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Medieval Europe Feudalism

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Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

FeudalismFeudalism

Charlemagne Takes Center StageCharlemagne Takes Center Stage

built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

Charlemagne Takes Center StageCharlemagne Takes Center Stage

built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire

built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire

see page 321

Charlemagne Takes Center StageCharlemagne Takes Center Stage

Government limited the authority of

nobles regularly visited every

part of his kingdom

Government limited the authority of

nobles regularly visited every

part of his kingdom

Charlemagne Takes Center StageCharlemagne Takes Center Stage

Emperor of the Romans 800 - Pope Leo III

crowned him emperor - the first European king to claim the title

Emperor of the Romans 800 - Pope Leo III

crowned him emperor - the first European king to claim the title

Charlemagne Takes Center StageCharlemagne Takes Center Stage

Education & Learning ordered monasteries to

open schools that trained future monks and priests

Education & Learning ordered monasteries to

open schools that trained future monks and priests

Charlemagne Takes Center StageCharlemagne Takes Center Stage

Record Keeping monks helped to make

handwritten copies of Latin books

Record Keeping monks helped to make

handwritten copies of Latin books

What is Feudalism?What is Feudalism?

a system of governing and landholding based on land for loyalty military protection = a

land grant (fief)

a system of governing and landholding based on land for loyalty military protection = a

land grant (fief)

The Feudal Social Structure

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyaltyKingKing

The Feudal Social Structure

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

NoblesNobles

KingKing

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

The Feudal Social Structure

Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were

often of noble birth

Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were

often of noble birth

NoblesNoblesChurchChurchOfficialsOfficials

KingKing

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

The Feudal Social Structure

Knights warriors who pledged to

defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs

Knights warriors who pledged to

defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs

KnightsKnights

NoblesNoblesChurchChurchOfficialsOfficials

KingKing

Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were

often of noble birth

Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were

often of noble birth

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

The Feudal Social Structure

Peasants vast majority of people,

toiled in the fields, known as serfs (people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born)

Peasants vast majority of people,

toiled in the fields, known as serfs (people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born)

PeasantsPeasants

KnightsKnights

NoblesNoblesChurchChurchOfficialsOfficials

KingKing

Knights warriors who pledged to

defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs

Knights warriors who pledged to

defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs

Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were

often of noble birth

Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were

often of noble birth

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their

loyalty to the king

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

King consolidated his power by providing land

grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty

The World of WarriorsThe World of Warriors

knighthood training began at age 7 knighthood training began at age 7

The World of WarriorsThe World of Warriors

knighthood training began at age 7 continued until 21

knighthood training began at age 7 continued until 21

The World of WarriorsThe World of Warriors

knighthood training began at age 7 continued until 21 knights were vassals who pledged service and

loyalty to a lord

knighthood training began at age 7 continued until 21 knights were vassals who pledged service and

loyalty to a lord

The Code of Chivalry:The Code of Chivalry:

brave, loyal and true to one’s word brave, loyal and true to one’s word

The Code of Chivalry:The Code of Chivalry:

brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies

brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies

The Code of Chivalry:The Code of Chivalry:

brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies treat captured knights well/release for ransom

brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies treat captured knights well/release for ransom

The Code of Chivalry:The Code of Chivalry:

brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies treat captured knights well/release for ransom protect and cherish women

brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies treat captured knights well/release for ransom protect and cherish women

Comparing ChivalryComparing Chivalry

What is Manorialism?What is Manorialism?

the economic system of the Middle Ages based on self-sufficiency

the economic system of the Middle Ages based on self-sufficiency

A Self Contained World:A Self Contained World:

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

A Self Contained World:A Self Contained World:

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

A Self Contained World:A Self Contained World:

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

15-30 families lived in the village

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

15-30 families lived in the village

A Self Contained World:A Self Contained World:

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

15-30 families lived in village

Serfs (peasants) produced all they needed (self-sufficient) crops, fuel, cloth, leather

goods, lumber, etc.

Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

15-30 families lived in village

Serfs (peasants) produced all they needed (self-sufficient) crops, fuel, cloth, leather

goods, lumber, etc.

The Harshness of Manor Life:The Harshness of Manor Life:

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

The Harshness of Manor Life:The Harshness of Manor Life:

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent

The Harshness of Manor Life:The Harshness of Manor Life:

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent Church tax

tithe = 1/10 of income

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent Church tax

tithe = 1/10 of income

The Harshness of Manor Life:The Harshness of Manor Life:

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent Church tax

tithe = 1/10 of income crowded and dirty living

conditions

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent Church tax

tithe = 1/10 of income crowded and dirty living

conditions

The Harshness of Manor Life:The Harshness of Manor Life:

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent Church tax

tithe = 1/10 of income crowded and dirty living

conditions poor diet and health

tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

marriage tax marriage needed lords

consent Church tax

tithe = 1/10 of income crowded and dirty living

conditions poor diet and health

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

increased yields of food production

Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

increased yields of food production

Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

increased yields of food production

Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

improves the diet and health of people

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

increased yields of food production

Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

improves the diet and health of people

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

increased yields of food production

Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

improves the diet and health of people and fuels a population increase

Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

increased yields of food production

Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

improves the diet and health of people and fuels a population increase

The ChurchThe Church

Scope and Authority of the Church held spiritual power and

some political power the right to sanctify (pick)

a monarch

Scope and Authority of the Church held spiritual power and

some political power the right to sanctify (pick)

a monarch

The ChurchThe Church

Religion as a unifying Force shared beliefs and

teaching bond people together

stable force = security and community

Religion as a unifying Force shared beliefs and

teaching bond people together

stable force = security and community

The ChurchThe Church

Church Structure different ranks of clergy

Pope, bishops, cardinals, priests

Church Structure different ranks of clergy

Pope, bishops, cardinals, priests

The ChurchThe Church

Church Justice cannon law = marriage

and religious practices Excommunication =

kicked out of church and denial of salvation

Church Justice cannon law = marriage

and religious practices Excommunication =

kicked out of church and denial of salvation

Centers of LearningCenters of Learning

monks and nuns were better educated preserved the writings of the ancient world

the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine classics

monks and nuns were better educated preserved the writings of the ancient world

the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine classics

The CrusadesThe Crusades

What were the Crusades? Seljuk Turks threatened

Byzantium 1093, Byzantine Emperor

Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II in Rome for help

1095, Council of Clermont calls for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem

What were the Crusades? Seljuk Turks threatened

Byzantium 1093, Byzantine Emperor

Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II in Rome for help

1095, Council of Clermont calls for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem

1076 Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and began to restrict access of Christian pilgrims to the holy places.

1095 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, threatened by Muslim advances towards Constantinople, appealed to the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II proclaimed a holy war.

1096–99 1096–99 First Crusade, led by Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Peter the Hermit. Motivated by Motivated by occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.

1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders, accompanied by looting and massacre. A number of small crusader states established on the Syrian coast.

1147–49 1147–49 Second Crusade, led by Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III, failed to capture Damascus failed to capture Damascus and Edessa.and Edessa.

1076 Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and began to restrict access of Christian pilgrims to the holy places.

1095 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, threatened by Muslim advances towards Constantinople, appealed to the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II proclaimed a holy war.

1096–99 1096–99 First Crusade, led by Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Peter the Hermit. Motivated by Motivated by occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks.

1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders, accompanied by looting and massacre. A number of small crusader states established on the Syrian coast.

1147–49 1147–49 Second Crusade, led by Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III, failed to capture Damascus failed to capture Damascus and Edessa.and Edessa.

1187 Jerusalem seized by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria and leader of the Muslims against the crusaders.

1189–92 1189–92 Third Crusade, led by Philip II Augustus of led by Philip II Augustus of France and Richard I the Lion-Heart of EnglandFrance and Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, failed to recapture Jerusalem.

1202–04 1202–04 Fourth Crusade, led by William of Montferrata and Baldwin of Hainault. Originally intended to recover the holy places, it was diverted by its Venetian was diverted by its Venetian financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople.financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople.

1212 Children's Crusade. Thousands of children crossed Europe on their way to Palestine but many were sold into slavery in Marseille, or died of disease and hunger.

1218–21 Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew of Hungary, Cardinal Pelagius, King John of Jerusalem, and King Hugh of Cyprus. Captured and then lost Damietta, Egypt.

1187 Jerusalem seized by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria and leader of the Muslims against the crusaders.

1189–92 1189–92 Third Crusade, led by Philip II Augustus of led by Philip II Augustus of France and Richard I the Lion-Heart of EnglandFrance and Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, failed to recapture Jerusalem.

1202–04 1202–04 Fourth Crusade, led by William of Montferrata and Baldwin of Hainault. Originally intended to recover the holy places, it was diverted by its Venetian was diverted by its Venetian financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople.financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople.

1212 Children's Crusade. Thousands of children crossed Europe on their way to Palestine but many were sold into slavery in Marseille, or died of disease and hunger.

1218–21 Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew of Hungary, Cardinal Pelagius, King John of Jerusalem, and King Hugh of Cyprus. Captured and then lost Damietta, Egypt.

1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by negotiation with the sultan of Egypt.

1244 Jerusalem finally lost, to remain in Turkish hands until liberated by the British general Allenby in 1917.

1249–54 Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX of France.

1270–72 Eighth Crusade, also led by Louis IX of France.

1291 Acre, the last Christian fortress in Syria, fell to the Turks.

1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by negotiation with the sultan of Egypt.

1244 Jerusalem finally lost, to remain in Turkish hands until liberated by the British general Allenby in 1917.

1249–54 Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX of France.

1270–72 Eighth Crusade, also led by Louis IX of France.

1291 Acre, the last Christian fortress in Syria, fell to the Turks.

Krak des Chevaliers, SyriaKrak des Chevaliers, Syria

CausesCauses

Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople

Byzantine Emperor calls for help Pope appeals to Christian knights knight feel religious zeal and want land,

riches, and adventure Italian cities desire commercial power

Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople

Byzantine Emperor calls for help Pope appeals to Christian knights knight feel religious zeal and want land,

riches, and adventure Italian cities desire commercial power

EffectsEffects

Byzantine Empire is weakened Pope’s power declines power of feudal nobles weakened kings become stronger religious intolerance grows Italian cities expand trade and grow rich Muslims distrust Christians trade grows between Europe and Asia Europeans adopt Muslim technology

Byzantine Empire is weakened Pope’s power declines power of feudal nobles weakened kings become stronger religious intolerance grows Italian cities expand trade and grow rich Muslims distrust Christians trade grows between Europe and Asia Europeans adopt Muslim technology