medications for anxiety and...

Medications for Anxiety and Depression

Stephen Thielke

Puget Sound VA Medical Center

(206) 764‐2815

[email protected]

Disclosures

I am an employee of the VA.

I have no conflicts of interest to report.

New Insights About what Works and What Doesn't in Geriatric Mental Health (Stephen Thielke), Elder Friendly Futures Conference, September 2016

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Overview

Should our patient be on a medication?

If so, which one, and at what dose?

Antidepressants for Depressive / Anxiety

Symptoms?

A little depression or

anxietyNO!

A little psychotropic!


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Mild Depression

Antidepressants have little effect compared to placebo unless there is major depression

Fournier, J. C., et al. 2010 Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient‐level meta‐analysis. JAMA 303, 47–53.

≈MDD≈MDD≈Not MDD≈Not MDD

Mild / Subthreshold Depression

Cameron IM, et al, 2014. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for sub‐threshold depression and for mild major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 48‐58.


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Mild anxiety

“Normal”?

Adjustment (disorder)

Conditions or medications that mimic an anxiety disorder

Paroxetine vs Placebo for Anxiety

Sugarman et al, 2014. The Efficacy of Paroxetine and Placebo in Treating Anxiety and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Change on the Hamilton Rating Scales. PLoS One 9(8): e106337.t


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Publication Bias in Antidepressant Trials

Sugarman et al, 2014. The Efficacy of Paroxetine and Placebo in Treating Anxiety and Depression: A Meta‐Analysis of Change on the Hamilton Rating Scales. PLoS One 9(8): e106337.

Adjustment Disorder

Carta MG, Balestriere M, Murru A, Hardoy MC. Adjustment disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, June 2009; 5‐15.

“The use of psychotropic drugs such as antidepressants, in adjustment disorder with anxious or depressed mood is not properly supported and should be avoided.”


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Psychotropics are not indicated for symptoms of depression or anxiety unless the diagnostic criteria for a disorder are met.

Psychotropics are not indicated for responses to stressful life

events.

Medication Treatment Approaches for Major

Depression


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STAR‐D

4041 patients

Few exclusion criteria

12‐week treatments at each level, as needed

STAR‐D Outcomes

35% remitted by end of Step 1

50% remitted by end of Step 2

70% of those who continued in the study remitted by the end of Step 4


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STAR‐D Take‐Homes

Keep trying! If symptoms do not improve after 3 months, change the treatment!

In practice, SSRIs all have very similar efficacy. Consider side effects, especially withdrawal.

The algorithm itself does not seem to matter that much.

PlacebosAntidepressant trials show high placebo response

rates

Participants taking a placebo have better results than participants on waiting lists

Study characteristics strongly influence placebo response rates:‐More study sites

‐Less blinding (rater knows the treatment)

‐Lower probability / lower expectation of receiving placebo

‐More study visits

Capitalize on placebo response


8

Dosing

Hypothetical Dose‐Response Curves

Dose

Response


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Undurraga J. et al. Randomized, placebo‐controlled trials of antidepressants for acute major depression: thirty‐year metaanalytic review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37:851‐864.

Drug and Placebo Over the Years

Observed Dose‐Response Curve

Dose

Response


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Dementia Treatments to Improve Depression?

Cognitive boost depression boost (?)

Dementia Treatments to Improve Depression??

Dementia medication greater risk of depression

% without dep

ression Placebo

Donepezil


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Hyponatremia and Antidepressants

9% of patients 65 years and older taking an antidepressant, regardless of type of antidepressant

Likely from effects on kidney, not brain

Unclear clinical consequences

More likely to be symptomatic than younger adults

Mannesse C.K., et al. Characteristics, prevalence, risk factors, and underlying mechanism of hyponatremia in elderly patients treated with antidepressants: A cross-sectional study. Maturitas 2013; 76: 357-363.

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction in 30‐50% of SSRI/SRNI users

If you don’t ask, patients usually won’t volunteer

Problems with desire, excitement, orgasm, and/or resolution

Failure to ask about and discuss sexual side effects jeopardizes the therapeutic relationship


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Key Points• Medications are unlikely to provide benefit beyond a placebo effect unless there is a specific mental health disorder

• Dosing may not matter much

• Selection of a particular medication may not matter much, as long as you keep trying

• Cholinesterase inhibitors may make depression worse, not better

• Medications for depression and anxiety are not harmless

• In many cases, “watch and wait” is preferable to starting a psychotropic

Stephen Thielke

(206) 764‐2815

[email protected]


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