,16 - Memory banks, 15 - Unit communication with a personal computer 17 Computers - PC

General appearance of infrared camera (model ТКВр-ІФП “Svit”)

Thermal imaging camera TH 9100 SL

Diffraction of lightDiffraction phenomenon occurs when a wave

encounters an obstacle. The diffraction phenomenon is described as the apparent bending of light beams around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings.

Similar effects occur when a light wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index.

Diffraction of light passing through a small circular hole

Conditions for diffraction maximum and minimum

na sin:max

2

12sin:min na

Transmission Electron Microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope

Scheme of a Scanning Electron Microscope

Electron Microscope

• Resolution of Electron Microscope

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Device for photoelectric effect investigation

Device for photoelectric effect investigation

Einstein equation for photoelectric effect

Work done by electron emission

• Equation for borderline frequency of light at which photoelectric effect is still observed.

Use of photo elements

Spectral properties of atoms

Energy levels of a molecule (а) and absorption bands (б)

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)

• Splitting of an energy level of an atom

Block Diagram of NMR-spectrometer

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4

N1

1S

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Resonance methods in quantum mechanics

• Nucleus of an atom in magnetic field

Diagnostics of a patient by MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Basic components of MRI

Block Diagram of MRI device

Imaging of human body parts using MRI

 

 

References1. Ємчик Л.Ф., Кміт Я.М. Медична і біологічна фізика: Підруч.-Львів: Світ, 2003.- 592 с. 2. Марценюк В.П., Дідух В.Д., Ладика Р.Б., Баранюк І.О., Сверстюк А.С., Сорока І.С. Підручник „Медична біофізика і медична аппаратура” Тернопіль: Укрмедкнига, 2008, 355 с.3. Зисман Г.А., Курс общей физики. / Г.А. Зисман, О.М. Тодес //– М.: Наука, 1972. 366 с.4. Ремизов А.Н. Медицинская и биологическая физика. / А.Н. Ремизов // - М.: Высшая школа, 1987. – 634 с. 5. Чалий О.В. Медична і біологічна фізика в 2-ох томах. / О.В. Чалий //– К.:ВІПОЛ, 2001 – 840 с.6. Яворський Б.М., Курс фізики ч.ІІ, / Б.М. Яворський, А.А. Детлаф, Л.Б. Милковська // - К.: Вища школа, 1972. 345 с.

7.В. Д. Дідух . Заняття № 10. Кафедра медичної фізики з діагностичним та лікувальним устаткуванням. ТДМУ.