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Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000120 Med Aromat Plants ISSN: 2167-0412 MAP, an open access journal Open Access Research Article Kunjam et al., Med Aromat Plants 2013, 2:1 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000120 *Corresponding author: Kunjam SR, School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India, E-mail: [email protected] Received November 11, 2012; Accepted December 28, 2012; Published December 31, 2012 Citation: Kunjam SR, Jadhav SK, Tiwari KL (2013) Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India. Med Aromat Plants 2: 120. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000120 Copyright: © 2012 Kunjam SR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scor- pion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India Kunjam SR*, Jadhav SK and Tiwari KL School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India Keywords: Herbal medicine; Tribes; Snake bite; Scorpion sting; South surguja Introduction Snake bite and scorpion sting are major health hazards that lead to high mortality and great suffering in victims. e monopoly of snake bite healers is because they do not give information to the people, partly due to their unknown matria medica, and occult-mystical nature of their practice. Conservative sources of snake bite estimate that the number of accidents globally reach one million and more than 20,000 deaths, annually. In India alone, more than 200,000 cases of snake bite are reported and estimated 35,000 to 50,000 people die each year. In Kenya, it is estimated that only 19% of the annual 151 snake bite per 100,000 people were potentially of venomous snakes [1-3]. e ethnic and rural people of India have preserved a large number of traditional knowledge of medicinal uses of plants growing around them. e information on medicinal uses of the indigenous plants has been described aſter gathering it from local people, experienced aged rural folk, and traditional herbal medicine practitioners Materials and Methods e study site Chhattisgarh State has a rich forest, covering 44% of the total geographical area of the state. Hence, Chhattisgarh has been declared as “Herbal State˝, owing to its rich floral diversity and encompassing wealth of invaluable indigenous traditional knowledge base, inherent with tribal folk. Surguja district is located in the northern part of Chhattisgarh State of India. is district extends between south-eastern parts of Vindhyachal- Baghrlkhand region of peninsular India. It lies between 230° 37´25˝ to 240° 6´7˝ north latitude, and 810° 4´40˝ east longitude. e area of the district is 16030 sq. kms, while 8655 sq. kms area is under forest. is district is situated at the even land of Satpuda hill ranges. High ranges and hillocks have surrounded this district from all the sides. e district bears sandy soil in most of the parts; whereas, the black soil is also scarcely available. e Odgi block of Surguja district is inhibited by the Cherwa and Pando tribes. e objective of this study is to assess the richness of ethnomedicinal plants species used by the Cherwa and Pando tribes in Odgi block of South Surguja Division, forest areas of Chhattisgarh, and the traditional medical practices of the people. e conservation of ethnobotanical resources and wild relatives of crop plants is vital for future breeding programme. Abstract Snake bite is a common acute medical emergency faced by rural population in tropical and subtropical countries and in humid climate; therefore, people need to counter these types of emergencies. The Cherwa and Pando tribes were surveyed during June to July 2008, to gather information on the traditional uses of medicinal plants used in health care by them. Tribes of South Surguja use 10 plants for snake bite and 05 plants for scorpion sting. A particular family uses a particular variety of a plant species as a tradition for treatment of snake bite and scorpion sting. The study indicates that tribes depend on medicinal plants for health care. In the present study, 08 tribal villages in the Odgi block of Surguja district, Chhattisgarh, were surveyed to gather information of plants and plant products used by the tribes from July-August 2008. Information on medicinal plants, local name, plant parts used, and mode of administration for curing diseases, has been recorded. All the plants species are identified with the help of publishing flora [1,4,5]. Results e Cherwa and Pando tribes prepare paste, pills, powder, decoction, infusion, and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants, either singly or in combination with other plants and minerals. Data obtained from field survey are presented in table 1. In this study, 14 plant species belonging to 13 families have been recorded. Common health ailments in the study area are snake bites and scorpion sting, and the largest number of the remedies (10 remedies from 10 species) is used in snake bite ailments. On the other hand, 05 remedies are used in scorpion sting. Snake bite and Scorpion sting ailments are common problems of this area, particularly in rainy season. e data gathered from the Cherwa and Pando tribes, compared with the uses of those species are recorded in the work on medicinal plants in India [1,6-9]. e ethnomedicinal plants are arranged, giving information on botanical names, family, English name, local name and ethnomedicinal recipes, and also listed the name of traditional healers who have given such kind of information about snake bite and scorpion sting (Table 2). In this, five snake bite patients have been interviewed for the confirmation of the treatment given by healers. Discussion and Conclusion is study shows that knowledge and use of herbal medicine for the treatment of various ailments among Cherwa and Pando tribes is M e d i c i n a l & A r o m a t i c P l a n t s ISSN: 2167-0412 M e d i c i n a l & A r o m a t i c P l a n t s ISSN: 2167-0412 Medicinal & Ar Medicinal & Aromatic Plants omatic Plants

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Page 1: Medicinal & Aromatic Plants - OMICS International & Aromatic Plants. Kunjam et al., ... Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India, E ... for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the

Research Article Open Access

Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000120Med Aromat PlantsISSN: 2167-0412 MAP, an open access journal

Open AccessResearch Article

Kunjam et al., Med Aromat Plants 2013, 2:1 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000120

*Corresponding author: Kunjam SR, School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Received November 11, 2012; Accepted December 28, 2012; Published December 31, 2012

Citation: Kunjam SR, Jadhav SK, Tiwari KL (2013) Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India. Med Aromat Plants 2: 120. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000120

Copyright: © 2012 Kunjam SR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scor-pion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, IndiaKunjam SR*, Jadhav SK and Tiwari KL School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India

Keywords: Herbal medicine; Tribes; Snake bite; Scorpion sting;South surguja

IntroductionSnake bite and scorpion sting are major health hazards that lead to

high mortality and great suffering in victims. The monopoly of snake bite healers is because they do not give information to the people, partly due to their unknown matria medica, and occult-mystical nature of their practice. Conservative sources of snake bite estimate that the number of accidents globally reach one million and more than 20,000 deaths, annually. In India alone, more than 200,000 cases of snake bite are reported and estimated 35,000 to 50,000 people die each year. In Kenya, it is estimated that only 19% of the annual 151 snake bite per 100,000 people were potentially of venomous snakes [1-3].

The ethnic and rural people of India have preserved a large number of traditional knowledge of medicinal uses of plants growing around them. The information on medicinal uses of the indigenous plants has been described after gathering it from local people, experienced aged rural folk, and traditional herbal medicine practitioners

Materials and MethodsThe study site

Chhattisgarh State has a rich forest, covering 44% of the total geographical area of the state. Hence, Chhattisgarh has been declared as “Herbal State˝, owing to its rich floral diversity and encompassing wealth of invaluable indigenous traditional knowledge base, inherent with tribal folk. Surguja district is located in the northern part of Chhattisgarh State of India. This district extends between south-eastern parts of Vindhyachal- Baghrlkhand region of peninsular India. It lies between 230° 37´25˝ to 240° 6´7˝ north latitude, and 810° 4´40˝ east longitude. The area of the district is 16030 sq. kms, while 8655 sq. kms area is under forest. This district is situated at the even land of Satpuda hill ranges. High ranges and hillocks have surrounded this district from all the sides. The district bears sandy soil in most of the parts; whereas, the black soil is also scarcely available.

The Odgi block of Surguja district is inhibited by the Cherwa and Pando tribes. The objective of this study is to assess the richness of ethnomedicinal plants species used by the Cherwa and Pando tribes in Odgi block of South Surguja Division, forest areas of Chhattisgarh, and the traditional medical practices of the people. The conservation of ethnobotanical resources and wild relatives of crop plants is vital for future breeding programme.

AbstractSnake bite is a common acute medical emergency faced by rural population in tropical and subtropical countries

and in humid climate; therefore, people need to counter these types of emergencies. The Cherwa and Pando tribes were surveyed during June to July 2008, to gather information on the traditional uses of medicinal plants used in health care by them. Tribes of South Surguja use 10 plants for snake bite and 05 plants for scorpion sting. A particular family uses a particular variety of a plant species as a tradition for treatment of snake bite and scorpion sting. The study indicates that tribes depend on medicinal plants for health care.

In the present study, 08 tribal villages in the Odgi block of Surguja district, Chhattisgarh, were surveyed to gather information of plants and plant products used by the tribes from July-August 2008. Information on medicinal plants, local name, plant parts used, and mode of administration for curing diseases, has been recorded. All the plants species are identified with the help of publishing flora [1,4,5].

ResultsThe Cherwa and Pando tribes prepare paste, pills, powder,

decoction, infusion, and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants, either singly or in combination with other plants and minerals. Data obtained from field survey are presented in table 1. In this study, 14 plant species belonging to 13 families have been recorded. Common health ailments in the study area are snake bites and scorpion sting, and the largest number of the remedies (10 remedies from 10 species) is used in snake bite ailments. On the other hand, 05 remedies are used in scorpion sting. Snake bite and Scorpion sting ailments are common problems of this area, particularly in rainy season. The data gathered from the Cherwa and Pando tribes, compared with the uses of those species are recorded in the work on medicinal plants in India [1,6-9]. The ethnomedicinal plants are arranged, giving information on botanical names, family, English name, local name and ethnomedicinal recipes, and also listed the name of traditional healers who have given such kind of information about snake bite and scorpion sting (Table 2).

In this, five snake bite patients have been interviewed for the confirmation of the treatment given by healers.

Discussion and ConclusionThis study shows that knowledge and use of herbal medicine for

the treatment of various ailments among Cherwa and Pando tribes is

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ISSN: 2167-0412

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ISSN: 2167-0412 Medicinal & ArMedicinal & Aromatic Plantsomatic Plants

Page 2: Medicinal & Aromatic Plants - OMICS International & Aromatic Plants. Kunjam et al., ... Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India, E ... for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the

Citation: Kunjam SR, Jadhav SK, Tiwari KL (2013) Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India. Med Aromat Plants 2: 120. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000120

Page 2 of 3

Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000120Med Aromat PlantsISSN: 2167-0412 MAP, an open access journal

S.N. Disease Name Plant Species Botanical Name Family Plant part used

1 Snake bite

Annatmul Hemidesmus indicus Linn (R. Br.) Asclepiadaceae RootKhadhar Gardenia turgida Roxb. Rubiaceae Root

Mithi Variyari Scoparia dulcis Linn. Scrophulariaceae Whole plantLajwanti Mimosa pudica Linn. Fabaceae Whole plantKenwch Mucuna pruriens Linn. Fabaceae RootRohina Soymida febrifuga Roxb. Meliaceae Bark, rootHaldu Haldina cordifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae Bark, leaf

Bada Charota Cassia obtusifolia Linn. Fabaceae SeedApamarg Achyranthes aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae RootSarphonk Tephrosia purpurea Linn. Fabaceae Root

2 Scorpion sting

Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Linn. Rhamnaceae RootSaliha Boswellia serrata Roxb. Burseraceae Bark

Apamarg Achyranthes aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae RootBhatkataiya Solanum xanthocarpum Sachrad & Wendl. Solanaceae Root

Arand Ricinus communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae Root

Table 1: List of medicinal plants and their uses of treatment of different diseases by tribal people of Odgi block.

S.N. Botanical Nameand Family Local Name Uses Part used Habit Mode of preparation and/or

administration Name of healers

1 Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae) Apamarg Scorpion sting and

snake bite Fresh root Herb Root extract is prepared in drinking water and given orally once a day.

Sipahi Lal

2Hemidesmus indicus

(Linn) R. Br.(Asclepiadaceae)

Annatmul Snake bite Fresh root Shrub Aqueous extract of root is prepared in water and given orally, two or three times a day. Mohan

3 Gardenia turgida Roxb.(Rubiaceae) Khadhar Snake bite Fresh root Small tree

5 g of roots are crushed and mixed with 200ml of drinking water. Root paste along with water is given orally in twice a day.

Shivpal

4 Scoparia dulcis Linn.(Scrophulariaceae)

Mithi Variyari, Mithi Patti Snake bite Whole plant Herb

50 g of whole plant together with 50g of whole plant of Phyllanthes amarus and 50 g Sida acuta (whole plant) are made into paste and mixed with 250 ml of drinking water and given orally in twice a day for 1-2 days.

Krishna KumarAnup Lal and

Bilku

5 Mimosa pudica Linn.(Fabaceae) Lajwanti Snake bite Whole plant Shrub

50 g of whole plants are made extract in 250 ml of drinking water and shaken well and filtered. Extract of whole plant is given twice a day in one day only.

Shiv Prassad

6 Mucuna pruriens Linn.(Fabaceae) Kewanch Snake bite Fresh root Climbing shrub

5 g of roots of plant are crushed and mixed with 200 ml of drinking water. Aqueous extract of root is given orally for twice a day.

Bhaiya Lal

7 Soymida febrifuga Roxb.(Meliaceae) Rohina Snake bite Bark Tree

50 g fresh bark of this plant together with 50 g root of Holarrhena pubescens are made into paste, and mixed with 200 ml of drinking water and given orally three times a day for three days.

Ramsurat

8 Haldina cordifolia Roxb.(Rubiaceae) Haldu, Karmi Snake bite Bark Tree

50 g fresh bark of this plant together with 50 g root of Butea monosperma are made into paste, and mixed with 250 ml of drinking water and given twice a day for two days.

Rampal and

Shiv Prassad

9 Tephrosia purpurea Linn.(Fabaceae) Sarphonk Snake bite Root Herb

Aqueous extracts of root is prepared in 250 ml of drinking water. Aqueous extract of root is given orally for three times a day for one day.

Ramlakhan

10 Cassia obtusifolia Linn.(Fabaceae) Bada Charota Snake bite Seed Herb or shrub

5 g of dried seed paste along with 200ml of drinking water is given orally a twice a day for one day.

Rampal

11 Ziziphus mauritiana Linn.(Rhamnaceae Ber Scorpion sting Root Tree 5 g of fresh root is eaten. Budhram

12 Boswellia serrata Roxb.(Burseraceae) Saliha Scorpion sting Bark Tree Paste of the fresh stem bark is applied

externally on to scorpion sting. Babulal

13Solanum xanthocarpum

Sachard & Wendl.(Solanaceae)

Bhatkataiya Scorpion sting Root HerbPaste of 50 g fresh roots along with 200 ml of drinking water is made into aqueous extract and given one time a day.

Sipahilal

14 Ricinus communis Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) Arand, Rendi Scorpion sting Root Shrub

Paste of the 100 g fresh root of the plant along with 250 ml of drinking water is given orally and eaten also for scorpion sting at one time for one day.

Sipahilal

Table 2: List of medicinal plants and their uses of treatment of different diseases by tribal people of Odgi block.

Page 3: Medicinal & Aromatic Plants - OMICS International & Aromatic Plants. Kunjam et al., ... Raipur (C.G.)–492010, India, E ... for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the

Citation: Kunjam SR, Jadhav SK, Tiwari KL (2013) Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Snake Bite and Scorpion Sting by the Tribes of South Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India. Med Aromat Plants 2: 120. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000120

Page 3 of 3

Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000120Med Aromat PlantsISSN: 2167-0412 MAP, an open access journal

still a major part of their life and culture. They use forest plants, weeds, fruit plants, vegetables, ornamental plants, ferns, and many others as traditional medicine. The uses of mixtures of plant species in treatment of particular diseases are common in the other part of country [10,11]. Snake bites in rural areas are commonly treated with plant extracts [12,13]. In general the plant families Compositae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae are well represented in East African compendia. The frequent uses of leaves and roots are antivenin preparation is noted by Watt et al. and Bennett et al. [14,15]. The leaves and roots are the two major plant parts which are frequently used for the treatment of diseases by the local people. The results of the present study provide evidence that medicinal plants continue to play an important role in the healthcare system of this tribal community of Chhattisgarh, India.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the local communities of the South Surguja forest division for their ethnomedicinal knowledge. We also thank to the division forest officer and range officer of the Odgi block of Surguja district, Chhattisgarh, for providing facilities during field survey. Thanks also to the Managing Director, Chhattisgarh Minor Forest Produce Federation, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, for providing herbarium for the identification of the plants.

References

1. Ambast SP (1986) The useful plants of India. Publication and information director, CSIR, New Delhi, India 1-918.

2. Bawaskar HS (2004) Snake venoms and antivenoms: critical supply issues. Journal Association Physicians India 52: 11–13.

3. Snow RW, Bronzan R, Roques T, Nyamawi C, Murphy S, et al. (1994) The prevalence and morbidity of snake bite and treatment-seeking behavior among a rural Kenyan population. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 88: 665-671.

4. Hooker JD (1890) The flora of British India. Vol. 7, L. Recve @ Co, London 1872-1879.

5. Khanna KK, Kumar A, Jha AK (2005) Floristic diversity of Chhatisgarh. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India 1-584.

6. Jain SP, Puri HS (1984) Ethnomedicinal plants of Jaunsar-Bawar hills, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Ethnopharmacol 12: 213-222.

7. Shandesh B, Ram C, Robin T (2006) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the people of Manang district, Central Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2: 41.

8. Sajem AL, Gosai K (2006) Traditional use of medicinal plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar hills district of Assam, Northeast India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2: 33.

9. Owuor BD, Kisangau DP (2006) Kenyan medicinal plants used as antivenin: a comparison of plant usage. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2: 7.

10. Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S (2005) Medicinal plants used by the tribals of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu to treat poisonous bites and skin diseases. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 4: 229–236.

11. Sandhya B, Thomas S, Isabel W, Shenbagarathai R (2006) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the valaiyan community of Piranmalai hills (Reserved forest), Tamil Nadu, India–A pilot study. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 3: 101-114.

12. Mebs D (2000) Notes on the traditional use of plants to treat snake bite in northern Papua New Guinea. Toxicon 38: 299-302.

13. Houghton PJ, Osibogun IM (1993) Flowering plants used against snake bite. J Ethnopharmacol 39: 1-29.

14. Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG (1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E & S Livingstone Ltd, Edinburgh and London.

15. Bennett BC, Prance GT (2000) Introduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeia of northern South America. Econ Bot 54: 90-102.