medical terminology dr. michael p. gillespie. categories of medical terms descriptive –...

Medical TerminologyDr. Michael P. Gillespie

Categories of Medical Terms

• Descriptive – descriptive medical terms describes the shape, size, color, function etc. of the anatomical structure.

• Eponyms – literally “putting a name upon” - are used to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or procedure.

– Eponyms give no useful information about what the item is or where it is located.

Objectives• Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.

– Do not simply memorize terms.– Break words up into their component parts.

• Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.– The medical terms will be easier to understand if you know their context in

health and disease processes.

• Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.– Some medical terms are pronounced alike, but spelled differently (i.e. ilium and

ileum).– Some medical terms are similar and a mispronunciation can lead to a

misunderstanding (i.e. urethra and ureter).

Elements of medical terms

• Root – the root is the foundation of the word. All medical words have

one or more roots.

• Prefix – word beginning. Usually identifies some subdivision or part of

the central meaning.

• Suffix – word ending. Modifies the central meaning.

• Combining vowel – usuallu an “o”. Links the root to a suffix or another

root.

• Combining form – combination of the root plus the combining vowel.

3 General Rules

• 1. Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across.

• 2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”.

• 3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology, not “gastrentology”.

Common prefixes and suffixes

• Itis = inflammation (tonsillitis, appendicitis, hepatitis)

• Osis = abnormal condition (cyanosis)• Ectomy = to cut out [remove]

(appendectomy, tonsillectomy)• Otomy = to cut into (tracheotomy)• Ostomy = to make a [mouth] (colostomy)• A / an = without / none (anemia,

areflexia)

Common prefixes and suffixes

• Micro = small (microscopic)

• Macro = large (macroscopic)

• Mega / megaly = enlarged (megacolon, organomegaly)

• Scopy / scopic = to look / observe (colonoscopy)

• Graphy / graph = recording an image (mammography)

• Gram = the image (mammogram)

• Ology / ologist = study / specialize in (cardiologist, rheumatology)

Word Roots for organsRoot Meaning Example

Stomato Mouth Stomatitis

Dento Teeth Dentist

Glosso / linguo Tongue Glossitis, lingual gland

Gingivo Gums Gingivitis

Encephalo Brain Encephalitis

Gastro Stomach Gastritis

Entero Intestine Gastroenteritis

Colo Large intestine Colitis, megacolon


Procto Anus / rectum Proctitis, proctologist

Hepato Liver Hepatitis, hepatomegaly

Nephro / rene Kidney Nephrosis, renal

Orchiso Testis Orchiditis

Oophoro Ovary Oophorectomy

Hystero / metro Uterus Hysterectomy, endometritis

Salpingo Uterine tubes Hysterosalpingogram

Dermo Skin Dermatitis


Masto / mammo Breast Mammography, mastectomy

Osteo Bones Osteoporosis

Cardio Heart Electrocardiogram

Cysto Bladder Cystitis

Rhino Nose Rhinitis

Phlebo / veno Veins Phlebitis, phlebotomy

Pneumo / pulmo Lung Pneumonitis, pulmonologist

Hemo / emia Blood Hematologist, anemia

Colors

Structural Organization of the Body

• CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things

Study Section 1

• metabolism• anabolism• catabolism• cell membrane• chromosomes• cytoplasm• DNA

• endoplasmic reticulum

• genes• Karyotype• mitochondria• nucleus

Body Cavities• Body cavities are the

spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Anatomical Divisions of the Back

Positional and Directional Terms

Chapter 5Digestive System

21

Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion

• Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth

• Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.– Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of

complex nutrients. • Proteins → amino acids• Sugars → glucose• Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides

Introduction:Absorption

• Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine.

• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body

• Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.

Small IntestineVilli in the lining of the small intestine

Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestine

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Chapter 7 Urinary System

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)

Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)

Female Urinary System

How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)

Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries

Arterioles carry blood to capillaries

Glomeruli filter blood


• Glomerulus and a renal tubule

combine to form a unit called a nephron.


All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis

Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis

Illustration shows section of kidney

Chapter 8Female Reproductive System

34

Introduction

Gametes (ovum and sperm cell)

Gametes are produced in the gonads.

Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

Introduction

FertilizationAn ovum leaves the ovaries and travels

through the fallopian tube.Fertilization takes place if sperm cells.

are present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then divides to

form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.

Organs of the Organs of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

Organs of the Female Reproduction System

Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view

Organs of the Female Reproductive System

● The Breast

sagittal view

Menstruation and Pregnancy

A, Implantation in the uterusA, Implantation in the uterusB, EmbryoB, Embryo’’s relationship to the placentas relationship to the placenta

COMBINING FORMS

• amni/o amnion

• cervic/o cervix, neck

• chori/o chorion

• chorion/ochorion

• colp/o vagina

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and PrefixesSuffixes, and Prefixes

COMBINING FORMS

culd/o cul-de-sacepisi/o vulvagalact/o milkgynec/o woman, femalehyster/o uterus, womb



COMBINING FORMS

• lact/o milk• mamm/o breast• mast/o breast• men/o menses, menstruation• metr/o uterus



COMBINING FORMS

• my/o muscle• myom/o muscle tumor• nat/i birth• obstetr/o midwife• o/o egg



COMBINING FORMS

• oophor/oovary• ov/o egg• ovari/o ovary• ovul/o egg• perine/o perineum



COMBINING FORMS

• phor/o to bear• salping/o fallopian tubes• uter/o uterus• vagin/o vagina• vulv/o vulva



SUFFIXES

• -arche beginning• -cyesis pregnancy• -gravida pregnancy• -parous to bear, bring forth

SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning


SUFFIXES

• -rrhea discharge• -salpinx uterine tube• -tocia labor, birth• -version act of turning



PREFIXES

• dys- painful• endo- within• in- in• intra- within• multi- many



PREFIXES

• nulli- no, not, none• pre- before• primi- first• retro- backward



Chapter 9Male Reproductive System

51

Anatomy

Anatomy

Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis

Terminology

andr/o malebalan/o peniscry/o coldcrypt/o hiddenepididym/o epididymisgon/o seedhydr/o water, fluidorch/o, orchi/o, testis, testicle orchid/o


Terminology

pen/o penisprostat/o prostate glandsemin/i semen, seedsperm/o spermatozoa, sementerat/o monstertest/o testis, testiclevaric/o varicose veinsvas/o vessel ductzo/o animal life


TerminologySUFFIXES

• -genesis formation

• -one hormone

• -pexy fixation, put in place

• -stomy new opening


Pathologic Conditions

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Anatomy of the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart

Combining Forms and Terminology

angi/o vesselaort/o aortaarter/o arteryarteri/o arteryather/o yellowish plaqueatri/o atrium



brachi/o armcardi/o heartcholesterol/o cholesterolcoron/o heartcyan/o bluemyx/o mucus



• ox/o oxygen• pericardi/o pericardium• phleb/o vein• sphygm/o pulse• steth/o chest• thromb/o clot



• valvul/o valve• valv/o valve• vas/o vessel• vascul/o vessel• ven/o, ven/i vein• ventricul/o ventricle


Cardiovascular Cardiovascular System and BloodSystem and Blood

Cell Types and Function

Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen

Leukocytes: white blood cells

Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood


bas/o basechrom/o colorcoagul/o clottingcyt/o celleosin/o red, dawn, rosyerythr/o red


Terminology

• granul/o granules• hem/o blood• hemat/o blood• hemoglobin/o hemoglobin• is/o same, equal• kary/o nucleus



leuk/o whitemon/o one, singlemorph/o shape, formmyel/o bone marrowneutr/o neutralnucle/o nucleus


Terminology

phag/o eat, swallowpoikil/o varied, irregularsider/o ironspher/o globe, roundthromb/o clot


Suffixes

-apheresis -blast -cyte -cytosis -emia -globin -globulin -lytic

• -oid• -osis• -penia• -phage• -philia• -phoresis• -poiesis• -stasis

Chapter 14Chapter 14Lymphatic and Immune SystemsLymphatic and Immune Systems

72

Location of Lymph Nodes

Lymph Nodes

Spleen

• Destroys old red blood cells Destroys old red blood cells

• Filters microorganisms Filters microorganisms and other foreign material and other foreign material out out of the bloodof the blood

• Activates lymphocytes Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (B during blood filtration (B cells produce antibodies)cells produce antibodies)

• Stores blood, especially Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) erythrocytes (RBCs)

and and plateletsplatelets

Thymus Gland• Provides immunity in Provides immunity in

fetal life and in early fetal life and in early years of growth. years of growth.

• Makes cells Makes cells immunocompetent in immunocompetent in early life early life

• Early removal from an Early removal from an animal impairs its ability animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and to make antibodies and produce cells to fight produce cells to fight antigens antigens

Immune System

Natural immunity: genetic predisposition

• Phagocytosis• Macrophages• Natural killer cells

COMBINING FORMS

immun/o protectionlymph/o lymphlymphaden/o lymph nodesplen/o spleenthym/o thymus glandtox/o poison


Combining Forms, Prefixes, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminologyand Terminology

PREFIXES

ana- again, anew

inter- between

PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Prefixes, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Terminologyand Terminology

Chapter 12 Respiratory System

80

Respiratory Anatomy

Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches

Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung

Lungs: Lobes are not mirror imagesHilum: Blood vessels, nerves,

lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

Anatomy of Respiration

Vocabulary

adenoidsalveolus (alveoli)apex of the lungbase of the lungbrochiolesbronchus (bronchi)carbon dioxide

Vocabulary

• cilia• diaphragm• epiglottis• expiration• glottis• hilum• inspiration• larynx

Vocabulary

• lobe• mediastinum• nares• oxygen• palatine tonsil• paranasal sinus• parietal pleura

Vocabulary

• pharynx• pleura• pleural cavity• pulmonary parenchyma• respiration• trachea• visceral pleura

Combining Formsand Terminology

adenoid/o adenoidsalveol/o alveolus, air sacbronch/o bronchial tubebronchi/o bronchusbronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus

capn/o carbon dioxide



coni/o dustcyan/o blueepiglott/o epiglottislaryng/o larynx, voice boxlob/o lobe of the lungmediastin/o mediastinum



nas/o noseorth/o straight, uprightox/o oxygenpector/o chestpharyng/o pharynx, throatphon/o voice



phren/o diaphragmpleur/o pleurapneum/o air, lungpneumon/o lungpulmon/o lungrhin/o nose



sinus/o sinus cavityspir/o breathingtel/o completethorac/o chesttonsill/o tonsilstrache/o trachea, windpipe


Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

SUFFIXES

-ema condition -osmia smell-pnea breathing-ptysis spitting-sphyxia pulse-thorax pleural cavity, chest


Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System

93

Bone Formation

Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone

Cells:osteoblast: produce immature bony

tissue that replaces cartilageosteocyte: nourishes and maintains

boneosteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone

(remodels bone)

Bone Structure

(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure

(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Bone Structure

Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly

Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)

Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

Bone Marrow

• Yellow marrow: chiefly fat• Red marrow: rich with blood vessels

and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow

• Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones

Bone Processes and Depressions

Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons

Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

Bone Processes and Depressions

Vertebral Column and Vertebrae

Terminology — BonesGENERAL TERMSCOMBINING FORMS

calc/o calciumcalci/o calciumkyph/o posterior curvature in

thoracic regionlamin/o laminalord/o curvelumb/o loins, lower back


Terminology — BonesGENERAL TERMSCOMBINING FORMS

myel/o bone marroworth/o straightoste/o bonescoli/o crookedspondyl/o vertebravertebr/o vertebra


Terminology — BonesGENERAL TERMSSUFFIXES

-blast embryonic cell-clast to break-listhesis slipping-malacia softening-physis to grow-porosis pore, passage-tome instrument to cut


Terminology — BonesTERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONESCOMBINING FORMS

acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket)calcane/o calcaneus (heal)carp/o carpals (wrist bones)clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone)cost/o ribscrani/o cranium (skull)



femor/o femur (thigh bones)

fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

humer/o humerus (upper arm bone)

ili/o ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)

ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone)

malleol/o malleolus

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning


mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone)maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone)metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones)metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones)olecran/o olecranon (elbow)patell/o patella (kneecap)

pelv/i pelvis

Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning


perone/o fibulaphalang/o phalanges (finger, toe

bones)

pub/o pubisradi/o radiusscapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)



stern/o sternum (breastbone)

tars/o tarsalstibi/o tibia (shin bone)

uln/o ulna (lower arm bone)


Joints

Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bonesSuture joints: immovable (skull)Synovial joints: freely movable (ball

and socket types, e.g., hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)

Synovial Joints

Joint capsule surrounds bone.Ligaments band bones together.Bones are covered by articular

cartilage.Synovial membrane lies under

capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid.

Bursae

Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place

Common sites: between tendons (connective tissue connecting

muscle to bone) and bonesbetween ligaments (binding bone to bone) and

bonesbetween skin and bones (with prominent bony

anatomy)

Terminology — JointsCOMBINING FORMS

ankyl/o stiff

arthr/o joint

articul/o joint

burs/o bursa

chondr/o cartilage


Terminology — JointsCOMBINING FORMS

• ligament/o ligament

• rheumat/o watery flow

• synov/o synovial membrane

• ten/o tendon

• tendin/o tendon


Terminology — JointsSUFFIXES

-desis to bind, tie together-stenosis narrowing


Muscles

• Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac• Striated: under voluntary control—they move all

the bones as well as face and eyes• Smooth: control is involuntary—they move

internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)

• Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart

COMBINING FORMS

fasci/o faciafibr/o fibrousleiomy/osmooth musclemy/o muscle


Terminology Terminology — Muscles Muscles

COMBINING FORMS

myocardi/o heart musclemyos/o muscleplant/o sole of the footrhabdomy/o skeletal muscle

connected to bones


Terminology Terminology — Muscles Muscles

SUFFIXES

-asthenia lack of strength-trophy development,

nourishment


Terminology – MusclesTerminology – Muscles

PREFIXES

• ab- away from• ad- toward• dorsi- back• poly- many, much

PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning

Terminology – MusclesTerminology – Muscles

Chapter 16Skin

Structure of the Skin

Epidermis: outermost, thin cellular membrane

Dermis: next layer; dense fibrous, connective tissue

Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis): thick, fat-containing tissue

Structure of the Skin

Acessory Organs of the Skin

HAIR: cells filled with the hard protein;keratin

Hair follicles: shafts that hold the hairFive million hairs on body; 100,000 on headMelanocytes at the root form the colorGrow .5 inch (1.3 cm) per monthCutting does not affect growth

Accessory Organs of Skin

NAILS: hard keratin plates covering toes and fingers

lunulacuticleparonychium


GLANDS: sebaceous and sweat Sebaceous glands secrete oily

sebum into hair follicle to lubricate. Sweat glands secrete into pores to

moisten and cool. Both are subject to bacterial growth.


Sebaceous gland, eccrine sweat gland, and apocrine sweat gland.

Combining Forms

COMBINING FORMS

adip/o fatalbin/o whitecaus/o burn, burningcauter/o heat, burncutane/o skinderm/o/ skin


Combining Forms

COMBINING FORMS

• dermat/o skin• diaphor/o profuse sweating• erythem/o redness• erythemat/o redness• hidr/o sweat• ichthy/o scaly, dry


Combining Forms

COMBINING FORMS

kerat/o hard, horny tissueleuk/o whitelip/o fatmelan/o blackmyc/o fungusonych/o nail


Combining Forms

COMBINING FORMS

• phyt/o plant• pil/o hair, hair follicle• py/o pus• rhythid/o wrinkle• seb/o sebum• squam/o scalelike


Combining Forms

COMBINING FORMS

steat/o fattrich/o hairungu/o nailxanth/o yellowxer/o dry


Colors

Chapter 18Endocrine System

133

Introduction Endocrine System

Glands release hormones.Hormones regulate the many and

varied functions of an organism.Hormones bind to receptors.Receptors are recognition sites in

the various target tissues on which hormones act.

Introduction Endocrine System

ENDOCRINE glands—Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

EXOCRINE glands—Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

Endocrine Glands thyroid glandparathyroid glands (four glands)adrenal glands (one pair)pancreas (islets of Langerhans)pituitary glandovaries (one pair) testes (one pair)pineal gland thymus gland

The Endocrine System

GLANDS

• aden/o gland• adren/o adrenal glands• adrenal/o adrenal glands• gonad/o sex glands (ovaries,

testes)

• pancreat/o pancreas• parathyroid/o parathyroid

gland


Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology

GLANDS

• pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis

• thyr/o thyroid gland• thyroid/o thyroid gland



RELATED FORMS

• andr/o male• calc/o, calici/o calcium• cortic/o cortex, outer

region• crin/o secrete• dips/o thirst• estr/o female• gluc/o, glyc/o sugar



GLANDS

• home/o sameness• hormon/o hormone• kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)• lact/o milk• myx/o mucus• natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)



GLANDS

• phys/o growing• somat/o body• ster/o solid structure• toc/o childbirth• toxic/o position• ur/o urine



SUFFIXES

• -agon assemble, gather together

• -emia blood condition• -in, -ine a substance• -tropin stimulating the function

of• -uria urine condition

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning


PREFIXES

• eu- good, normal• hyper- excessive, above• hypo- deficient, below• oxy- rapid, sharp, acid• pan- all• tetra- four• tri three

PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning


Chapter 19Cancer Medicine (Oncology)

Introduction

Cancer: characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells

Malignant tumors: compress, invade and destroy surrounding tissues

Neoplasms (Tumors):Neoplasms (Tumors): growths that growths that arise from normal tissuearise from normal tissue

Characteristics of Tumors

MalignantMultiply rapidly Invasive and

infiltrativeUndifferentiatedMetastasize

Benign • Grow slowly• Encapsulated• Differentiated • Don’t spread

What Causes Cancer?

Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one

Damage to genetic material

• Genes • Nucleotides• Mutation• Apoptosis

DNA functionDNA function MitosisMitosis Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

Combining FormsCombining Forms

alveol/ocac/ocarcin/ocauter/ochem/ocry/ocyst/ofibr/o

follicul/ofung/imedull/omucos/omut/amutagen/oonc/opapill/o

pharmac/oplas/ople/opolyp/oprot/oradi/osarc/oscirrh/oxer/o

Suffixes Prefixes-blastoma-genesis

-oma-plasia-plasm

-suppression-therapy

ana-apo-

brachy-epi-

meta-tele-

medical terminology dr. michael p. gillespie. categories of medical terms descriptive –...

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