MEDICAL WARNING:

AS WITH THEORIES OF EVOLUTION, PSYCHOANALYSIS, BUDDHISM (AND SO ON) THAT WE WILL LOOK AT THIS YEAR, EXISTENTIALISM DEALS WITH INTENSE THEOLOGICAL (“RELIGIOUS STUDY”) AND ONTOLOGICAL (“STUDY OF BEING”) AS WELL AS EPISTEMOLOGICAL (“STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE”) ISSUES. MR. I. IS NOT ENDORSING EXISTENTIALISM AS BEING ANYTHING MORE THAN MERE THEORY. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING THE TENETS OF EXISTENTIALISM; YOU DO NOT HAVE TO LOVE THEM OR EVEN LIKE IT ALL THAT MUCH.

EXISTENTIALISM CAN BE A WEE BIT DEPRESSING IF VIEWED IN A “LIFE-IS-MEANINGLESS, GLASS-HALF-EMPTY” LIGHT. TAKE HEART!

Do we have to take notes?Do we have to take notes?

This Power Point will be online. It does This Power Point will be online. It does not, however, make total sense on its own not, however, make total sense on its own because it was created to be narrated by because it was created to be narrated by the all knowing, all powerful Oz.the all knowing, all powerful Oz.

Therefore, you probably want to jot down Therefore, you probably want to jot down examples and explanations that go with examples and explanations that go with the slides. You will be tested on the slides. You will be tested on understanding,understanding, NOT regurgitation. NOT regurgitation.

ANDREW WYETH

Christina’s World (1948)

A complex philosophy emphasizing the

absurdity of reality and the human

responsibility to make choices and accept

consequences!

GEORGIO DE CHIRICO

Love Song

It was during the Second World War, when Europe found itself in a crisis faced with death and destruction, that the existential movement began to flourish, popularized in France in the 1940s…

MARK ROTHKO

Untitled (1968)

Big Ideas of ExistentialismBig Ideas of Existentialism

Despite encompassing a huge range of philosophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are simple…

Existence Precedes EssenceExistence Precedes Essence

Cogito ergo sum.

Existentialism is the title of the set of philosophical ideals that emphasize the existence of the human being, the lack of meaning and purpose in life, and the solitude of human existence… “Existence precedes essence” implies that the human being has no essence (no essential self).See: “Existentialism and Human Emotions” by Sartre, example of the paper-cutter (p2)

ESSENCEESSENCE

Essence– general components that Essence– general components that exist before a thing does—created to exist before a thing does—created to serve the purpose of “the creator”.serve the purpose of “the creator”.

EXAMPLE– A carpenter wants to EXAMPLE– A carpenter wants to build a bed. He knows the build a bed. He knows the essence essence (wood frames, legs, etc.)(wood frames, legs, etc.) of a bed of a bed before the concrete bed exists. It before the concrete bed exists. It must exist in his mind first. must exist in his mind first.

Objects/ human subjectsObjects/ human subjects

In the world of objects, the essence comes In the world of objects, the essence comes first. In the world of first. In the world of humanhuman subjects, subjects, it is it is different. different.

MAN IS THE ONLY BEING THAT HAS MAN IS THE ONLY BEING THAT HAS INTELLIGENCE TO CONCIEVE OF AN ESSENCE.INTELLIGENCE TO CONCIEVE OF AN ESSENCE.

He exists (physically) He exists (physically) beforebefore any any consciousness of himself. consciousness of himself.

HE CAN ONLY FORM THE ESSENCE OF HIMSELF HE CAN ONLY FORM THE ESSENCE OF HIMSELF AFTER HE EXISTSAFTER HE EXISTS

A)A) Existence precedes essenceExistence precedes essence (hence the name (hence the name ““existexistentialism”): there are no or pre-existing entialism”): there are no or pre-existing conditions that guide or determine man’s behavior or conditions that guide or determine man’s behavior or essence. essence.

B)B) Leads to the “Leads to the “absurd conditionabsurd condition” ” man seeks meaning man seeks meaning in a meaningless worldin a meaningless world (universe unconscious of our (universe unconscious of our existence).existence).

C)C) Man is condemned to be freeMan is condemned to be free. Leads to . Leads to modernmodern despairdespair from man’s overwhelming sense of from man’s overwhelming sense of responsibility and recognition of his fundamental responsibility and recognition of his fundamental aloneness in an indifferent universe. aloneness in an indifferent universe.

D)D) The artist/existentialist achieves meaningful The artist/existentialist achieves meaningful happiness by facing the pain and still affirming happiness by facing the pain and still affirming life.life.

Let’s give it a try! Journal Let’s give it a try! Journal Time!Time!

Choice and CommitmentChoice and Commitment

• Humans have freedom to choose

• Each individual makes choices that create his or her own nature

• Because we choose, we must accept risk and responsibility for wherever our commitments take us

• “A human being is absolutely free and absolutely responsible. Anguish is the result.” –Jean-Paul Sartre

• Example: Sartre’s Spanish Civil War story (Friesian.com link)

The peril of Subject/Object relationships

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HbYScltf1c

Some Famous Some Famous ExistentialistsExistentialists

• Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

• Albert Camus (1913-1960)

“A woman is not born…she is created.”

de Beauvoir’s most famous text is The Second Sex (1949), which some claim is the basis for current gender studies…

All existentialists are concerned with the study of being or ontology.

TO REVIEW: An existentialist believes that a person’s life is nothing but the sum of the life he has shaped for himself. At every moment it is always his own free will choosing how to act. He is responsible for his actions, which limit future actions. Thus, he must create a morality in the absence of any known predetermined absolute values. God does not figure into the equation, because even if God does exist, He does not reveal to men the meaning of their lives. Honesty with oneself is the most important value. Every decision must be weighed in light of all the consequences of that action…

Life is absurd, but we engage it!

Edward Hopper “New York Movie” (1939)

Edward Hopper “New York Movie” (1939)

Human SubjectivityHuman Subjectivity

It is impossible to transcend human subjectivity.

“I will be what I choose to be…”

“There are no true connections between people…”

My emotions are yet another choice I make. I am responsible for them.

GEORGIA O’KEEFFESky Above White Clouds I (1962)

Human existence cannot be captured by reason or objectivity –– it must include passion, emotion and the subjective…

Each of us is responsible for everything and to every human being.

–Simone de Beauvoir

Subjectivity vs. ObjectivitySubjectivity vs. Objectivity

In reason, In reason, subjectivitysubjectivity refers to the refers to the property of perceptions, arguments, and property of perceptions, arguments, and language as being based in a subject's language as being based in a subject's point of view, and hence influenced in point of view, and hence influenced in accordance with a particular bias. accordance with a particular bias.

As I Lay Dying As I Lay Dying presents a world that is presents a world that is completely subjective (if you rule out completely subjective (if you rule out Faulkner ordering the chapters and Faulkner ordering the chapters and choosing the speakers)choosing the speakers)

ObjectivityObjectivity Subjectivity’s opposite property is Subjectivity’s opposite property is

objectivity, which refers to such as objectivity, which refers to such as based in a separate, distant, and based in a separate, distant, and unbiased point of view, such that unbiased point of view, such that concepts discussed are treated as concepts discussed are treated as objects.objects.

In philosophy, subjectivity refers to the In philosophy, subjectivity refers to the specific discerning interpretations of any specific discerning interpretations of any aspect of experiences. They are unique to aspect of experiences. They are unique to the person experiencing them, the the person experiencing them, the qualiaqualia that are only available to that person's that are only available to that person's consciousness.consciousness.

Though the causes of experience are thought Though the causes of experience are thought to be objective and available to everyone, to be objective and available to everyone, (such as the wavelength of a specific beam (such as the wavelength of a specific beam of light), experiences themselves are only of light), experiences themselves are only available to the person experiencing them available to the person experiencing them (the quality of the color itself). (the quality of the color itself).

In philosophy, an objective fact means a truth In philosophy, an objective fact means a truth that remains true everywhere, independently of that remains true everywhere, independently of human thought or feelings. For instance, it is true human thought or feelings. For instance, it is true always and everywhere that '2 and 2 make 4'. always and everywhere that '2 and 2 make 4'.

A subjective fact is a truth that is only true in A subjective fact is a truth that is only true in certain times, places or people. For instance, certain times, places or people. For instance, 'That painting is good' may be true for someone 'That painting is good' may be true for someone who likes it, but it is not necessarily true that it is who likes it, but it is not necessarily true that it is a good painting pure and simple, and remains so a good painting pure and simple, and remains so always no matter what people think of it. always no matter what people think of it.

If the painting could claim this, someone who If the painting could claim this, someone who thought the painting was bad would be thought the painting was bad would be completely wrong, in the same way someone completely wrong, in the same way someone who says the sun goes around the earth is who says the sun goes around the earth is wrong. So the reliability of mathematics is an wrong. So the reliability of mathematics is an objective truth, whereas the beauty of paintings objective truth, whereas the beauty of paintings is probably a subjective one is probably a subjective one

MAN RAY

Les Larmes (Tears)

Dread and AnxietyDread and Anxiety

Dread and AnxietyDread and Anxiety• Dread is a feeling of general

apprehension. Kierkegaard interpreted it as God’s way of calling each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life.

• Anxiety stems from our understanding and recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts us every moment, and the individual’s confrontation with nothingness.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DE3OYSVpycY

Responsibility

• But accepting such total responsibility entails a profound alteration of my attitude towards life. Sharing in the awesome business of determining the future development of humanity generally through the particular decisions I make for myself produces an overwhelming sense of anguish. Moreover, since there is no external authority to which I can turn in an effort to escape my duty in this regard, I am bound to feel abandonment as well. Finally, since I repeatedly experience evidence that my own powers are inadequate to the task, I am driven to despair. There can be no relief, no help, no hope. Human life demands total commitment to a path whose significance will always remain open to doubt

No Exit by Jean-Paul SartreNo Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre

Second Second EmpireEmpire

Second EmpireSecond Empire is an is an architectural style that architectural style that was popular during the was popular during the Victorian era, reaching Victorian era, reaching its zenith between 1865 its zenith between 1865 and 1880, and so named and 1880, and so named for the “French” for the “French” elements in vogue elements in vogue during the era of the during the era of the Second French Empire. Second French Empire.

Bad FaithBad Faith

When individuals negate their true nature in an When individuals negate their true nature in an attempt to become a self they are not.attempt to become a self they are not.

The classic example is Sartre's waiter who is The classic example is Sartre's waiter who is always just slightly too friendly, too helpful, too always just slightly too friendly, too helpful, too willing to play the part of a waiter rather than willing to play the part of a waiter rather than being the less friendly, helpful and waiter-like being the less friendly, helpful and waiter-like self he would be if he were not assuming the self he would be if he were not assuming the identity of "waiter." identity of "waiter."

In assuming the role of "waiter," Sartre's character In assuming the role of "waiter," Sartre's character has negated himself by denying his authentic ego with has negated himself by denying his authentic ego with all its characteristics not becoming of a waiter.all its characteristics not becoming of a waiter.

Bad Faith …Bad Faith …

In social situations In social situations we play a part that is we play a part that is not ourselves. not ourselves.

If we passively If we passively become that part, become that part, we are thereby we are thereby avoiding the avoiding the important decisions important decisions and choices by and choices by which personality which personality should be formedshould be formed

Bad FaithBad FaithWhen the picture a man has of

himself is provided by those who see him, in the distorted

image of himself that they give back to him, he has rejected

what the philosopher has called reality. He has, moreover, rejected the possibility of projecting himself into his

future and existing in the fullest sense.

The mere appearance of another The mere appearance of another person causes one to look at person causes one to look at him/herself as an object, and see him/herself as an object, and see his/her world as it appears to the his/her world as it appears to the other. other.

This is not done from a specific This is not done from a specific location outside oneself, it is non-location outside oneself, it is non-positional. This is a recognition of positional. This is a recognition of the subjectivity in others. the subjectivity in others.

• Sartre describes being alone in a park, at this time, all relations in the park (e.g. the bench is between two trees) are available, accessible and occurring-for him.

• When another person arrives in the park, there is now a relation between that person and the bench, and this is not entirely available to him. The relation is presented as an object (e.g. man glances at watch), but is really not an object, it cannot be known. It flees from him. The other person is a "drainhole" in the world, they disintegrate the relations of which Sartre was earlier the absolute centre.

Another of Sartre’s examples involves a young Another of Sartre’s examples involves a young woman on a first date. She ignores the obvious woman on a first date. She ignores the obvious sexual implications of her date's compliments to sexual implications of her date's compliments to her physical appearance, but accepts them her physical appearance, but accepts them instead as words directed at her as a human instead as words directed at her as a human consciousness. As he takes her hand, she lets it consciousness. As he takes her hand, she lets it rest indifferently in his, refusing either to return rest indifferently in his, refusing either to return the gesture or to rebuke it. Thus she delays the the gesture or to rebuke it. Thus she delays the moment when she must choose to either moment when she must choose to either acknowledge and reject his advances, or submit acknowledge and reject his advances, or submit to them. She conveniently considers her hand to them. She conveniently considers her hand only a thing in the world, and his compliments as only a thing in the world, and his compliments as unrelated to her body, playing on her dual human unrelated to her body, playing on her dual human reality as a physical being, and as a reality as a physical being, and as a consciousness separate and free from this consciousness separate and free from this physicality. physicality.

Bad FaithBad Faith

It is also a key aspect of living in bad It is also a key aspect of living in bad faith to allow others to define or help faith to allow others to define or help define our choices or ourselves.define our choices or ourselves.Am I a good person? A hard worker? Am I a good person? A hard worker?

Some subjective aspects of self: How Some subjective aspects of self: How good looking are you? How smart are good looking are you? How smart are you? Are you funny? you? Are you funny?

MORALITY AND ETHICSMORALITY AND ETHICS One of the most important implications of bad One of the most important implications of bad

faith is the abolition of traditional ethics and faith is the abolition of traditional ethics and morality. morality.

Because being a moral person requires one to Because being a moral person requires one to deny authentic impulses and change one's deny authentic impulses and change one's actions based on the will of a person other than actions based on the will of a person other than oneself, being a moral person is one of the oneself, being a moral person is one of the most severe forms of bad faith. most severe forms of bad faith.

Remember this Remember this weirdness?weirdness?

Louis H. Leiter saw in the tale a cogent argument for existentialism:

"A Country Doctor" comments on man, who, buffeted by the scheme of things, is unable to transcend the part assigned him by the absurdity of that existence. Because he does not lack conscious knowledge of his condition, but refuses to act in the face of his portentous freedom, the doctor, an archetype of the anti-existential hero, deserves his fate. Lacking the human stuff necessary to create and structure situations, he permits himself to be manipulated by the groom, the family, and the horses; but he becomes, by submitting, a tool within the situations they create. Never, consciously, does he attempt through an overt act, until too late, to establish his own essence, to rise above any manipulative value he possesses for others. As doctor he is a thing, an object, a tool; as man he is nothing.

Nietzsche and Nihilism

“Every belief, every considering something-true is necessarily false because there is simply no true world. Nihilism is…not only the belief that everything deserves to perish; but one actually puts one’s shoulder to the plow; one destroys. For some time now our whole European culture has been moving as toward a catastrophe, with a tortured tension that is growing from decade to decade: restlessly, violently, headlong, like a river that wants to reach the end…” (Will to Power)

Out, out, brief candle!

Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more; it is a tale

Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,

Signifying nothing.

Macbeth

AbsurdismAbsurdism

• The belief nothing can explain or rationalize human existence.

• There is no answer to “Why am I?” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4u2ZsoYWwJA

• Humans exist in a meaningless, irrational universe and any search for order will bring them into direct conflict with this universe. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYZsApGC0BE

• Key Text—The Stranger, specifically, the trial.

“You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.”

“It was previously a question of finding out whether or not life had to have a meaning to be lived. It now becomes clear, on the contrary, that it will be lived all the better if it has no meaning.”

EDVARD MUNCH

Night in Saint Cloud (1890)

NothingnessNothingness and Death and Death

• Death hangs over all of us. Our awareness of it can bring freedom or anguish.

• I am my own existence. Nothing structures my world.

• “Nothingness is our inherent lack of self. We are in constant pursuit of a self. Nothingness is the creative well-spring from which all human possibilities can be realized.” –Jean-Paul Sartre

• See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkAPW5Iq6hM

Nothingness and DeathNothingness and Death

EDGAR DEGAS

“L’absinthe” (1876)

Alienation or Alienation or EstrangementEstrangement

• From all other humans

• From human institutions

• From the past

• From the future• We only exist right now,

right here…

L’Étranger (The Stranger or The Outsider)

• Written by Albert Camus in 1942

Albert Camus dissociated himself from the existentialists but acknowledged man’s lonely condition in the universe. His “man of the absurd” (or absurd hero) rejects despair and commits himself to the anguish and responsibility of living as best he can.

Basically, man creates himself through the choices he makes. There are no guides for these choices, but he has to make them anyway, which renders life absurd…

The ABSURD WORLDThe ABSURD WORLD

Conspicuous in its lack of logic, Conspicuous in its lack of logic, consistency, coherence, intelligibility, consistency, coherence, intelligibility, and realism, the literature of the absurd and realism, the literature of the absurd depicts the anguish, forlornness, and depicts the anguish, forlornness, and despair inherent in the human condition. despair inherent in the human condition.

Counter to the rationalist assumptions of Counter to the rationalist assumptions of traditional humanism, absurdism denies traditional humanism, absurdism denies the existence of universal truth or value.the existence of universal truth or value.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U1-OmAICpUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U1-OmAICpU

Camus’ absurd world

• The world of values is never predictable nor controllable.

• A gap exists between man’s intellectual constructs (meaning) and the universe (reality).

• He cannot justify new values by appeal to convention. “Americans have always valued free speech.”

Relation to Sartre

• Conditions (social constructs) hem him in, isolating him from the world in a way that cats and stones are not isolated.

• Human– being for itself

• Cat, stone– being of itself

Meursault (page 65-67)

• Does not analyze himself-- No thoughts or concerns for past or future– Future cannot be predicted or planned for—this

life is as good as any– The world is Absurd and planning for it is

pointless (“Want to make God laugh? Make a plan”)

Regret, guilt, remorse

• Does not analyze himself- They are based on values outside of your own– They are for others (can you feel regret without

thinking of others?)– These feelings distract from the moment

Afterlife, God, spirituality (67-69, 101-104, 118-121)

• He does not bother to imagine an afterlife or God—focus on this life

• Spirituality is supposed to add something to this world (the chaplain asks if when he stares at a stone he sees the sorrows of others or the face of God. Meursault sees a stone.)

Relation to Sartre (p123)

• Conditions (social constructs) hem him in, isolating him from the world in a way that cats and stones are not isolated.

• Alienation

Existential Riddles (from The New Yorker. Yes,

The New Yorker.• A farmer has to transport a fox, a chicken,

and a sack of corn across a river. She can carry only one item at a time. If left together, the fox will eat the chicken, and the chicken will eat the corn. How does the farmer do it?

• The farmer begins by carrying the chicken across the river. But, as she does so, she notices her reflection in the water. She can barely recognize the person staring back at her, holding a chicken. “What’s happened to me?” she asks herself. She hasn’t picked up a paintbrush in more than a year. Now she’s carrying farm animals and sacks of grain across rivers. Is this why she spent two years at RISD?

• A man sees a boat that is full of people. And yet there isn’t a single person on the boat. How is this possible?

• Everyone on the boat is married, so there isn’t one single person on the boat.

• The man wonders if it’s legal for a transportation system to discriminate against unmarried people. It doesn’t seem legal, but maybe maritime laws are different? Perhaps if things had ended differently with Heather, the man would be on the boat, too. He laughs sadly to himself. He was always single, even when he was with Heather. Love is an illusion. There are no purely unselfish actions. Heather and Dale deserve each other.