Medieval EuropeMedieval Europeaka Middle Agesaka Middle Ages

500-1250 CE500-1250 CE

Geography of EuropeGeography of Europe

• Smallest continent on it’s own- BUT combined with Asia- known as Eurasia- creates world’s largest landmass

• Shaped like a big peninsula, has many peninsulas and islands

• Surrounded by Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea

Scandinavia has Scandinavia has fjordsfjords – narrow inlets – narrow inlets

CLIMATE- temperate- but there are CLIMATE- temperate- but there are extreme temps along Asia border and Alpsextreme temps along Asia border and Alps

Many mines have helped sustain Europe’s Many mines have helped sustain Europe’s economy over time: coal, iron, oil, bauxite, economy over time: coal, iron, oil, bauxite, copper, lead ,zinc, gold and silvercopper, lead ,zinc, gold and silver

2000 years ago Europe was heavily 2000 years ago Europe was heavily forestedforested

Deforested the area and set up farmsDeforested the area and set up farms N. European Plain- most fertile areaN. European Plain- most fertile area Fishing very important (close to so Fishing very important (close to so

many seas) many seas) Rivers very useful to get around Rivers very useful to get around

EuropeEurope

THE Middle AgesTHE Middle Ages

Also Known As Medieval ( Latin for Also Known As Medieval ( Latin for Middle) because in the middle of ancient Middle) because in the middle of ancient and modern times- or Dark Ages- b/c and modern times- or Dark Ages- b/c light of civ had gone outlight of civ had gone out

End of Western Roman Empire ( 500 AD)End of Western Roman Empire ( 500 AD) Trade declined BUT ownership of Trade declined BUT ownership of

land=wealth and powerland=wealth and power

Christianity spreadsChristianity spreads

The Pope helped to spread it by sending The Pope helped to spread it by sending missionaries to teach about Christianitymissionaries to teach about Christianity

Britain was one of the first places Britain was one of the first places “converted”“converted”

Not all were missionaries from the pope- Not all were missionaries from the pope- 400’s AD (Saint) Patrick went on his own- 400’s AD (Saint) Patrick went on his own- people claim he drove all the snakes out people claim he drove all the snakes out of Ireland- named a saint b/c of thisof Ireland- named a saint b/c of this

Religious communities

monasteries- (men) monks Convents- (women) nuns devote their “LIVES”

to God!Benedict – 500’s wrote first “code” (rules) for

monks- Benedictine RuleAbbot – head monk: Monks> pray for most of the day

Farm Study (copied books by hand)

Make wine , crafts , Medicines

480’s 480’s ClovisClovis converted Gaul to Christianity converted Gaul to Christianity 700’s 700’s CharlemagneCharlemagne ruled Gaul ruled Gaul Had conquered France, Italy, GermanyHad conquered France, Italy, Germany Was Christian and as he conquered spread Was Christian and as he conquered spread

ChristianityChristianity

800’s Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor of 800’s Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor of Rome( whoop de do!) after he conquered itRome( whoop de do!) after he conquered it

New capital NOT Rome- Aachen New capital NOT Rome- Aachen (Germany)(Germany)

P.S. Literacy was not encouraged during P.S. Literacy was not encouraged during MA in Europe- BUT Charles knew MA in Europe- BUT Charles knew differently and had his “court” filled with differently and had his “court” filled with books, scholars, poets, and musiciansbooks, scholars, poets, and musicians

VikingsVikings

Charlemagne’s rule ended in early 800’s

Norsemen (Vikings) invaded from the NORTH intoScandinavia – looking for land and riches900’s : Norsemen settled around Seine R. Became

known as NORMANS – called area NORMANDY – adopted Christianity and French language.

1066 : Normans invaded England- leader was “William the Conqueror”

1199 : King John I ruler of England – made lords pay for wars, could imprison without a trial

FEUDALISMFEUDALISM

• A new form of governing and A new form of governing and organizationorganization

• Definition- Definition- a society based on land a society based on land ownership AND serviceownership AND service

• Manor-large estate owned by wealthy Manor-large estate owned by wealthy noblesnobles

Lord/Lady/Vassal

Lord- owned the manor/could also be “king” of his land

Bishop- religious person- also could be a lord Lady-lord’s wife was in charge of castle Vassal- took an oath to serve the lord

– did not own land– Lord gave each ‘V’ a fief ( separate manor- he did not own it

but he managed it)– Most important job was to serve as lord’s knight

KnightsKnights

Knight- warrior on horsebackKnight- warrior on horseback Different Stages:Different Stages:

PagePage (7)-left home (son of a noble) (7)-left home (son of a noble) Lived with a knightLived with a knight Learned ettiquiteLearned ettiquite Cared for horsesCared for horses

Squire Squire (15-20)(15-20) Rode into battle with a knightRode into battle with a knight Blessed by a preistBlessed by a preist Given a sword and a beltGiven a sword and a belt

KnightKnight- - protected lord and manorprotected lord and manor Must have 3 horses, armor, and a squireMust have 3 horses, armor, and a squire Got extra $ by joustingGot extra $ by jousting!!

CraftworkersCraftworkers

CraftworkersCraftworkers- free people- free people Made/built saddles, shoes, etc.Made/built saddles, shoes, etc. Family owned businessFamily owned business Father was expert/masterFather was expert/master

Levels:Levels: Age 14- apprentice- live with a masterAge 14- apprentice- live with a master 17-28 journeyman- could join a guild17-28 journeyman- could join a guild Master- makes a “master piece” to show Master- makes a “master piece” to show

capabilitycapability

GUILD- groups of workers, set prices and GUILD- groups of workers, set prices and rules about qualityrules about quality

SerfsSerfs Given land to farmGiven land to farm Had to work lord’s land tooHad to work lord’s land too Pay rent/taxesPay rent/taxes Ask permission on lord to get marriedAsk permission on lord to get married One room house with people and One room house with people and

animalsanimals Usually died youngUsually died young Church bells signaled breaks in dayChurch bells signaled breaks in day

Women in the MAWomen in the MA

Women had fewer rightsWomen had fewer rights But had important roles- supported their But had important roles- supported their

familiesfamilies Governed manor householdsGoverned manor households

Eleanor of AquitaineEleanor of Aquitaine -c.1200 AD- ran an area -c.1200 AD- ran an area in S. France as a vassal, because queen of in S. France as a vassal, because queen of France, married Louis VII, divorced him became France, married Louis VII, divorced him became Queen of England by marrying King Henry II, Queen of England by marrying King Henry II, had many kids- 2 sons became Kings of had many kids- 2 sons became Kings of EnglandEngland

The powerThe power

By the middle/late Middle Ages power By the middle/late Middle Ages power fell into the hands of the spiritual fell into the hands of the spiritual leader (Pope) and political leader leader (Pope) and political leader (king).(king).

Pope seen as God’s rep. on Earth- got Pope seen as God’s rep. on Earth- got power from God and peoplepower from God and people

If people disagreed with the Pope he If people disagreed with the Pope he would EXCOMMUNICATE them!would EXCOMMUNICATE them!

King usually had power/things/land King usually had power/things/land from familyfrom family

In the mid 900’s AD- pope gave the In the mid 900’s AD- pope gave the emperor ( of Charlemagne’s empire) emperor ( of Charlemagne’s empire) approval to rule- now called Holy approval to rule- now called Holy Roman Empire ( pope lives in Rome)Roman Empire ( pope lives in Rome)

Did not inherit crown-were elected by Did not inherit crown-were elected by nobles- which led to fights and nobles- which led to fights and trickery!trickery!

The Pope steps inThe Pope steps in

Pope Leo IX believed all religious officials Pope Leo IX believed all religious officials should answer to the Pope b/c everyone should answer to the Pope b/c everyone did answer to the first pope ( St. Peter) did answer to the first pope ( St. Peter) then all should answer to every Popethen all should answer to every Pope

1054 AD Constantinople's bishop refused 1054 AD Constantinople's bishop refused to do this so Leo excommunicated him to do this so Leo excommunicated him thus began the Eastern Orthodox Churchthus began the Eastern Orthodox Church

1073 Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor 1073 Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor Henry IVHenry IV

Breaking up is hard to do!Breaking up is hard to do!

1054: Christian church split – 1054: Christian church split –

Constantine’s churchConstantine’s church: Eastern : Eastern Orthodox ; Orthodox ; RomeRome: Roman CatholicRoman Catholic

CrusadesCrusades

A Long series of wars between A Long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in SW Asia Christians and Muslims in SW Asia over control of Palestineover control of Palestine

Holy Land to both Holy Land to both Turkish Muslims were attacking any Turkish Muslims were attacking any

Christians who visited Jesus’ townChristians who visited Jesus’ town Turks raided the Byz. Empire- so the Turks raided the Byz. Empire- so the

Emp asked the Pope for help!Emp asked the Pope for help!

CrusadesCrusades

10451045 Pope Urban II called for a Christian Pope Urban II called for a Christian Pilgrimage (Pilgrimage (11stst Crusade Crusade) to Jerusalem to ) to Jerusalem to capture it back from Muslim Turkscapture it back from Muslim Turks

12911291- last crusade- last crusade CrusadeCrusade- Latin for marked with a cross- Latin for marked with a cross

#1#1

11stst Crusade 1096- 5000 Crusaders left Europe Crusade 1096- 5000 Crusaders left Europe for the HL- the peasant crusaders (pc) attacked for the HL- the peasant crusaders (pc) attacked Jews in Germany- blamed them for Jesus’ Jews in Germany- blamed them for Jesus’ death- most of the “pcs” were killed before they death- most of the “pcs” were killed before they reached Jerusalemreached Jerusalem

Nobles reached J and took it over- set up 4 Nobles reached J and took it over- set up 4 small towns and traded with Europesmall towns and traded with Europe

BUT.. Within 50 years Muslims began taking BUT.. Within 50 years Muslims began taking land back thus the second Crusuadeland back thus the second Crusuade

#2 and # 3#2 and # 3

1147- French and Germans set out to 1147- French and Germans set out to retake the Holy Land – againretake the Holy Land – again

Poor planning and heavy “troop” loss led Poor planning and heavy “troop” loss led to a disasterto a disaster

#3#3

1189- Muslims had recaptured all of the 1189- Muslims had recaptured all of the HL- The French, German, English, and HL- The French, German, English, and HRE led armies in- But the German king HRE led armies in- But the German king died, French King and HRE left- so that died, French King and HRE left- so that left King Richard I( the Lionhearted) to left King Richard I( the Lionhearted) to battle with Saladin ( Muslim leader)battle with Saladin ( Muslim leader)

Both were respected but overall, Saladin Both were respected but overall, Saladin kept Jerusalem for the Muslimskept Jerusalem for the Muslims

#4#4

1201- French Knights set out this time- 1201- French Knights set out this time- from Venice- and in order to pay for the from Venice- and in order to pay for the trip they had to capture Zara for the HREtrip they had to capture Zara for the HRE

Instead of going to Jerusalem- they got Instead of going to Jerusalem- they got sidetracked and ransacked Constantinople sidetracked and ransacked Constantinople ( another Christian city……) and never ( another Christian city……) and never made it to Jerusalemmade it to Jerusalem

Many more and then finallyMany more and then finally

By 1291 the Muslims had recaptured ALL of the By 1291 the Muslims had recaptured ALL of the holy land and the Crusades were DONE holy land and the Crusades were DONE ( unsuccessful for Christians)( unsuccessful for Christians)

Why, you may ask?Why, you may ask? Had to travel far from home on FOOT- many diedHad to travel far from home on FOOT- many died Weren’t prepared to battle in the desertWeren’t prepared to battle in the desert Outnumbered by well prepared and well led armiesOutnumbered by well prepared and well led armies Christians fought amongst themselves and were Christians fought amongst themselves and were

unorganizedunorganized

Crusades: Crusades: helped kings to become more helped kings to become more

powerfulpowerful Created more tensions between Created more tensions between

Jews, Christians and Muslims Jews, Christians and Muslims increased tradeincreased trade increased townsincreased towns increased disease…..increased disease…..

Many wanted to visit religious places- Many wanted to visit religious places- so went on pilgrimages to do so- so went on pilgrimages to do so- traveled to Holy and religious sites traveled to Holy and religious sites around Europe and Asiaaround Europe and Asia

Some believed in the “church” so Some believed in the “church” so much that when they dies- they left much that when they dies- they left land to the church- which was land to the church- which was divided into fiefs- and the church divided into fiefs- and the church became a lord- humor anyone????became a lord- humor anyone????

Being religiousBeing religious

Monks of Cluny- French Monks of Cluny- French MonksMonks- - unhappy with Church affairs- became unhappy with Church affairs- became a religious order and a religious order and devoted lives to devoted lives to nothing but Godnothing but God

Dominicans and Franciscan Dominicans and Franciscan friars friars lived in cities and spread Christian lived in cities and spread Christian teachings- teachings- St. Francis of Assisi ( most St. Francis of Assisi ( most famous one)famous one)

As towns grew- eventually desire for As towns grew- eventually desire for education did as well- education did as well-

11stst university in Bologna, Italy also had university in Bologna, Italy also had them in Paris (Sorbonne) and Englandthem in Paris (Sorbonne) and England

Thomas Aquinas-Thomas Aquinas- reasoned that rational reasoned that rational thought could be used to argue Christian thought could be used to argue Christian beliefs ( eg. existence of God )beliefs ( eg. existence of God )

Also Also Natural Law-Natural Law- God had created a law God had created a law about how the world operatedabout how the world operated

Art/ArchitectureArt/Architecture

Had traveling musicians called Had traveling musicians called troubadourstroubadours or or minstrels-minstrels- and would and would sing and dance and make fun of sing and dance and make fun of peoplepeople

**showed devotion to God by: showed devotion to God by: (during M.Ages): 1. Built huge (during M.Ages): 1. Built huge

churches called churches called Cathedrals (ex. Notre Dame)

2. going on pilgrimages to Rome or Jerusalem

12151215 : Kings / Lords irritated with King : Kings / Lords irritated with King John’s “idea’s” *limited his power John’s “idea’s” *limited his power with a legal document *called with a legal document *called Magna Magna CartaCarta – at first only pertained to – at first only pertained to nobles but then to allnobles but then to all

““habeas corpus”- you have the body- meaning you habeas corpus”- you have the body- meaning you had to have just cause to arrest someone, etc.had to have just cause to arrest someone, etc.

Created a Parliament- law making body that still Created a Parliament- law making body that still governs England today!governs England today!

Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years’ War

1328- the French king died- he had no 1328- the French king died- he had no heirs so England and France battled for his heirs so England and France battled for his throne- France won- but England did not throne- France won- but England did not relent- thus began the war!relent- thus began the war!

For 100 years the English fought well- then For 100 years the English fought well- then Joan of Arc ( French GIRL) rallied the Joan of Arc ( French GIRL) rallied the French to stand against them- the English French to stand against them- the English killed her- but the French succeeded!killed her- but the French succeeded!

EffectsEffects

EnglandEngland Parliament's power Parliament's power

grewgrew King now needed King now needed

permissionpermission King lost powerKing lost power

FranceFrance King’s power grewKing’s power grew Nobles supported Nobles supported

their king!their king!

-Christianity in M.Ages--Christianity in M.Ages- (Many were Christian but there

were also Muslims and Jews)Christian belief grew so strong

M.Ages became know as Age of

Faith*

BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH

1348- Black Plague starts in Sienna, Italy1348- Black Plague starts in Sienna, Italy Infected fleas traveled on infected rats on Infected fleas traveled on infected rats on

shipsships Spread disease- wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s Spread disease- wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s

entire populationentire population Spread as far as Africa and BaghdadSpread as far as Africa and Baghdad Black Flags were flown to warn visitors of Black Flags were flown to warn visitors of

plague in the townplague in the town Lasted for 130 yearsLasted for 130 years