medical terminology
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medical terminologyTRANSCRIPT
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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
dr. Siti Farida I.T. Santyowibowo, SpMMEU Univ. MataramMataram
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The WORD PARTS Root word:
The basic meaning of the word, usually, but not always, indicate the involved part of the body
Suffix: Comes at the end of the word. Usually, but not
always, indicate procedure, condition, disorder, or disease
Prefix: Always comes at the beginning of the word.
Usually, but not always, indicate location, time, number, or status
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WORD ROOTS
Indicating body parts: Myel/o (spinal cord) My/o (muscle) Oste/o (bone) Myel/o (bone marrow) Neur/o (nerve) Arthr/o (joint)
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WORD ROOTS Indicating color
Cyan/o: blue Cyanosis= blue discoloration of the skin
(cyano=blue, -osis=condition Erythr/o: red
Erythrocyte= mature red cells (erythr/o= red, -cytes= cells)
Leuk/o: white Leukocytes = white blood cells (leuk/o= white, -
cytes= cells)
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WORD ROOTS Melan/o: black
Melanosis = any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment (melan/o= black, -osis= condition)
Poli/o: gray Poliomyelitis = a viral infection of the
gray matter of the spinal cord (poli/o= gray, myel= spinal cord, -itis= inflammation)
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Word Root Guidelines
A word root cannot stand alone Combining vowels apply when adding
suffixes to word root Prefixes are placed at the beginning
of the word, combining vowels are unnecessary
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Word Root Guidelines Neur/o + plasty: combining vowel “o” =
Neuroplasty Neur/o + itis: combining vowel not used,
= Neuritis Gastr/o + enter/o = gastroenter… Gastr/o + enter/o + itis = gastroenteritis A prefix is added to the word root
without a combining vowel
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SUFFIXES
Meaning “Pertaining to” Changes the word root into an
adjective Cardi cardiac
Examples -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -eal,- ical, -ial, -ic -ine, -ior, -ory, -ous, -tic Abdominal, pulmonary, brachial, colonic
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SUFFIXES
Suffixes as noun endings Changes the root into a noun
Crani + -um = cranium Examples:
-a, -e, -um, -us, -y
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SUFFIXES
Meaning abnormal condition/ disease
Gastr/o + osis = gastrosis Examples:
-ago, -esis, -ia, -iasis, -osis, -ion, -ism, - Lithiasis, diathesis, uremia, botulism
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SUFFIXES
Suffixes related to pathology Pathology = the study of disease Examples:
-algia, -dynia, -itis, -malacia, -megaly, -necrosis, -sclerosis, -stenosis Cephalgia, acrodynia, gastritis,
keratomalacia, arterionecrosis, hepatomegaly, arteriosclerosis, arteriostenosis
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SUFFIXES
Suffixes related to Procedures Examples:
-centesis, -ectomy. –graphy, -gram, -plasty,
-scopy Amniocentesis, thyroidectomy,
arteriography, arteriogram, labioplasty, endoscopy
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SUFFIXES
“Double RRs” -rrhage/ -rrhagia: bursting forth -rrhaphy: to suture or stitch -rrhea: abnormal discharge or flow of
body fluids -rrhexis: rupture
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PREFIXES A prefix is added to the beginning of a word
to change the meaning of that term Prefixes usually indicate location, time, or
number Example:
Natal = pertaining to birth Prenatal= the time and events before birth Perinatal= the time and events surrounding birth Postnatal= the time and events after birth
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Contrasting and Confusing Prefixes
Ab-: “away from” Abnormal: not normal, away from normal
Ad-: “toward”, “in the direction of” Addiction: drawn toward or a strong dependence
on a drug of substance Dys-: “bad, difficult, painful”
Dysfunctional: an organ/ part not working properly
Eu-: “good, normal, well, easy” Euthyroid: a normally functioning thyroid gland
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Contrasting and Confusing Prefixes Hyper-: “excessive or increase”
Hypertension: blood pressure that is higher than normal
Hypo-: “deficient or decreased” Hypotension: blood pressure that is lower than
normal Inter-: “between or among”
Interstitial: between, but not within parts of a tissue Intra-: “within or inside”
Intramuscular: within the muscle Sub-: “under, less, below”
Subcostal: below a rib or ribs Supra-: “above or excessive”
Supracostal: above or outside the ribs
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Determining meanings on the basis of word parts
Otorhinolaryngology: Ear Nose Larynx Study of
Neurochorioretinitis: Nerve Choroid Retina Inflammation
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SPELLING: forming plurals
-a -ae Bursa bursae
-ex/ -ix -ices Appendix appendices
-is -es Diagnosis diagnoses
-itis -ides Meningitis meningitides
-nx -ges Phalanx phalanges
-on -a Criterion criteria
-um -a Diverticulum diverticula
-us -i Alveolus alveoli
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LOOK ALIKE, SOUND ALIKE TERMS AND WORD PARTS
Arteri/o, ather/o, athr/o Ileum, ilium Infection, inflammation Laceration, lesion Mucous, mucus Myc/o, myel/o, my/o -ologist, -ology -ostomy, -otomy
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LOOK ALIKE, SOUND ALIKE TERMS AND WORD PARTS
Palpation, palpitation Prostate, prostrate Pyel/o, py/o, pyr/o Supination, suppuration Suturing, ligation Triage, trauma Viral, virile
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Origin of Words
Latin Greek others
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Root words
Body part Greek root Latin Root
Abdomen Lapar/o- Abdomin-
Blood Haemat-/hemat-/ haem-
Sangui-
Bone Oste/o Ossi-
Brain Encephal/o Cerebr/o
Eyelid Blepharo- Palpebr-
Kidney Nephro- Ren-
Nose Rhino- Nas-
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Things to do
Look for more words and find their meanings
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REFERENCE
Ehrlich, A.; Schroeder, C.L.; (2004) Introduction to Medical Terminology, Thomson - Delmar Learning, Canada